3D visualisations in simulations of future land use:exploring the possibilities of new,standard visualisation tools

Three-dimensional(3D)visualisations are an interesting method for representing model outcomes.Most visualisation techniques require expensive software and a lot of time to create them.When the visualisations need to be adapted frequently,a faster and more flexible method is needed.The first step of the proposed model is to create the 3D elements.These elements are combined with the base map,and distributed to the public using Google Earth.Both freely available and commercial software are used in this process.

Interactive labelling of a multivariate dataset for supervised machine learning using linked visualisations,clustering,and active learning

Supervised machine learning techniques require labelled multivariate training datasets.Many approaches address the issue of unlabelled datasets by tightly coupling machine learning algorithms with interactive visualisations.Using appropriate techniques,analysts can play an active role in a highly interactive and iterative machine learning process to label the dataset and create meaningful partitions.While this principle has been implemented either for unsupervised,semi-supervised,or supervised machine learning tasks,the combination of all three methodologies remains challenging.In this paper,a visual analytics approach is presented,combining a variety of machine learning capabilities with four linked visualisation views,all integrated within the mVis(multivariate Visualiser)system.The available palette of techniques allows an analyst to perform exploratory data analysis on a multivariate dataset and divide it into meaningful labelled partitions,from which a classifier can be built.In the workflow,the analyst can label interesting patterns or outliers in a semi-supervised process supported by active learning.Once a dataset has been interactively labelled,the analyst can continue the workflow with supervised machine learning to assess to what degree the subsequent classifier has effectively learned the concepts expressed in the labelled training dataset.Using a novel technique called automatic dimension selection,interactions the analyst had with dimensions of the multivariate dataset are used to steer the machine learning algorithms.A real-world football dataset is used to show the utility of mVis for a series of analysis and labelling tasks,from initial labelling through iterations of data exploration,clustering,classification,and active learning to refine the named partitions,to finally producing a high-quality labelled training dataset suitable for training a classifier.The tool empowers the analyst with interactive visualisations including scatterplots,parallel coordinates,similarity maps for records,and a new similarity map for partitions.

Fundamental error in tree-based machine learning model selection for reservoir characterisation

Over the past two decades,machine learning techniques have been extensively used in predicting reservoir properties.While this approach has significantly contributed to the industry,selecting an appropriate model is still challenging for most researchers.Relying solely on statistical metrics to select the best model for a particular problem may not always be the most effective approach.This study encourages researchers to incorporate data visualization in their analysis and model selection process.To evaluate the suitability of different models in predicting horizontal permeability in the Volve field,wireline logs were used to train Extra-Trees,Ridge,Bagging,and XGBoost models.The Random Forest feature selection technique was applied to select the relevant logs as inputs for the models.Based on statistical metrics,the Extra-Trees model achieved the highest test accuracy of 0.996,RMSE of 19.54 mD,and MAE of 3.18 mD,with XGBoost coming in second.However,when the results were visualised,it was discovered that the XGBoost model was more suitable for the problem being tackled.The XGBoost model was a better predictor within the sandstone interval,while the Extra-Trees model was more appropriate in non-sandstone intervals.Since this study aims to predict permeability in the reservoir interval,the XGBoost model is the most suitable.These contrasting results demonstrate the importance of incorporating data visualisation techniques as an evaluation metric.Given the heterogeneity of the subsurface,relying solely on statistical metrics may not be sufficient to determine which model is best suited for a particular problem.

Exploring the Applications of Digital Twin Technology in Enhancing Sustainability in Civil Engineering:A Review

With the advent of the big data era and the rise of Industrial Revolution 4.0,digital twins(DTs)have gained sig-nificant attention in various industries.DTs offer the opportunity to combine the physical and digital worlds and aid the digital transformation of the civil engineering industry.In this paper,605 documents obtained from the search werefirst analysed using CiteSpace for literature visualisation,and an author co-occurrence network,a keyword co-occurrence network,and a keyword clustering set were obtained.Next,through a literature review of 86 papers,this paper summarises the current status of DT application in civil engineering based on a review of the origins,concepts,and implementation techniques of DTs,and it introduces the application of DTs in the full project lifecycle.This study shows that DTs have great potential to address many of the challenges faced by civil engineering.In this regard,the paper also presents some thoughts on the future directions of DT research.

Mapping out Internal Audit Research:A Bibliometric Analysis

This paper aims to map out the development of internal audit(IA)research worldwide by using a bibliometric analysis method to statistic the publications in the Scopus database.There are new challenges,especially during the COVID-19 pandemic,bringing out remote auditing with new technologies;hence there are new risks that must be addressed.The bibliometric analysis was carried out from 1978 until September 2024.And this research used the VOSviewer visualisation technique to present co-relations with authorship,countries,and affiliations to show a research network base on the data sources,the Scopus database.This study’s findings show that internal audit research publications were growing steadily within 15 years,and most publications are from the United States,Malaysia,and the United Kingdom.With analyses of the author’s keywords,China becomes the focus research nation on IA research from 2019 to 2024,and in the recent five years,IA research has developed fast.The IA is essential in corporate governance and internal control and provides assurance and consultant functions to prevent fraud and reduce risk.Also,visualising keywords,titles,and publication abstracts leads to discovering new research areas,such as the relationship between internal audit and fraud,risk assessment and corporate governance,respectively.This study builds a macroscopic pattern and a better network to understand global internal auditing research.In addition,it performs network analysis on keywords and titles,which leads to the development of the cluster field,and maps the authorship,sources,and citations.

A bibliometric analysis and visualization of osteochondral lesions of talus (2004-2021)

Background:Osteochondral lesions of the talus(OLTs)are a significant challenge for foot and ankle specialists,which could cause pain and decrease patient function.Researchers can use the findings of this study to shape future directions for research by exploring global trends and hotspots in OLT.Methods:Web of Science Core Collection was used to retrieve literature related to OLT between 2004 and 2021.This report covers the current state of OLTs,such as publications,journals,trends,hotspots,and the performances of relevant countries,institutions and authors.The co-citation analysis,the coauthorship analysis,the cooccurrence analysis,and the bibliographic coupling analysis were conducted with the Bibliometrix R package,VOSviewer v1.6.10.0,and CiteSpace 5.8.R3.Results:During an 18-year review,717 articles and 76 review articles on OLT published from 2004 to 2021 were reviewed.The USA has made the largest contribution to the OLT-related literature,and a significant contribution has been made by Kennedy JG(48/6.05%)and van Dijk CN(30/3.78%).In terms of total link strength,Foot&Ankle International was the leading journal.Analysis showed that the global research hotspots of OLTs focused on the pathogenesis,diagnosis,clinical research,and surgical treatment of OLT.It would be significant to pay close attention to future research on osteochondral autograft transplantation and management,surgery,multidisciplinary integration and mechanisms of OLT,and its related diseases.Conclusions:The study provides information about the current status and hotspots of research in the domain of OLT over the past 18 years that will assist researchers in identifying potential perspectives on hot topics and research frontiers.

Visualising data distributions with kernel density estimation and reduced chi-squared statistic

The application of frequency distribution statistics to data provides objective means to assess the nature of the data distribution and viability of numerical models that are used to visualize and interpret data.Two commonly used tools are the kernel density estimation and reduced chi-squared statistic used in combination with a weighted mean.Due to the wide applicability of these tools,we present a Java-based computer application called KDX to facilitate the visualization of data and the utilization of these numerical tools.

A machine learning approach for accelerated design of magnesium alloys. Part A:Alloy data and property space

Typically, magnesium alloys have been designed using a so-called hill-climbing approach, with rather incremental advances over the past century. Iterative and incremental alloy design is slow and expensive, but more importantly it does not harness all the data that exists in the field. In this work, a new approach is proposed that utilises data science and provides a detailed understanding of the data that exists in the field of Mg-alloy design to date. In this approach, first a consolidated alloy database that incorporates 916 datapoints was developed from the literature and experimental work. To analyse the characteristics of the database, alloying and thermomechanical processing effects on mechanical properties were explored via composition-process-property matrices. An unsupervised machine learning(ML) method of clustering was also implemented, using unlabelled data, with the aim of revealing potentially useful information for an alloy representation space of low dimensionality. In addition, the alloy database was correlated to thermodynamically stable secondary phases to further understand the relationships between microstructure and mechanical properties. This work not only introduces an invaluable open-source database, but it also provides, for the first-time data, insights that enable future accelerated digital Mg-alloy design.

A Hierarchical Framework for Visualising and Simulating Supply Chains in Virtual Environments

This paper presents research into applying virtual environment (VE) technology to supply chain management (SCM). Our research work has employed virtual manufacturing environments to represent supply chain nodes to simulate processes and activities in supply chain management. This will enable those who are involved in these processes and activities to gain an intuitive understanding of them, so as to design robust supply chains and make correct decisions at the right time. A framework system and its hierarchical structure for visualising and simulating supply chains in virtual environments are reported and detailed in this paper.

BIM-based construction technologies for precast foamed lightweight concrete wallboards

To promote the visualisation and informatisation of the construction process of precast foamed lightweight concrete wallboards(PFLCWs),from the analysis of the construction requirements of PFLCWs,three key construction technologies based on building information modelling(BIM),namely,parameterised modelling for the PFLCW layout design,drawing generation to draw the PFLCW layout and quantity statistics for extracting PFLCW quantities,are proposed.Then,a reinforced concrete(RC)frame infilled with PFLCW is considered the test model to verify the feasibility of the aforementioned technologies.The results show that PFLCW layout design can be accomplished rapidly and visually using parameterised modelling technology.The PFLCW layout diagram can be generated directly using drawing generation technology.The proposed quantity statistics technology enables the automatic export of PFLCW bills of quantities.The built parameterised model helps construction workers rapidly and intuitively understand the specific layout details of PFLCWs.Moreover,the generated layout drawing and the bills of quantities based on the parameterised model can guide the production and on-site installation of PFLCWs.The research conclusions can serve as a practical guide and technical support for PFLCW engineering applications.

Network Modelling and Visualisation Analysis of the Undergraduate Dental Curriculum System in China

Objectives: This study aims to present the characteristics of the undergraduate dental curriculum system using network modelling and visualisation analysis based on complex network theory, thus providing a theoretical foundation for the course development and curriculum reform. Methods: The correlation coefficient was used to quantify the intensity of the correlation between courses, and a visualisation complex network of the dental curriculum was built to explore the curriculum pattern from a dynamic perspective. Further, the statistical measurements of curriculum network were adopted to express the most relevant topological features. Subsequently, the minimum spanning tree and parallel coordinates plot were drawn to explore the curriculum community structure, quantify the key courses, and present different courses in time and space relationships. Results: The correlation analysis results show that the courses are closely related to each other. The main courses focus on pathology, pathophysiology, oral anatomy and physiology, closely connecting almost all medicine-related courses. The whole course network has an average degree value of 41.53, and a clustering coefficient of 0.78, indicating an obvious small-world characteristic. From the perspective of curriculum attributes, the number of public and theoretical courses was more than that of skills and practical courses. Moreover, the academic performance of skills and practical courses was lower than that of public and theoretical courses. Conclusion: The undergraduate dental courses have a progressive structure from basic professional knowledge to professional skills, which is reasonable for the dental education in China. However, some efforts towards curriculum reform based on this study are needed.

Oil Streak Visualisation of Fluid Flow Over Single D-Type Cylinder

An experimental study on the effect of cut angle on circular cylinders to the drag force is performed. Six cylinders were cut at different angles and the air flow impinges perpendicular to the cut surface of the cylinder. The cut angles applied include: 0°, 30°, 45°, 53°, 55°, and 75°. The shear layer visualisation on the surface of cylinder was conducted as well. Drag force was measured using a wind tunnel force balance and the wind speed was set so that a corresponding Rey-nolds number of 5.3 × 104 was achieved. Visualisation was carried out by covering the cylinder with paper wetted by mixture of oil and titanium dioxide powder. Experimental results show that drag force has similar trend to that of previous experiment results. The minimum drag coefficient is attained at the cut angle of 53°. From oil streak visualisation the streamlines pattern of the flow over the cylinder could be reconstructed.

Spatial Decision Support System for Coastal Zone Management under a Changing Climate in Victoria, Australia

The ultimate aim of using spatial datasets and spatial data modelling is focused on enabling a sustainable environment by bringing the public policies into practice. The consequence will be sustainable spatially aware strategic planning for all levels of Australian government. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are the platform that can serve this aim provided that model, current process and spatial datasets are fit for purpose. To bring public policy into practice a broad range of knowledge from different disciplines is needed. Most decision making processes are pressured in terms of time and driving forces and also the process is beyond the knowledge of individuals in the various disciplines. There is a need for immediate uptake models and tools which are relevant to the target subject that will facilitate this decision making process. This paper focuses on realizing the utility in spatial data and spatial data handling in order to help climate change adaptation programs at local government level. Web-based mapping tools can assist planners prepare for the changing climate conditions in Bass Coast Shire Council. The GIS team has gathered data from various climate research organizations to understand projections of what different climate scenarios might look like over the next 100-year period. From this website demo it is hoped that the user will understand how the tool works, background information on different GIS platforms, access to interactive mapping, online geospatial analysis tools, videos, open source resource, sea level tools, modelling, 3D visualization and direct download access to various planning and natural resource data sets relating to environment management. Some results from our elevation data analyses through these Web map visualization tools are provided.

A CONFIGURATION SYSTEM FOR FASTENER DESIGN（AN APPROACH TOWARDS COMPUTER AIDED CONCEPTUAL DESIGN）

The paper describes research aimed at developing a configuration system to support theconceptual design of mechanical fasteners. A prototype configuration system has been developedwhich allows designers to interactively configure fastener designs using geometric and functionalicons , freely without regard to physical constraints, with the aim of forming candidate designs.Candidate designs are then passed to the qualitative modeller which uses qualrtative reasoningtechniques to evaluate the configuration. Supporting the above design procedure is a knowledgebase which contains object descriptions of fasteners and fastener features (given in terms ofgeometry, function, performance, material,installation). Design rules (expressing spatial andcasual relationships of fastener features),which are required during the evaluation of candidatefastener configurations, are also contained in the knowledge base.

Real-time assessment of tunnelling-induced damage to structures within the building information modelling framework

During the initial design phases of complex multi-disciplinary systems such as urban tunnelling,the appraisal of different design alternatives can ensure optimal designs in terms of costs,construction time,and safety.To enable the evaluation of a large number of design scenarios and to find an optimal solution that minimises impact of tunnelling on existing structures,the design and assessment process must be efficient,yet provide a holistic view of soil-structure interaction effects.This paper proposes an integrated tunnel design tool for the initial design phases to predict the ground settlements induced by tunnelling and building damage using empirical and analytical solutions as well as simulation-based meta models.Furthermore,visualisation of ground settlements and building damage risk is enabled by integrating empirical and analytical models within our Building Information Modelling(BIM)framework for tunnelling.This approach allows for near real-time assessment of structural damage induced by settlements with consideration of soil-structure interaction and non-linear material behaviour.Furthermore,because this approach is implemented on a BIM platform for tunnelling,first,the design can be optimised directly in the design environment,thus eliminating errors in data exchange between designers and computational analysts.Secondly,the effect of tunnelling on existing structures can be effectively visualised within the BIM by producing risk-maps and visualising the scaled deformation field,which allows for a more intuitive understanding of design actions and for collaborative design.Having a fully parametric design model and real-time predictions therefore enables the assessment and visualisation of tunneling-induced damage for large tunnel sections and multiple structures in an effective and computationally efficient way.

Visualisation and Heat Transfer Performance of Mini-Channel Flat Heat Pipe with a Binary Mixture

To unravel the intricacies of two-phase gas-liquid flow characteristics and heat transfer behavior,an array mini-channel gravity plate heat pipe(AMGPHP)is proposed in this work,which allows for observing the internal changes in the state of the working fluids.The flow patterns such as pool flow,columnar flow,and slug flow,are experimentally explored and analyzed in detail.It is found that the optimal volume fill ratio is 20%by utilizing start-up time and thermal resistance as performance evaluation metrics.With this fill ratio,a medium optimization strategy by blending ethanol within R141b is proposed and evaluated.In comparison to pure working fluids,the heat transfer performance of AMGFHP in the binary fluid has been significantly augmented due to temperature and concentration shifts resulting from disparate boiling points.Under the 10%volume fraction ethanol blending condition,the equivalent thermal conductivity of the heat pipe is dramatically elevated,with a value of 3110 W/(m·℃),along with the reduction of the minimum start-up power to 4 W.In general,applying such a medium to heat pipes has considerable potential in practical applications.

Reality-based generation of virtual environments for digital earth

Digital Earth essentially consists of 3D and moreD models and attached semantic information(attributes).Techniques for generating such models efficiently are required very urgently.Reality-based 3D modelling using images as prime data source plays an important role in this context.Images contain a wealth of information that can be advantageously used for model generation.Images are increasingly available from satellite,aerial and terrestrial platforms.This contribution briefly describes some of the problems which we encounter if the process of model generation is to be automatised.With the help of some examples from Digital Terrain Model generation,Cultural Heritage and 3D city modelling we show briefly what can be achieved.Special attention is directed towards the use of model helicopters for image data acquisition.Some problems with interactive visualisation are discussed.Also,issues surrounding R&D,professional practice and education are also addressed.

How virtual reality can help visualise and assess geohazards

Geohazard research requires extensive spatiotemporal understanding based on an adequate multi-scale representation of modelling results.The most commonly applied representation basis for collected data is still the one of a 2D plane,typically a map.Digital maps of spatial data can be visualised and processed by using Geographic Information Systems.It is far less common to use 3D geomodels for the analysis and visualisation of spatial data.For the visualisation of both spatial and temporal hazard components,there are no standardised tools.We claim that a full geohazard assessment is only possible inside a new type of geoscientific and technological environment that is at the same time multi-dimensional,spatiotemporal,integrated,fully interactive(tele-)immersive,and collaborative.Surface and subsurface processes are interacting at various scales that are difficult to be overviewed at once.Virtual Reality(VR)technology could provide an attractive solution to overcome the multi-dimensional and spatiotemporal obstacles.The review of geoscientific applications using VR technology developed by multiple teams around the world shows that some solutions have already been developed many years ago,but widespread use was not possible.This is clearly changing now and soon we will see if VR can contribute to a better understanding of geo-processes.

Exploring the limits of complexity: A survey of empirical studies on graph visualisation

For decades,researchers in information visualisation and graph drawing have focused on developing techniques for the layout and display of very large and complex networks.Experiments involving human participants have also explored the readability of different styles of layout and representations for such networks.In both bodies of literature,networks are frequently referred to as being‘large’or‘complex’,yet these terms are relative.From a human-centred,experiment point-of-view,what constitutes‘large’(for example)depends on several factors,such as data complexity,visual complexity,and the technology used.In this paper,we survey the literature on human-centred experiments to understand how,in practice,different features and characteristics of node–link diagrams affect visual complexity.

Design and development of a web-based 3D cadastral visualisation prototype

Three-dimensional(3D)developments of land,such as complex high-rises,put enormous pressure on current land administration systems that have ad hoc approaches to 3D property management.These approaches are unable to support effective 3D storage,analysis and visualisation of property information.Effective visualisation is one of the essential components in realisation of a truly 3D cadastre.Currently,several 3D visualisation applications and cadastral prototypes have been developed around the world.However,they do not effectively represent ownership information in 3D because they have not been developed based on 3D cadastral visualisation requirements.After candidate 3D visualisation solutions were compared with user-derived visualisation criteria,a web-based 3D visualisation prototype was designed and developed.The functionality,usability and efficiency of the prototype were evaluated by potential users involved in the registration and management of property.While there was a high level of enthusiasm for the features of the prototype,the results also suggest further directions for development of 3D cadastral visualisation.