An Investigation on the Void Fraction for upward Gas-Liquid Slug Flow in Vertical Pipe

In order to investigate the influence of the entrance effect on the spatial distribution of phases, the experiments on gas-liquid two-phase slug flow in a vertical pipe of 0.03m ID were carried out by using optical probes and an EKTAPRO 1000 high speed motion analyzer. It demonstrates that the radial profile of slug flow void fraction is parabolic. Influenced by the falling liquid film, the radial profile curve of liquid slug void fraction in the wake region is also parabolic. Since fully turbulent velocity distribution is built up in the developed region,the void fraction profile in this region is the saddle type. At given superficial liquid velocity, the liquid slug void fraction increases with gas velocity. The radial profiles of liquid slug void fraction at different axial locations are all saddle curves, but void fraction is obviously high around the centerline in the entrance region. The nearer the measuring station is from the entrance, the farther the peak location is away from the wall.

Gamma-ray attenuation technique for measuring void fraction in horizontal gas-liquid two-phase flow

The measurement of void fraction is of importance to the oil industry and chemical industry. In this article, the principle and mathematical method of determining the void fraction of horizontal gas-liquid flow by using a sin- gle-energy γ-ray system is described. The γ-ray source is the radioactive isotope of 241Am with γ-ray energy of 59.5 keV. The time-averaged value of the void fraction in a 50.0-mm i.d. transparent horizontal pipeline is measured under various combinations of the liquid flow and gas flow. It is found that increasing the gas flow rate at a fixed liquid flow rate would increase the void fraction. Test data are compared with the predictions of the correlations and a good agreement is found. The result shows that the designed γ-ray system can be used for measuring the void fraction in a horizontal gas-liquid two-phase flow with high accuracy.

Distribution of void fraction for gas-liquid slug flow in aninclined pipe

In order to investigate the effect of inclination angle on the spatial distribution of phases, experiments on gas-liquid two-phase slug flow in an inclined pipe were carried out by using the optical probe and an EKTAPRO 1000 high speed motion analyzer. It has been demonstrated that the inclination angle and the mixture velocity are important parameters to influence the distribution of void fraction for upward slug flow in the inclined pipe. At high mixture velocity, the gas phase profile is axial symmetry in the cross-section of the pipe. This is similar to that for vertical slug flow. In contrast, most of the gas phase is located near the upper pipe wall at low mixture velocity. By measuring the axial variation of void fraction along the liquid slug, it can be concluded that there is a high void fraction wake region with length of 3～4D in the front of liquid slug. In the fully developed zone of liquid slug, the peak value of the void fraction is near the upper wall.

An Experimental Study on the Void Fraction for Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flows in a Horizontal Pipe

The flow patterns and the void fraction related to a gas-liquid two-phase flow in a small channel are experimentally studied.The test channel is a transparent quartz glass circular channel with an inner diameter of 6.68 mm.The working fluids are air and water and their superficial velocities range from 0.014 to 8.127 m/s and from 0.0238 to 0.556 m/s,respectively.The void fraction is determined using the flow pattern images captured by a high-speed camera,while quick closing valves are used for verification.Four flow patterns are analyzed in experiments:slug flow,bubbly flow,annular flow and stratified flow.For intermittent flows(bubbly flow and slug flow),the cross-sectional void fraction is in a borderline condition while its probability distribution function(PDF)image displays a bimodal structure.For continuous flows(annular flow and stratified flow)the cross-sectional void fraction behaves as a fluctuating continuous curve while the(PDF)image displays a single peak structure.The volumetric void fraction data are also compared with available predictive formulas,and the results show that the agreement is very good.An effort is also provided to improve the so-called Gregory and Scott model using the available data.

A Model on the Void Fraction in Liquid Slugs for Vertical Slug Flow

目的建立垂直上升气液两相弹状流液弹空隙度模型．方法通过考虑Ｔａｙｌｏｒ气泡与尾随液弹之间的气体交换建立垂直上升气液两相弹状流液弹空隙度模型；用实验来验证和评价模型的正确性．结果模型计算结果与本文实验数据及其它相关数据进行了比较，两者符合较好，模型计算值与实验数据的误差在±２０％以内．结论推荐的模型可以准确地预测垂直上升气液两相弹状流液弹空隙度．

Void fraction measurement and calculation model of vertical upward co-current air-water slug flow

The focus of this paper is on the measurement and calculation model of void fraction for the vertical upward co-current air-water slug flow in a circular tube of 15 mm inner diameter. High-speed photography and optical probes were utilized, with water superficial velocity ranging from 0.089 to 0.65 m·s^(-1)and gas superficial velocity ranging from 0.049 to 0.65 m·s^(-1). A new void fraction model based on the local parameters was proposed, disposing the slug flow as a combination of Taylor bubbles and liquid slugs. In the Taylor bubble region, correction factors of liquid film thickness Cδand nose shape CZ*were proposed to calculate aTB. In the liquid slug region, the radial void fraction distribution profiles were obtained to calculate aLS, by employing the image processing technique based on supervised machine learning. Results showed that the void fraction proportion in Taylor bubbles occupied crucial contribution to the overall void fraction. Multiple types of void fraction predictive correlations were assessed using the present data. The performance of the Schmidt model was optimal, while some models for slug flow performed not outstanding. Additionally, a predictive correlation was correlated between the central local void fraction and the cross-sectional averaged void fraction, as a straightforward form of the void fraction calculation model. The predictive correlation showed a good agreement with the present experimental data, as well as the data of Olerni et al., indicating that the new model was effective and applicable under the slug flow conditions.

Void Fraction Measurement in Oil-Gas Transportation Pipeline Using an Improved Electrical Capacitance Tomography System

To measure the void fraction online in oil-gas pipeline, an improved electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) system has been designed. The capacitance sensor with new structure has twelve internal electrodes and overcomes the influence of the pipe wall. The data collection system is improved by using high performance IC (integrated circuit). Static tests of bubble flow, stratified flow and annular flow regime are carried out. Measurements are taken on bubble flow, stratified flow and slug flow. Results show that the new ECT system performs well on void fraction measurement of bubble flow and stratified flow, but the error of measurement for slug flow is more than 10%.

Void Fraction Distributions in Cold-gassed and Hot-sparged Three Phase Stirred Tanks with Multi-impeller

Vertical distributions of void fraction in gas-liquid and gas-liquid-solid stirred tanks have been measured in a fully baffled dished base vessel of 0.48 m diameter,using a conductivity probe.The impeller configuration(a hollow half elliptical blade dispersing turbine below two up-pumping wide blade hydrofoils,identified as HEDT+2WHU) recommended in previous work has been used in this work.The operating temperatures were 24°C and 81°C,identified as cold and hot respectively.The effects of superficial gas velocity,agitator speed and the corresponding power input on the local void fraction in two-phase systems are investigated and discussed.Results show that the increasing of agitator speed or gas flow rate leads to an increase in local void fraction at the majority of measurement points in both cold and hot systems.However,the uniformity of gas dispersion does not always increase as the raising of agitator speed and power input.In either cold or hot sparged conditions,the two-and three-phase systems have similar vertical profiles for void fraction,with maxima in similar locations;however,the void fractions are significantly lower in hot sparging than with cold.In cold operation the presence of particles leads to a lower void fraction at most points,although the local void fractions increase a little with the addition of solid particles at high temperature,in good agreement with the global gas holdup results,and the possible reasons are discussed in this paper.This work can give a better understanding of the differences between cold-gassed and hot-sparged three phase stirred tanks.

Investigation of oil-air two-phase mass flow rate measurement using Venturi and void fraction sensor

Oil-air two-phase flow measurement was investigated with a Venturi and void fraction meters in this work. This paper proposes a new flow rate measurement correlation in which the effect of the velocity ratio between gas and liquid was considered. With the pressure drop across the Venturi and the void fraction that was measured by electrical capacitance tomography apparatus, both mixture flow rate and oil flow rate could be obtained by the correlation. Experiments included bubble-, slug-, wave and annular flow with the void fraction ranging from 15% to 83%, the oil flow rate ranging from 0.97 kg/s to 1.78 kg/s, the gas flow rate ranging up to 0.018 kg/s and quality ranging nearly up to 2.0%. The root-mean-square errors of mixture mass flow rate and that of oil mass flow rate were less than 5%. Furthermore, coefficients of the correlation were modified based on flow regimes, with the results showing reduced root-mean-square errors.

A MINI－CAPACITANCE PROBE FOR MEASURING THE LOCAL VOID FRACTION IN GAS－SOLID FLUIDIZED BEDS

A new mini-capacitance probe for measuring the local void frac-tion in gas-solid fluidized beds is developed in this paper. The measurementprincipleis analyzed. The structure of the probe , the spatial resolving powerand the influences of various paramete

Influences of physical properties of two-phase mixture on void fraction in an annular vessel

To keep the void fraction of two-phase hydrogen in the moderator cell of the cold neutron source (CNS)of China Advanced Research Reactor (CARR) to a specified range, an annular vessel with the same size as the actual moderator cell was used as test section. Deionized water and alcohol, sucrose, and sodium chloride solutions with different concentrations were used as working fluid to find out influences of physical properties, such as density, viscosity and surface tension, of the two-phase mixture on void fraction. The tests proved that the ratio of surface tension to density of liquid phase has great influence on void fraction: the larger the ratio, the smaller the void fraction.Since the ratio of surface tension to density of Freon 113 is lower than that of liquid hydrogen, Freon 113 can be used as a working fluid to study the void fraction in the two-phase hydrogen thermosiphon loop in the CNS of CARR and the results will be conservative.

Characterizations of gas-liquid interface distribution and slug evolution in a vertical pipe

Large vertical pipes are key structures connecting subsea wells to offshore platforms.However,existing studies mainly focus on small vertical pipes.In a vertical acrylic pipe with 80 mm inner diameter and 11 m height,a high-speed camera was used to visually research the influences of pipe diameters,liquid properties and inlet effect on air-water co-flow characteristic.Different flow regime maps of vertical pipes(diameters are in the range of 50e189 mm)were compared and the critical gas velocity of the transition boundary from bubble to slug flow tended to increase with the increase of diameters at D≥80 mm.Drift-flux models were established in different flow regimes and liquid properties have a significant effect on drift coefficients of bubble flow and slug flow(void fraction a≤0.4).The influence of inlet turbulent effect on the gas-liquid interface distribution gradually weakened and disappeared from the pipe base to 85D,where the flow was fully developed.Slug frequency has a trend of increase first and then decrease with the gas Weber numbers increasing at low liquid superficial velocities(J_(L)≤0.31 m/s).And on the basis of this law,a new slug frequency correlation was proposed.It was found that there was an exponential relationship between the ratio of lengths of Taylor bubble to slug and the void fraction.

A Novel Method for Determining the Void Fraction in Gas-Liquid Multi-Phase Systems Using a Dynamic Conductivity Probe

Conventional conductivity methods for measuring the void fraction in gas-liquid multiphase systems are typically affected by accuracy problems due to the presence of fluid flow and salinity.This study presents a novel approach for determining the void fraction based on a reciprocating dynamic conductivity probe used to measure the liquid film thickness under forced annular-flow conditions.The measurement system comprises a cyclone,a conductivity probe,a probe reciprocating device,and a data acquisition and processing system.This method ensures that the flow pattern is adjusted to a forced annular flow,thereby minimizing the influence of complex and variable gas-liquid flow patterns on the measurement results;Moreover,it determines the liquid film thickness solely according to circuit connectivity rather than specific conductivity values,thereby mitigating the impact of salinity.The reliability of the measurement system is demonstrated through laboratory experiments.The experimental results indicate that,in a range of gas phase superficial velocities 5–20 m/s and liquid phase superficial velocities 0.079–0.48 m/s,the maximum measurement deviation for the void fraction is 4.23%.

水下抛石电阻率特性试验研究

研究旨在利用电阻率技术解决水下抛石坝(隐蔽性工程)隐患探测和质量评价等关键问题。采用四电极法分析了水下抛石在不同供电电压和空隙率条件下的电阻率特性,并建立了电阻率与水下抛石空隙率的经验公式。结果表明:水下抛石电阻率随供电电压(10~60 V)升高呈先衰减后逐渐趋于稳定的变化特征,且供电电压高于30 V时电阻率衰减程度显著降低;水下抛石电阻率随空隙率的增加逐渐减小并趋于稳定(两者间的关系可用递减型幂函数表征),且不同供电电压下电阻率随空隙率的变化规律与此类似;分别选用幂函数、指数函数及对数函数拟合电阻率与空隙率关系,发现幂函数拟合误差最小,考虑供电电压影响最终建立了水下抛石电阻率与空隙率的经验公式;进一步通过水下抛石坝模型试验验证了经验公式的可靠性。该经验公式可有效描述水下抛石分布的密实程度,从而快速识别水下抛石坝内部隐患。

承压破碎无烟煤气体渗透特性影响因素实验研究

垮落带破碎煤岩体空隙结构演变直接影响垮落带气体渗透特性,进而影响废弃矿井采空区煤层气运移富集规律。利用自主设计研发的第二代破碎煤岩体压实-渗流-CT扫描试验系统,开展5种粒径破碎无烟煤在不同气体压力、轴向应力及空隙率条件下162组渗透实验。结果表明:(1)气体在破碎无烟煤中运移时气体压力、流量随时间一直处于动态变化直至达到吸附平衡,流量、压力恒定。(2)低雷诺数下气体在破碎无烟煤中流动需要拟启动压力梯度,其值处于158.89~1408.64 Pa/m,并随着轴压增大、空隙率减小而增大。(3)破碎无烟煤渗透率处于10^(-12)~10^(-10)m^(2),且渗透率随气体压力、空隙率增加分别呈现对数、指数函数式增长趋势。(4)颗粒粒径越大则相同装料空间内破碎煤样初始空隙越大,更易于气体流动,因此相同空隙率时破碎无烟煤渗透率随粒径的增大而增大;不同粒径颗粒渗透率平均变化幅度均随空隙率减小而减小;然而颗粒粒径越大,减小相同空隙率时破碎无烟煤渗透率变化幅度减小越明显。废弃矿井采空区煤层气地面抽采时,地面钻井应优先布设在垮落带破碎煤岩体连同纵向“高位环形裂隙体”共同构成的“U”型高渗煤层气富集区内。

航空发动机滑油回油管内的流型识别及含气率预测研究

发动机润滑系统回油管内油气两相介质的流动特性直接影响系统中回油泵及散热器的工作特性。为辨别回油管内油气两相流流型和建立含气率预测关系式,本文搭建了模拟轴承腔回油管流动的实验系统,并依据涡轴发动机回油量及油气比完成了700组不同工况的实验测试。实验空气与滑油流量范围分别为10~200 SL/min与6~37 L/min。本文对实验范围内的管内流型进行了判别,并修正了含气率的预测模型。首先对两种极限工况的压力信号的时序特征、概率密度函数和傅里叶变换进行分析,判定其流型为分层流和弹状流。将流型结果与Mandhane流型图进行对比,显示Mandhane流型图并不能准确预测回油管内的油气两相流流型。其次利用含气率经验关系式进行含气率预测,发现Massena预测模型预测的含气率与实验值更接近,预测结果更准确。分层流的含气率在50%以下,而弹状流的含气率在50%以上。最后根据流型对Nicklin经验关系式进行修正,得到分层流和弹状流对应的分布系数分别为0.848和0.919。

汽泡边界层模型在矩形管道下的适用性分析

过冷流动沸腾中的流动和传热特性对反应堆的安全运行和经济性都具有重要意义。汽泡边界层模型是预测流动沸腾的一种新理论模型,它将流场沿径向划分为主流和汽泡边界层两个区域,能同时获得两个区域多个两相参数的变化规律,为空泡份额的预测提供了一种新的方法。然而,过冷沸腾段汽泡边界层模型目前仅在常规圆管中开展了验证,当管道类型和尺寸发生变化后,模型的准确度还有待进一步分析。基于此,本文将汽泡边界层模型进一步推广到长宽比较大的矩形管道中。为验证模型的准确性,将模型获得的空泡份额与现有实验数据进行对比,并同时与现有空泡份额预测模型进行了对比。结果显示,汽泡边界层模型不仅较现有模型的准确度更高,还能同时应用于矩形常规管道和窄缝通道,受管道结构和尺寸的影响较小。模型还描述了矩形窄缝通道内空泡份额、压力、流速、温度、滑速比等的变化情况,这些结果能为反应堆矩形燃料元件内的热工物理耦合分析提供基础数据。

用于探测液态金属-气体的DLC涂层式丝网探针数值模拟与结构优化

液态金属-气体两相流是铅冷快堆在蒸汽发生器传热管破裂(SGTR)事故下的物理现象之一,考虑到液态金属的不透明性、腐蚀性及高温性,本文提出一种类金刚石(DLC)涂层式丝网探针(WMS)对液态金属-气体两相流相态分布进行探测。基于COMSOL软件,建立了涂层式WMS的数值模型并进行了实验验证,通过电场模拟阐明了该新型探针应用于含液态金属气液两相流的可行性。进一步地,通过改变丝网电极的间距与直径、涂层的厚度,研究了结构参数对涂层式WMS测量精度的影响。结果表明,电极丝横向间距为2~3 mm、垂直间距为1.5~2 mm时,WMS测量精度较高,而涂层厚度和电极丝直径的影响较小。本研究可指导DLC涂层式WMS在液态金属-气体两相环境中的实际应用,并为分析SGTR事故后的多相分布提供技术基础。

声空化条件下传动液体积弹性模量的时空演变

传动液体积弹性模量代表介质的抗压缩能力,其动态变化会影响传动系统的精准调控。以含有空气和蒸汽的ISO 4113试验油为研究对象,建立传动管内体积弹性模量均相流模型和动态模型,考虑由传动液压缩引起的温度变化以及空化效应(空气空化、蒸汽空化和伪空化),在Roe格式分解和Steger Warming通量分裂法的基础上提出一种新的数值求解方法来预测不同空化区中压力和含气率的变化,并预测体积弹性模量的时空演变。讨论压力、含气率和温度对动态体积弹性模量的影响,并比较两种模型之间的区别。结果表明:在低压区,两种模型对动态体积弹性模量的预测结果基本吻合;当压力小于1 MPa,动态体积弹性模量随压力增大而增大,随初始含气率增大而减小,而初始温度对其影响不明显;当压力在1~10 MPa内,动态体积弹性模量随压力增大而快速增大,随初始含气率和温度增大而减小,其变化率不断减小;在初始含气率小于5%的条件下,动态模型预测的动态体积弹性模量-压力曲线更平滑;当压力大于10 MPa,在均相流模型中,动态体积弹性模量随压力增大呈线性缓慢增长趋势,而在动态模型中,由于气体不断溶解,动态体积弹性模量随压力增大而趋于稳定。对比发现,均相流模型适用于低压条件,而动态模型在高压区也同样适用。