The public health and ecological impacts of volatile organic compound(VOCs) pollution have become a serious problem in China,arousing increasing attention to emissions control.In this context,this paper analyses the e...The public health and ecological impacts of volatile organic compound(VOCs) pollution have become a serious problem in China,arousing increasing attention to emissions control.In this context,this paper analyses the effectiveness of VOC reduction policies,namely pollution charges and environmental taxes at the national and industrial sector levels.It uses a computable general equilibrium model,which connects macroeconomic variables with VOC emissions inventory,to simulate the effects of policy scenarios(with 2007 as the reference year).This paper shows that VOC emissions are reduced by 2.2% when a pollution charge equal to the average cost of engineering reduction methods-the traditional approach to regulation in China-is applied.In order to achieve a similar reduction,an 8.9% indirect tax would have to be imposed.It concludes that an environmental tax should be the preferred method of VOC regulation due to its smaller footprint on the macroeconomy.Other policies,such as subsidies,should be used as supplements.展开更多
Volatile organic compounds（VOCs） are a major component in air pollutants and pose great risks to both human health and environmental protection. Currently, VOC abatement in industrial applications is through the use...Volatile organic compounds（VOCs） are a major component in air pollutants and pose great risks to both human health and environmental protection. Currently, VOC abatement in industrial applications is through the use of activated carbons as adsorbents and oxide-supported metals as catalysts. Notably, activated carbons easily adsorb water, which strongly hinders the adsorption of VOCs; conventional oxides typically possess relatively low surface areas and random pores, which effectively influence the catalytic conversion of VOCs. Zeolites, in contrast with activated carbons and oxides, can be designed to have very uniform and controllable micropores, in addition to tailored wettability properties, which can favor the selective adsorption of VOCs. In particular, zeolites with selective adsorptive properties when combined with catalytically active metals result in zeolite-supported metals exhibiting significantly improved performance in the catalytic combustion of VOCs compared with conventional oxide-supported catalysts. In this review, recent developments on VOC abatement by adsorptive and catalytic techniques over zeolite-based materials have been briefly summarized.展开更多
Non-targeted analysis(NTA)was conducted to identify semi-volatile organic compounds(SVOCs)in a museum in China using the gas chromatography(GC)-Orbitrap-mass spectrometer(MS).Approximately 160 SVOCs were detected,of w...Non-targeted analysis(NTA)was conducted to identify semi-volatile organic compounds(SVOCs)in a museum in China using the gas chromatography(GC)-Orbitrap-mass spectrometer(MS).Approximately 160 SVOCs were detected,of which 93 had not been reported in previous studies of museum environments.Many of the detected SVOCs were found to be associated with the chemical agents applied in conservation treatment and the materials used in furnishings.The results of hierarchical cluster analysis(HCA)indicated a spatial variation of SVOCs in the indoor air in the museum,but there were no obvious temporal differences of SVOCs observed in indoor dust.Spearman's correlation analysis showed that several classes of SVOCs were well correlated,suggesting their common sources.Fragrances and plasticizers were found to be the primary sources of SVOC pollution detected in the museum.Compared with compounds in outdoor air,indoor SVOCs had a lower level of unsaturation and more portions of chemically reduced compounds.This study is the first of its kind to comprehensively characterize SVOCs in a museum using an automated NTA approach with GC-Orbitrap-MS.The SVOCs identified in the current study are likely to be present in other similar museums;therefore,further examination of their potential impacts on cultural heritage artifacts,museum personnel,and visitors may be warranted.展开更多
Surface coating facilities are major sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urban areas. These VOCs can contribute to ground-level ozone formation, and many are hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), including xyle...Surface coating facilities are major sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urban areas. These VOCs can contribute to ground-level ozone formation, and many are hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), including xylene, ethylbenzene, and toluene. This project was conducted in order to provide information for updating the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ), USA, permit by rule for Surface Coating Facilities. Project objectives were: 1) To develop a database of information regarding surface coating facilities in Texas;2) To estimate maximum emission rates for various VOC species from surface coating facilities in Texas;3) To conduct dispersion modeling to estimate off-site impacts from surface coating facilities. The database was developed using 286 TCEQ permit files authorizing surface coating facilities in Texas during 2006 and 2007. The database was designed to include information important for estimating emission rates, and for using as inputs to the dispersion model. Hourly and annual emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particulate matter (PM), and exempt solvents (ES) were calculated for each permitted entity/ company in the database, according to equations given by TCEQ. Dispersion modeling was then conducted for 3 facility configurations (worst-case stack height, good practice stack height, and fugitive emissions), for urban and rural dispersion parameters, for 8-hour and 24-hour operating scenarios, and for 1-hour, 24-hour, and annual averaging times, for a total of 36 scenarios. The highest modeled concentrations were for the worst-case stack height, rural dispersion parameters, 24-hour operation scenario, and 1-hour averaging time. 108 specific chemical species, which are components of surface coatings, were identified as candidates for further health impacts review.展开更多
The petroleum industry is a significant source of anthropogenic volatile organic compounds(VOCs),but up to now,its exact impact on urban VOCs and ozone(O_(3))remains unclear.This study conducted year-long VOC ob-serva...The petroleum industry is a significant source of anthropogenic volatile organic compounds(VOCs),but up to now,its exact impact on urban VOCs and ozone(O_(3))remains unclear.This study conducted year-long VOC ob-servations in Dongying,China,a petroleum industrial region.The VOCs from the petroleum industry(oil and gas volatilization and petrochemical production)were identified by employing the positive matrix factorization model,and their contribution to O_(3) formation was quantitatively evaluated using an observation-based chemical box model.The observed annual average concentration of VOCs was 68.6±63.5 ppbv,with a maximum daily av-erage of 335.3 ppbv.The petroleum industry accounted for 66.5%of total VOCs,contributing 54.9%from oil and gas evaporation and 11.6%from petrochemical production.Model results indicated that VOCs from the petroleum industry contributed to 31%of net O_(3) production,with 21.3%and 34.2%contributions to HO_(2)+NO and RO_(2)+NO pathways,respectively.The larger impact on the RO_(2) pathway is primarily due to the fact that OH+VOCs ac-count for 86.9%of the primary source of RO_(2).This study highlights the critical role of controlling VOCs from the petroleum industry in urban O_(3) pollution,especially those from previously overlooked low-reactivity alkanes.展开更多
Anthropogenic emissions alter biogenic secondary organic aerosol(SOA)formation from naturally emitted volatileorganic compounds(BVOCs).We review the major laboratory and field findings with regard to effects of anthro...Anthropogenic emissions alter biogenic secondary organic aerosol(SOA)formation from naturally emitted volatileorganic compounds(BVOCs).We review the major laboratory and field findings with regard to effects of anthropogenicpollutants(NO_(x),anthropogenic aerosols,SO_(2),NH_(3))on biogenic SOA formation.NO_(x) participate in BVOC oxidationthrough changing the radical chemistry and oxidation capacity,leading to a complex SOA composition and yield sensitivitytowards NO_(x) level for different or even specific hydrocarbon precursors.Anthropogenic aerosols act as an importantintermedium for gas-particle partitioning and particle-phase reactions,processes of which are influenced by the particlephase state,acidity,water content and thus associated with biogenic SOA mass accumulation.SO_(2)modifies biogenic SOAformation mainly through sulfuric acid formation and accompanies new particle formation and acid-catalyzedheterogeneous reactions.Some new SO_(2)-involved mechanisms for organosulfate formation have also been proposed.NH_(3)/amines,as the most prevalent base species in the atmosphere,influence biogenic SOA composition and modify theoptical properties of SOA.The response of SOA formation behavior to these anthropogenic pollutants varies amongdifferent BVOCs precursors.Investigations on anthropogenic-biogenic interactions in some areas of China that aresimultaneously influenced by anthropogenic and biogenic emissions are summarized.Based on this review,somerecommendations are made for a more accurate assessment of controllable biogenic SOA formation and its contribution tothe total SOA budget.This study also highlights the importance of controlling anthropogenic pollutant emissions witheffective pollutant mitigation policies to reduce regional and global biogenic SOA formation.展开更多
Integral to the urban ecosystem,greening trees provide many ecological benefits,but the active biogenic volatile organic compounds(BVOCs)they release contribute to the production of ozone and secondary organic aerosol...Integral to the urban ecosystem,greening trees provide many ecological benefits,but the active biogenic volatile organic compounds(BVOCs)they release contribute to the production of ozone and secondary organic aerosols,which harm ambient air quality.It is,therefore,necessary to understand the BVOC emission characteristics of dominant greening tree species and their relative contribution to secondary pollutants in various urban contexts.Consequently,this study utilized a dynamic enclosure system to collect BVOC samples of seven dominant greening tree species in urban Chengdu,Southwest China.Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to analyze the BVOC components and standardized BVOC emission rates of each tree species were then calculated to assess their relative potential to form secondary pollutants.We found obvious differences in the composition of BVOCs emitted by each species.Ficus virens displayed a high isoprene emission rate at31.472μgC/(gdw(g dry weight)·hr),while Cinnamomum camphora emitted high volumes of D-Limonene at 93.574μgC/(gdw·hr).In terms of the BVOC emission rates by leaf area,C.camphora had the highest emission rate of total BVOCs at 13,782.59μgC/(m^(2)·hr),followed by Cedrus deodara with 5466.86μgC/(m^(2)·hr).Ginkgo biloba and Osmanthus fragrans mainly emitted oxygenated VOCs with lower overall emission rates.The high BVOC emitters like F.virens,C.camphora,and Magnolia grandiflora have high potential for significantly contributing to environmental secondary pollutants,so should be cautiously considered for future planting.This study provides important implications for improving urban greening efforts for subtropical Chinese urban contexts,like Chengdu.展开更多
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program(973 Program)of China:[Grant Number2012CB955800]the National Natural Science Foundation(863 Program)of China:[Grant Number 2012 AA063101]the "Strategic Priority Research Program" of the Chinese Academy of Sciences[Grant Number XDB05050200]
文摘The public health and ecological impacts of volatile organic compound(VOCs) pollution have become a serious problem in China,arousing increasing attention to emissions control.In this context,this paper analyses the effectiveness of VOC reduction policies,namely pollution charges and environmental taxes at the national and industrial sector levels.It uses a computable general equilibrium model,which connects macroeconomic variables with VOC emissions inventory,to simulate the effects of policy scenarios(with 2007 as the reference year).This paper shows that VOC emissions are reduced by 2.2% when a pollution charge equal to the average cost of engineering reduction methods-the traditional approach to regulation in China-is applied.In order to achieve a similar reduction,an 8.9% indirect tax would have to be imposed.It concludes that an environmental tax should be the preferred method of VOC regulation due to its smaller footprint on the macroeconomy.Other policies,such as subsidies,should be used as supplements.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2015XZZX004-04)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation(LR15B030001)~~
文摘Volatile organic compounds（VOCs） are a major component in air pollutants and pose great risks to both human health and environmental protection. Currently, VOC abatement in industrial applications is through the use of activated carbons as adsorbents and oxide-supported metals as catalysts. Notably, activated carbons easily adsorb water, which strongly hinders the adsorption of VOCs; conventional oxides typically possess relatively low surface areas and random pores, which effectively influence the catalytic conversion of VOCs. Zeolites, in contrast with activated carbons and oxides, can be designed to have very uniform and controllable micropores, in addition to tailored wettability properties, which can favor the selective adsorption of VOCs. In particular, zeolites with selective adsorptive properties when combined with catalytically active metals result in zeolite-supported metals exhibiting significantly improved performance in the catalytic combustion of VOCs compared with conventional oxide-supported catalysts. In this review, recent developments on VOC abatement by adsorptive and catalytic techniques over zeolite-based materials have been briefly summarized.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant Nos.2022YFF0606201,2023YFC3806100)。
文摘Non-targeted analysis(NTA)was conducted to identify semi-volatile organic compounds(SVOCs)in a museum in China using the gas chromatography(GC)-Orbitrap-mass spectrometer(MS).Approximately 160 SVOCs were detected,of which 93 had not been reported in previous studies of museum environments.Many of the detected SVOCs were found to be associated with the chemical agents applied in conservation treatment and the materials used in furnishings.The results of hierarchical cluster analysis(HCA)indicated a spatial variation of SVOCs in the indoor air in the museum,but there were no obvious temporal differences of SVOCs observed in indoor dust.Spearman's correlation analysis showed that several classes of SVOCs were well correlated,suggesting their common sources.Fragrances and plasticizers were found to be the primary sources of SVOC pollution detected in the museum.Compared with compounds in outdoor air,indoor SVOCs had a lower level of unsaturation and more portions of chemically reduced compounds.This study is the first of its kind to comprehensively characterize SVOCs in a museum using an automated NTA approach with GC-Orbitrap-MS.The SVOCs identified in the current study are likely to be present in other similar museums;therefore,further examination of their potential impacts on cultural heritage artifacts,museum personnel,and visitors may be warranted.
文摘Surface coating facilities are major sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urban areas. These VOCs can contribute to ground-level ozone formation, and many are hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), including xylene, ethylbenzene, and toluene. This project was conducted in order to provide information for updating the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ), USA, permit by rule for Surface Coating Facilities. Project objectives were: 1) To develop a database of information regarding surface coating facilities in Texas;2) To estimate maximum emission rates for various VOC species from surface coating facilities in Texas;3) To conduct dispersion modeling to estimate off-site impacts from surface coating facilities. The database was developed using 286 TCEQ permit files authorizing surface coating facilities in Texas during 2006 and 2007. The database was designed to include information important for estimating emission rates, and for using as inputs to the dispersion model. Hourly and annual emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particulate matter (PM), and exempt solvents (ES) were calculated for each permitted entity/ company in the database, according to equations given by TCEQ. Dispersion modeling was then conducted for 3 facility configurations (worst-case stack height, good practice stack height, and fugitive emissions), for urban and rural dispersion parameters, for 8-hour and 24-hour operating scenarios, and for 1-hour, 24-hour, and annual averaging times, for a total of 36 scenarios. The highest modeled concentrations were for the worst-case stack height, rural dispersion parameters, 24-hour operation scenario, and 1-hour averaging time. 108 specific chemical species, which are components of surface coatings, were identified as candidates for further health impacts review.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant number 42075094]the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation[grant number 2021M691921]+1 种基金the Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China[grant number DQGG202121]the Dongying Ecological and Environmental Bureau[grant number 2021DFKY-0779]。
文摘The petroleum industry is a significant source of anthropogenic volatile organic compounds(VOCs),but up to now,its exact impact on urban VOCs and ozone(O_(3))remains unclear.This study conducted year-long VOC ob-servations in Dongying,China,a petroleum industrial region.The VOCs from the petroleum industry(oil and gas volatilization and petrochemical production)were identified by employing the positive matrix factorization model,and their contribution to O_(3) formation was quantitatively evaluated using an observation-based chemical box model.The observed annual average concentration of VOCs was 68.6±63.5 ppbv,with a maximum daily av-erage of 335.3 ppbv.The petroleum industry accounted for 66.5%of total VOCs,contributing 54.9%from oil and gas evaporation and 11.6%from petrochemical production.Model results indicated that VOCs from the petroleum industry contributed to 31%of net O_(3) production,with 21.3%and 34.2%contributions to HO_(2)+NO and RO_(2)+NO pathways,respectively.The larger impact on the RO_(2) pathway is primarily due to the fact that OH+VOCs ac-count for 86.9%of the primary source of RO_(2).This study highlights the critical role of controlling VOCs from the petroleum industry in urban O_(3) pollution,especially those from previously overlooked low-reactivity alkanes.
基金This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.91644214)Youth Innovation Program of Universities in Shandong Province(Grant No.2019KJD007)Fundamental Research Fund of Shandong University(Grant No.2020QNQT012).
文摘Anthropogenic emissions alter biogenic secondary organic aerosol(SOA)formation from naturally emitted volatileorganic compounds(BVOCs).We review the major laboratory and field findings with regard to effects of anthropogenicpollutants(NO_(x),anthropogenic aerosols,SO_(2),NH_(3))on biogenic SOA formation.NO_(x) participate in BVOC oxidationthrough changing the radical chemistry and oxidation capacity,leading to a complex SOA composition and yield sensitivitytowards NO_(x) level for different or even specific hydrocarbon precursors.Anthropogenic aerosols act as an importantintermedium for gas-particle partitioning and particle-phase reactions,processes of which are influenced by the particlephase state,acidity,water content and thus associated with biogenic SOA mass accumulation.SO_(2)modifies biogenic SOAformation mainly through sulfuric acid formation and accompanies new particle formation and acid-catalyzedheterogeneous reactions.Some new SO_(2)-involved mechanisms for organosulfate formation have also been proposed.NH_(3)/amines,as the most prevalent base species in the atmosphere,influence biogenic SOA composition and modify theoptical properties of SOA.The response of SOA formation behavior to these anthropogenic pollutants varies amongdifferent BVOCs precursors.Investigations on anthropogenic-biogenic interactions in some areas of China that aresimultaneously influenced by anthropogenic and biogenic emissions are summarized.Based on this review,somerecommendations are made for a more accurate assessment of controllable biogenic SOA formation and its contribution tothe total SOA budget.This study also highlights the importance of controlling anthropogenic pollutant emissions witheffective pollutant mitigation policies to reduce regional and global biogenic SOA formation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21906108)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.YJ201937)+1 种基金Chengdu Science and Technology Bureau(No.2020-YF09-00051-SN)the Sichuan"1000 Plan"Scholar Program
文摘Integral to the urban ecosystem,greening trees provide many ecological benefits,but the active biogenic volatile organic compounds(BVOCs)they release contribute to the production of ozone and secondary organic aerosols,which harm ambient air quality.It is,therefore,necessary to understand the BVOC emission characteristics of dominant greening tree species and their relative contribution to secondary pollutants in various urban contexts.Consequently,this study utilized a dynamic enclosure system to collect BVOC samples of seven dominant greening tree species in urban Chengdu,Southwest China.Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to analyze the BVOC components and standardized BVOC emission rates of each tree species were then calculated to assess their relative potential to form secondary pollutants.We found obvious differences in the composition of BVOCs emitted by each species.Ficus virens displayed a high isoprene emission rate at31.472μgC/(gdw(g dry weight)·hr),while Cinnamomum camphora emitted high volumes of D-Limonene at 93.574μgC/(gdw·hr).In terms of the BVOC emission rates by leaf area,C.camphora had the highest emission rate of total BVOCs at 13,782.59μgC/(m^(2)·hr),followed by Cedrus deodara with 5466.86μgC/(m^(2)·hr).Ginkgo biloba and Osmanthus fragrans mainly emitted oxygenated VOCs with lower overall emission rates.The high BVOC emitters like F.virens,C.camphora,and Magnolia grandiflora have high potential for significantly contributing to environmental secondary pollutants,so should be cautiously considered for future planting.This study provides important implications for improving urban greening efforts for subtropical Chinese urban contexts,like Chengdu.
