Experimental and Modelling Study on Emission of Volatile Nitrogen Derived NO during Pressured Oxy-fuel Combustion under Wet Flue Gas Environment

Pressurised oxy-fuel combustion(POFC)is a clean and efficient combustion technology with great potential.Due to the recycling of flue gas,the concentration of steam in the flue gas is higher than that of conventional combustion,which enriches the free radical pool in the flue gas and thus affects the emission of gaseous pollutants.Therefore,further research into the effect of high steam concentrations on NO_(x)emission mechanisms in POFC is necessary.In this work,a fixed-bed reactor was used to conduct combustion experiments of volatiles and combined with chemical kinetic models to study the NO release characteristics for different pressures and steam concentrations in an O_(2)/CO_(2)atmosphere at 800℃/900℃temperature.The results of the study indicated that the volatile nitrogen comes from the pyrolysis of part of pyrrole,pyridine,and all quaternary nitrogen in coal.The increase in temperature promoted the formation of NO during combustion.Higher pressure affects the main reaction pathway for NO formation,promoting NO consumption by HCCO and C_(2)O groups while enhancing the overall NO reduction.Steam promoted NO consumption by NCO.In addition,steam increased the amount of H/OH groups during the reaction,which affected both NO formation and consumption.However,from the overall effect,the steam still inhibits the emission of NO.

Nitrogen mobility,ammonia volatilization,and estimated leaching loss from long-term manure incorporation in red soil

Nitrogen（N） loss from fertilization in agricultural fields has an unavoidable negative impact on the environment and a better understanding of the major pathways can assist in developing the best management practices. The aim of this study was to evaluate the fate of N fertilizers applied to acidic red soil（Ferralic Cambisol） after 19 years of mineral（synthetic） and manure fertilizer treatments under a cropping system with wheat-maize rotations. Five field treatments were examined： control（CK）, chemical nitrogen and potash fertilizer（NK）, chemical nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer（NP）, chemical nitrogen, phosphorus and potash fertilizer（NPK） and the NPK with manure（NPKM, 70% N from manure）. Based on the soil total N storage change in 0–100 cm depth, ammonia（NH_3） volatilization, nitrous oxide（N_2O） emission, N plant uptake, and the potential N leaching loss were estimated using a mass balance approach. In contrast to the NPKM, all mineral fertilizer treatments（NK, NP and NPK） showed increased nitrate（NO_3~–） concentration with increasing soil depth, indicating higher leaching potential. However, total NH_3 volatilization loss was much higher in the NPKM（19.7%） than other mineral fertilizer treatments（≤4.2%）. The N_2O emissions were generally low（0.2–0.9%, the highest from the NPKM）. Total gaseous loss accounted for 1.7, 3.3, 5.1, and 21.9% for NK, NP, NPK, and NPKM treatments, respectively. Estimated N leaching loss from the NPKM was only about 5% of the losses from mineral fertilizer treatments. All data demonstrated that manure incorporation improved soil productivity, increased yield, and reduced potential leaching, but with significantly higher NH_3 volatilization, which could be reduced by improving the application method. This study confirms that manure incorporationis an essential strategy in N fertilization management in upland red soil cropping system.

Integrated application of February Orchid(Orychophragmus violaceus) as green manure with chemical fertilizer for improving grain yield and reducing nitrogen losses in spring maize system in northern China

The development of more efficient management systems is crucial to achieving high grain yields with high nitrogen use efficiency（NUE）. February Orchid-spring maize rotation system is a newly established planting system with the benefits of ground cover and potential wind erosion in northern China. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of integrated application of February Orchid as green manure with reduction of chemical fertilizers（INTEGRATED） on spring maize yield, N uptake, ammonium volatilization, and soil residual mineral N in northern China. Compared to farmers＇ traditional fertilization（CON）, integrated application of February Orchid as green manure with 30% reduction of nitrogen fertilizers（INTEGRATED） increased maize grain yield and biomass by 9.9 and 10.2%, respectively. The 0–100 cm soil residual Nmin at harvest was decreased by 58.5% and thus nitrogen use efficiency was increased significantly by 26.7%. The nitrogen balance calculation further demonstrated that the INTEGRATED approach performed better than CON with lower apparent nitrogen loss（decreased by 48.9%） which evidenced by the ammonium volatilization of top-dressing fertilizer was decreased by 31.1%, the N_（min） movement to the deeper soil layers was reduced, and the apparent nitrogen leaching loss nearly equal to 0 under the INTEGRATED treatment. Therefore, in northern China, integrated application of green manure and chemical fertilizers is an efficient management approach for improving maize yields and NUE simultaneously.

Volatile basic nitrogen measurement in digesta using a Berthelot reaction in automated Skalar instrumentation

The undigested nitrogenous fraction entering the hindgut of chickens is further metabolized by microbiota present producing volatile basic metabolites including amines and ammonia(NH3).Ammonia increases pH and may result in overgrowth of Clostridium perfringens further producing toxic metabolites that cause dysbacteriosis or necrotic enteritis(NE).There are few reports in chickens examining the production and concentration of nitrogenous metabolites in the hindgut.A Berthelot reaction using an automated flow,reaction and spectrophotometric instrumentation to detect volatile basic nitrogen in the form of NH3 from cecal contents was carried out.In the Berthelot reaction,NH3 in the sample is chlorinated to monochloramine using dichloroisocyanuric acid that then reacts with salicylate to form 5-aminosalicylate which is stable under alkaline conditions(pH 12 to 13).After oxidation and oxidative coupling,a coloured complex is formed that can be measured at 660 nm.Cecal contents were collected and pooled from 2 birds per pen with 48 pens total in each of 3 experiments and stored in sealed containers at-20℃prior to analysis.Experiment 1 compared samples collected from birds fed either no meat and bone meal(MBM)or 6%MBM from d 0 to 14,and samples collected from birds fed either no MBM or 5%MBM from d 14 to 42.All birds were challenged with Eimeria on d 9 and C.perfringens on d 14 and 15.Experiment 2 compared cecal contents from birds fed either 0.5%or 0.9%calcium(Ca),and Exp.3 compared unchallenged with NE challe nge on d 16 and 29.Results demonstrated an increase(P<0.05)in cecal NH3 as a result of feeding MBM or high dietary Ca with a corresponding increase in pH.Birds experimentally challenged with NE had lower cecal NH3 and lower pH on d 16 but not d 29 compa red to unchallenged controls.It was concluded that the Berthelot method using Skalar instrumentation equipment is suitable to measure the concentration of volatile nitrogen as NH3 in cecal contents of chickens.

On-board measurements of gaseous pollutant emission characteristics under real driving conditions from light-duty diesel vehicles in Chinese cities

A total of 15 light-duty diesel vehicles（LDDVs） were tested with the goal of understanding the emission factors of real-world vehicles by conducting on-board emission measurements. The emission characteristics of hydrocarbons（HC） and nitrogen oxides（NOx） at different speeds, chemical species profiles and ozone formation potential（OFP） of volatile organic compounds（VOCs） emitted from diesel vehicles with different emission standards were analyzed. The results demonstrated that emission reductions of HC and NOxhad been achieved as the control technology became more rigorous from Stage I to Stage IV. It was also found that the HC and NOxemissions and percentage of O2 dropped with the increase of speed, while the percentage of CO2 increased. The abundance of alkanes was significantly higher in diesel vehicle emissions, approximately accounting for 41.1%–45.2%, followed by aromatics and alkenes. The most abundant species were propene,ethane, n-decane, n-undecane, and n-dodecane. The maximum incremental reactivity（MIR）method was adopted to evaluate the contributions of individual VOCs to OFP. The results indicated that the largest contributors to O3 production were alkenes and aromatics, which accounted for 87.7%–91.5%. Propene, ethene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, 1-butene, and1,2,3-trimethylbenzene were the top five VOC species based on their OFP, and accounted for 54.0%-64.8% of the total OFP. The threshold dilution factor was applied to analyze the possibility of VOC stench pollution. The majority of stench components emitted from vehicle exhaust were aromatics, especially p-diethylbenzene, propylbenzene, m-ethyltoluene, and p-ethyltoluene.