Towards green asphalt materials with lower emission of volatile organic compounds: A review on the release characteristics and its emission reduction additives

Recently, researchers in the road field are focusing on the development of green asphalt materials with loweremission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The characterization methodology of asphalt VOCs and theinfluencing factors on VOCs release have always been the basic issue of asphalt VOCs emission reduction research.Researchers have proposed a variety of asphalt VOCs characterization methodologies, which also have mutuallyirreplaceable characteristics. Asphalt VOCs volatilization is affected by many factors. In this study, asphalt VOCscharacterization methodologies were summarized, including their advantages, disadvantages, characteristics andapplicable requirements. Subsequently, the influencing factors of VOCs release, such as asphalt types and environment conditions, are summarized to provide theoretical support for the emission reduction research. Theclassification and mechanism of newly-development asphalt VOCs emission reduction materials are reviewed. Thereduction efficiencies are also compared to select better materials and put forward the improvement objective ofnew materials and new processes. In addition, the prospects about development of VOCs release mechanism ofasphalt materials during the full life cycle and feasibility research of high-efficiency composite emission reductionmaterials in the future were put forward.

Advanced Technologies for Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Emission Treatment: An Overview

This paper presents a comprehensive overview of various advanced technologies employed in the treatment of volatile organic compounds(VOCs),which are crucial pollutants in industrial emissions.The study explores different methods,including direct combustion,thermal combustion,catalytic combustion,low-temperature plasma purification,photocatalytic purification,membrane separation,and adsorption methods.Each technology is critically analyzed for its operational principles,efficiency,and applicability under different conditions.Special attention is given to adsorption concentration and catalytic combustion parallel method,highlighting its efficiency in treating low-concentration,high-volume VOC emissions.The paper also delves into the advantages and limitations of each method,providing insights into their effectiveness in various industrial scenarios.The study aims to offer a detailed guide for selecting appropriate VOC treatment technologies,contributing to enhanced environmental protection and sustainable industrial practices.

Assessment of Uinta Basin Oil and Natural Gas Well Pad Pneumatic Controller Emissions

In the fall of 2016, a field study was conducted in the Uinta Basin Utah to improve information on oil and natural gas well pad pneumatic controllers (PCs) and emission measurement methods. A total of 80 PC systems at five oil sites (supporting six wells) and three gas sites (supporting 12 wells) were surveyed, and emissions data were produced using a combination of measurements and engineering emission estimates. Ninety-six percent of the PCs surveyed were low actuation frequency intermittent vent type. The overall whole gas emission rate for the study was estimated at 0.36 scf/h with the majority of emissions occurring from three continuous vent PCs (1.1 scf/h average) and eleven (14%) malfunctioning intermittent vent PC systems (1.6 scf/h average). Oil sites employed, on average 10.3 PC systems per well compared to 1.5 for gas sites. Oil and gas sites had group average PC emission rates of 0.28 scf/h and 0.67 scf/h, respectively. This difference was due in part to differing site selection procedures used for oil and gas sites. The PC system types encountered, the engineering emissions estimate approach, and comparisons to measurements are described. Survey methods included identification of malfunctioning PC systems and emission measurements with augmented high volume sampling and installed mass flow meters, each providing a somewhat different representation of emissions that are elucidated through example cases.

Erratum to “Assessment of Uinta Basin Oil and Natural Gas Well Pad Pneumatic Controller Emissions” [Journal of Environmental Protection, 2017, 8, 394-415]

In the fall of 2016, a field study was conducted in the Uinta Basin Utah to improve information on oil and natural gas well pad pneumatic controllers (PCs) and emission measurement methods. A total of 80 PC systems at five oil sites (supporting six wells) and three gas sites (supporting 12 wells) were surveyed, and emissions data were produced using a combination of measurements and engineering emission estimates. Ninety-six percent of the PCs surveyed were low actuation frequency intermittent vent type. The overall whole gas emission rate for the study was estimated at 0.36 scf/h with the majority of emissions occurring from three continuous vent PCs (1.1 scf/h average) and eleven (14%) malfunctioning intermittent vent PC systems (1.6 scf/h average). Oil sites employed, on average 10.3 PC systems per well compared to 1.5 for gas sites. Oil and gas sites had group average PC emission rates of 0.28 scf/h and 0.67 scf/h, respectively. This difference was due in part to differing site selection procedures used for oil and gas sites. The PC system types encountered, the engineering emissions estimate approach, and comparisons to measurements are described. Survey methods included identification of malfunctioning PC systems and emission measurements with augmented high volume sampling and installed mass flow meters, each providing a somewhat different representation of emissions that are elucidated through example cases.

Regulated and Speciated Hydrocarbon Emissions from a Dual Fuel Light Duty Vehicle with and Without a Three-Way Catalyst

The regulated pollutants （CO,HC and NOx） and unregulated pollutants （volatile organic compounds and carbonyl compounds）,emitted from a dual fuel vehicle fueled with gasoline and E10 fuel,are measured under a transient cycle and steady modes.The impacts of a three-way catalyst （TWC） are investigated for the two types of fuels.The measured results show that NOx and acetaldehyde emitted from the E10-fueled car are much more than that from the gasoline-fueled car under the same modes.On the basis of maximum incremental reactivity （MIR） factors and emissions of organic gases,the ozone specific reactivity of the tailpipe gases are evaluated.

Volatile organic compound emissions from straw-amended agricultural soils and their relations to bacterial communities:A laboratory study

A laboratory study was conducted to investigate volatile organic compound（VOC） emissions from agricultural soil amended with wheat straw and their associations with bacterial communities for a period of 66 days under non-flooded and flooded conditions. The results indicated that ethene, propene, ethanol, i-propanol, 2-butanol, acetaldehyde, acetone,2-butanone, 2-pentanone and acetophenone were the 10 most abundant VOCs, making up over 90% of the total VOCs released under the two water conditions. The mean emission of total VOCs from the amended soils under the non-flooded condition（5924 ng C/（kg·hr）） was significantly higher than that under the flooded condition（2211 ng C/（kg·hr））. One ＂peak emission window＂ appeared at days 0–44 or 4–44, and over 95% of the VOC emissions occurred during the first month under the two water conditions. Bacterial community analysis using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis（DGGE） showed that a relative increase of Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and γ-Proteobacteria but a relative decrease of Acidobacteria with time were observed after straw amendments under the two water conditions. Cluster analysis revealed that the soil bacterial communities changed greatly with incubation time, which was in line with the variation of the VOC emissions over the experimental period. Most of the above top 10 VOCs correlated positively with the predominant bacterial species of Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Verrucomicrobia but correlated negatively with the dominant bacterial species of Actinobacteria under the two water conditions. These results suggested that bacterial communities might play an important role in VOC emissions from straw-amended agricultural soils.

Emissions of volatile organic compounds from heated needles and twigs of Pinus pumila

A study was conducted to explore the mechanism that emissions of volatile organic compounds（VOC） from heated needles and twigs（200°C,within 15 min） of Pinus pumila affect fire behaviours using the technology of Thermal Desorption-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry（TD-GC-MS）.The results indicated that the main components of VOC from heated needles and twigs are terpenoids.Most of these terpenoids are monoterpenes.Terpenoids account for 72.93% for the needles and 92.40% for the twigs of the total VOC,and their emission ratios are 61.200 μg·g-1 and 217.060 μg·g-1 respectively.Heated twigs can emit more terpenoids than heated needles because twigs had more volatile oils than needles.In actual fires,these large amounts of terpenoid emissions,especially the monoterpene emissions,have strong effects on fire behaviors that are not only in the initial stage but also in the fast propagation stage of fires.These flammable gases are capable of causing violent combustion and creating crown fires.In addition,if these gases accumulate in an uneven geographical area,there will be a possible for eruptive fires and/or fires flashover to occur.

Emissions of volatile organic compounds and carbonyl compounds from residential coal combustion in China

Emissions of volatile organic compounds （VOCs） and carbonyls from residential coal combustion of five coals with different maturities were studied in a simulated room.The coals were burned in form of honeycomb briquettes in a domestic coal stove,one of the most common fuel/stove combinations in China.Through a dilution system,VOCs and carbonyls samples were collected by canisters and silica-gel cartridges and analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrum （GC/MS） and high performance liquid chromatography/ultraviolet （HPLC/UV）,respectively.The results show that the bituminous coals with medium volatile matter content produce the highest emissions while the anthracite yields the lowest.Among the identified carbonyls from the coal smoke,the aromatic compounds （benzaldehyde,2,5-dimethylbenzaldehyde and p-tolualdehyde,m/o-tolualdehyde,benzene,m,p-xylene and trimethyl-benzene） were relatively abundant,which might be due to the molecular structure of the coal.For formaldehyde,aromatic carbonyls and aliphatic alkanes,their concentrations increase up to the maximum values and then decrease with increasing coal maturity.The total carbonyls and VOCs have the same tendency,which was observed for the emission factors of organic carbon （OC）,elemental carbon （EC）,particulate matter （PM） and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） detected in the series study.

Indoor decorating and refurbishing materials and furniture volatile organic compounds emission labeling systems:A review

The volatile organic compounds (VOC) emitted from indoor decorating and refurbishing materials and furniture is recognized as one of the main causes of bad indoor air quality,which has resulted in serious economic losses.In European countries and the U.S.,labeling systems for indoor decorating and refurbishing materials and furniture were established to address this issue with good effect.This paper is a review of these existing labeling systems.The basic principle of the labeling systems is introduced.The technical,policy and operational parts of the labeling systems are then discussed.The research concentrates on target pollutants,their threshold values and the testing methods employed.Some problems were uncovered in these labeling systems:too many VOCs were targeted;the method to determine the threshold values was not very rigorous;the testing time was too long (7-28 d).Some China's special features in developing such system are stated.Therefore,as the world's largest national producer and consumer of wood based panels and furniture,China should learn from foreign experience of establishing labeling systems as much as it can.However China should not simply copy the foreign approaches but develop its own scientific labeling system for indoor decorating and refurbishing materials and furniture.

Biogenic Isoprene Emission Mechanism from ^(13)CO_2 Exposure Experiments

Biogenic isoprene emissions have been believed to be from only photosynthesis processes in plant. However nocturnal isoprene emission from pine is detected. And by feeding 13CO2 to plants, it is found that both photosynthesis pathway and light independent processes contribute to isoprene emissions.

Variations in the Volatile Organic Compound Emission Potential of Plant Functional Groups in the Temperate Grassland Vegetation of Inner Mongolia, China

Abstract: The biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOC) emitted by the vegetation of a terrestrial ecosystem play a key role in both regional air quality and tropospheric chemistry. To describe the general emission properties of VOC of different plant functional groups (PFG) in a typical temperate grassland in Inner Mongolia, China, we randomly selected 175 plant species and measured the quantities of isoprene and monoterpene in situ. Results showed that most plants had low VOC emission potential at the species level, especially for some dominant plants, such as Leymus chinensis Tzvel., Stipa grandis Smirn., and Agropyron cristatum Gaertn. At the PFG level, the lowest VOC emission potential was found for perennial rhizome grasses, a major PFG in a typical temperate grassland ecosystem. The effects of overgrazing and subsequent vegetation succession on the emission of VOC by different plant life form functional groups (PLFG) were also discussed.

铁路客车非金属材料VOCs释放规律试验研究

为了研究温度对铁路客车典型非金属材料中挥发性有机化合物释放量的影响,基于多气固比法和数据拟合法,对典型非金属材料(重防腐涂料、地板布、玻璃纤维增强塑料)的挥发性有机化合物释放规律进行了试验研究.首先,分别测量了4种不同气固比条件下的挥发性有机化合物浓度,得到挥发性有机化合物释放关键参数(初始可散发浓度和分配系数);然后,结合车辆工艺和运用场景,研究不同温度对挥发性有机化合物释放规律的影响.研究结果表明:材质的物理化学性能和温度是影响挥发性有机化合物释放特性的重要因素;温度从16℃升高至55℃,苯系物和醛类散发浓度均呈减小的趋势,重防腐涂料的初始可散发浓度减小为1.8%,其分配系数减小,地板布和玻璃钢的初始可散发浓度减小至0.3%以下,地板布的分配系数增大,玻璃钢的分配系数减小;苯系物是挥发性有机化合物的主要成分,其中以苯乙烯占比最大,甲苯、乙苯以及二甲苯占比排序规律不明显,并且未检测出苯;在铁道车辆烘焙法环保净化处理时,建议重防腐涂料的烘焙温度不小于55℃,地板布和玻璃钢的烘焙温度不小于45℃.

我国石化储罐VOCs安全高效深度减排、回收和热氧化技术进展

全面总结了石化储罐VOCs产排机理、排放特征以及VOCs减排、回收和热氧化技术进展,并提出了意见和建议,希望对我国石化储罐VOCs深度减排有所裨益。石化储罐除大小呼吸产气外,还有高温重油储存热裂解等产气现象。在计算储罐排气中可燃物浓度时不应忽视硫化氢、甲烷、氢气、氨等组分。目前,中美储罐VOCs管控都以选择浮顶罐等源头减排为主,以储罐使用过程控制和排放气末端治理为辅,我国应适时修订现行标准,以适应越来越严的环保要求。核算得出2019年我国有机液体储罐VOCs排放量为(39.2~90.4)×10^(4)t,主要来自石化企业,建议将粗柴油、粗汽油、粗航煤、蜡油、燃料油、渣油等中间产品罐或重油罐与苯、甲苯、二甲苯、甲醇等储罐一起列为优先管控对象。建议我国开展石化储罐VOCs深度减排,包括源头减排、过程控制和末端治理,内浮顶罐内置气袋有可能成为继浮盘之后又一重要的源头减排技术;低温柴油吸收与吸附、冷凝相比,在处理含硫量较高的粗汽油、粗柴油、高温重油等储罐废气上具有优势。总体上,我国石化储罐外排VOCs治理正在从回收向回收+热氧化(催化氧化、蓄热氧化、焚烧炉、工艺加热炉、锅炉)转变,控制热氧化单元出口非甲烷总烃小于20mg/m^(3)。

常州市人造板行业VOCs排放特征及臭氧生成潜势研究

为研究常州市人造板制造行业挥发性有机物(Volatile Organic Compounds,VOCs)的排放特征,本文基于苏玛罐采样和气相色谱-质谱/氢火焰离子化检测器(GC-MS/FID)联用技术,选取两家人造板典型生产企业,分析其不同生产环节(制胶和浸胶)车间空气中VOCs的含量和成分谱。结果表明,118种VOCs被检出,涉及芳香烃、卤代烃、烷烃、烯烃、含氧有机物及其他(乙炔和二硫化碳)等6大类,其中生产车间VOCs浓度高达593.71μg/m^(3),特征污染物为甲醛、丙醛、乙酸乙酯;制胶和浸胶环节VOCs组分相差无几,但排放浓度差距明显;含氧挥发性有机物(Oxygenated Volatile Organic Compounds,OVOCs)和芳香烃是未来人造板制造行业需要重点管控的对象。

船舶分段涂装VOCs治理装备节能降耗技术

随着地方环保排放标准的提高,船舶骨干企业相继进行了船舶分段涂装挥发性有机物(VOCs)治理装备升级改造,满足了上海、江苏等地的环保排放标准要求,大幅减少船舶分段涂装VOCs排放量,但同时船舶分段涂装VOCs治理装备运行能耗大幅提高,增加了船舶企业涂装成本与企业负担,给船舶企业的运营带来了压力。如何降低船舶分段涂装VOCs治理装备运行能耗成为了重中之重。对船舶分段涂装VOCs治理装备节能降耗技术进行探讨,相关节能降耗技术的推广应用将会降低船舶涂装能耗,降低船舶企业运行成本。

成品油公路运输全过程挥发性有机物(VOCs)无组织排放现状分析及对策

简要介绍了挥发性有机物(VOCs)的定义、来源、特性、危害以及成品油公路运输全过程VOCs排放管控的意义,分别对油罐车灌装、运输和卸油不同阶段造成的油气部分泄漏的原因进行了分析和实际检测,提出了相应管控对策,为成品油公路运输全过程VOCs无组织排放管控提供了参考。

基于源组分谱的典型石化企业VOCs组分清单研究

以杭州湾北岸某石油化工企业为研究对象,通过企业调研和计算获取各类源项的挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放量。结合对企业排放源手工采样、实验室气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用分析获取的源组分谱信息,核算企业有组织排放的VOCs组分,主要包括甲醛、乙醛等,无组织排放的VOCs组分主要包括异戊烷、乙醛、苯、正戊烷、2-甲基戊烷等;排放的VOCs组分对臭氧生成贡献从高到低依次为甲醛、顺-2-丁烯、乙醛、异戊烷、反-2-戊烯和反-2-丁烯等。创造性的提出了一种结合源组分谱和源项清单方法的VOCs组分清单核算方式,进一步基于核算结果提出精细化的减排建议。

超高分子质量聚乙烯生产全过程VOCs减排措施与效果分析

以某超高分子质量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)生产企业为例进行研究,对挥发性有机物(VOCs)产生和排放环节进行筛选,采用源头削减、过程控制、末端治理的全过程减排措施,通过2条生产线单位产品溶剂油消耗量、单位产品非甲烷总烃排放量等评价指标的对比,分析减排效果,可为同类企业开展减排工作提供参考。

京津冀区域人为源VOCs排放特征及管控策略

挥发性有机物(volatile organic compounds,VO_(3)Cs)是细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))与臭氧(O_(3)3)的重要前体物,对我国城市复合污染的形成有重要影响,京津冀区域大气污染问题严峻,VO_(3)Cs排放源类别复杂,且排放量基数大,亟需形成有效的VO_(3)Cs管控策略.因此选取京津冀区域人为源VO_(3)Cs排放为研究对象,建立2018年分行业分物种VO_(3)Cs排放清单,并基于实测与文献调研的行业VO_(3)Cs成分谱数据,获取各排放源臭氧生成潜势(ozone formation potential,O_(3)FP)与二次有机气溶胶生成潜势(secondary organic aerosol formation potential,SO_(3)AP),同时构建VO_(3)Cs排放源优先控制分级技术方法,计算各排放源分级指数,明确优先控制排放源目标.结果表明:(1)京津冀区域2018年人为源VO_(3)Cs排放总量为214.0×10^(4)t,其中芳香烃、烷烃与含氧有机物为主要物种.(2)小型客车、工业防护涂料、重型货车、焦化行业是O_(3)FP与SO_(3)AP的最主要来源.(3)工业防护涂料、小型客车、重型货车、焦化行业、钢铁行业、供暖燃烧、生物质燃烧源的分级指数均较高.研究显示,基于行业VO_(3)Cs排放量、O_(3)FP和SO_(3)AP的单一因素制定管控策略存在一定的局限性,为了实现PM_(2.5)与O_(3)3的科学协同防控,建议加强基于综合因素研究得到的分级指数较高排放源的控制.

Chemical characterization of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from multiple cooking cuisines and purification efficiency assessments

Cooking process can produce abundant volatile organic compounds(VOCs),which are harmful to environment and human health.Therefore,we conducted a comprehensive analysis in which VOCs emissions from multiple cuisines have been sampled based on the simulation and acquisition platform,involving concentration characteristics,ozone formation potential(OFP)and purification efficiency assessments.VOCs emissions varied from 1828.5 to 14,355.1μg/m^(3),with the maximumand minimumvalues fromBarbecue and Family cuisine,respectively.Alkanes and alcohol had higher contributions to VOCs from Sichuan and Hunan cuisine(64.1%),Family cuisine(66.3%),Shandong cuisine(69.1%)and Cantonese cuisine(69.8%),with the dominant VOCs species of ethanol,isobutane and n-butane.In comparison,alcohols(79.5%)were abundant for Huaiyang cuisine,while alkanes(19.7%),alkenes(35.9%)and haloalkanes(22.9%)accounted for higher proportions from Barbecue.Specially,carbon tetrachloride,n-hexylene and 1-butene were the most abundant VOCs species for Barbecue,ranging from 8.8%to 14.6%.The highest OFP occurred in Barbecue.The sensitive species of OFP for Huaiyang cuisine were alcohols,while other cuisines were alkenes.Purification efficiency assessments shed light on the removal differences of individual and synergistic control technologies.VOCs emissions exhibited a strong dependence on the photocatalytic oxidation,with the removal efficiencies of 29.0%–54.4%.However,the high voltage electrostatic,wet purification and mechanical separation techniques played a mediocre or even counterproductive role in the VOCs reduction,meanwhile collaborative control technologies could not significantly improve the removal efficiency.Our results identifiedmore effective control technologies,which were conductive to alleviating air pollution from cooking emissions.