A new psychobiological model of volitive processes and its implications for the etiopathology of mental disorders is proposed. The model is based on five elementary volitive processes. These are the volition to act;th...A new psychobiological model of volitive processes and its implications for the etiopathology of mental disorders is proposed. The model is based on five elementary volitive processes. These are the volition to act;the volition to self-instrumentalize;the volition to program intentions, the volition to generate realities;and the volition to permanent existence. Imbalances in information processing in tripartite synapses and their network may be responsible for dysfunctions of self-instrumentalization. It is suggested that the volition to permanent existence unconsciously works in mental disorders, but the volition to intentional programming of realities and the volition to generate realities by communication with subjects and objects in their environment are impaired. In depression, the volition to act is constrained by hyperintentional programs that are non-feasible in the environment. In mania volitive processes are totally oriented on events in the environment without any goal-directed pro-gramming. Dysfunctions of volitive processes in schizophrenia are fun-damentally caused by severe impairments of self-instrumentalization. As shown in tripartite synapses a gap between sensory information pro-cessing in the neuronal network and the inner glial networks causes the inability of schizophrenics to distinguish between the self and the other. In delusions, the destiny for communication becomes staged as pseu-do-communication. Together, the study outlines a new model of volitive processes and deduces dysfunctions responsible for communication pa-thology and abnormal reality experiences of patients with mental disor-ders.展开更多
Patients with complete spinal cord injury retain the potential for volitional muscle activity in muscles located below the spinal injury level.However,because of prolonged inactivity,initial attempts to activate these...Patients with complete spinal cord injury retain the potential for volitional muscle activity in muscles located below the spinal injury level.However,because of prolonged inactivity,initial attempts to activate these muscles may not effectively engage any of the remaining neurons in the descending pathway.A previous study unexpectedly found that a brief clinical round of passive activity significantly increased volitional muscle activation,as measured by surface electromyography.In this study,we further explored the effect of passive activity on surface electromyographic signals during volitional control tasks among individuals with complete spinal cord injury.Eleven patients with chronic complete thoracic spinal cord injury were recruited.Surface electromyography data from eight major leg muscles were acquired and compared before and after the passive activity protocol.The results indicated that the passive activity led to an increased number of activated volitional muscles and an increased frequency of activation.Although the cumulative root mean square of surface electromyography amplitude for volitional control of movement showed a slight increase after passive activity,the difference was not statistically significant.These findings suggest that brief passive activity may enhance the ability to initiate volitional muscle activity during surface electromyography tasks and underscore the potential of passive activity for improving residual motor control among patients with motor complete spinal cord injury.展开更多
The study of modal auxiliary verbs has been done by comparing modal auxiliary verbs in English with the ones in Chinese qualitatively and quantitatively. The modals in English and in Chinese are statistically analyzed...The study of modal auxiliary verbs has been done by comparing modal auxiliary verbs in English with the ones in Chinese qualitatively and quantitatively. The modals in English and in Chinese are statistically analyzed through their forms and meanings. The data consists of 50 pieces of Chinese prose with their 50 English translation versions called corpus A and 50 pieces of English prose with their Chinese translation versions called corpus B, altogether 200 articles, which represent a type of discourse that is rich in modal auxiliary verbs both in English and in Chinese The major findings are as follows： （1） The three criteria： inversion, negation, and the use of pro-forms can be used to define both English and Chinese auxiliaries; （2） the modals of both languages can be analyzed within the same semantic categories： volition, probability, and necessity; （3） Chinese epistemic modals can have inversion patterns; （4） the negative forms of Chinese modals are more complex than those of English modals; and （5） the statistic analysis shows that the modals in probability category both in English and in Chinese are used much more often compared to the other two categories： volition and necessity and that deontic modals are used much fewer in both languages to express necessity展开更多
This paper tries to analyze the conditions for the Japanese Value-judging sentence such as なければなろない and べきた It observes and analyzes the meaning of these two ways of expression and its interactive relations...This paper tries to analyze the conditions for the Japanese Value-judging sentence such as なければなろない and べきた It observes and analyzes the meaning of these two ways of expression and its interactive relations with the other sentence elements,and its binding of the subject.On the basis of that the paper explains the relation between the sentence structure and the attitude of expression.\;展开更多
The intelligent knee prosthesis is capable of human-like bionic lower limb control through advanced control systems and artificial intelligence algorithms that will potentially minimize gait limitations for above-knee...The intelligent knee prosthesis is capable of human-like bionic lower limb control through advanced control systems and artificial intelligence algorithms that will potentially minimize gait limitations for above-knee amputees and facilitate their reintegration into society.In this paper,we sum up the control strategies corresponding to the prevailing control objectives(position and impedance)of the current intelligent knee prosthesis.Although these control strategies have been successfully implemented and validated in relevant experiments,the existing deficiencies still fail to achieve optimal performance of the controllers,which complicates the definition of a standard control method.Before a mature control system can be developed,it is more important to realize the full potential for the control strategy,which requires upgrading and refining the relevant key technologies based on the existing control methods.For this reason,we discuss potential areas for improvement of the prosthetic control system based on the summarized control strategies,including intent recognition,sensor system,prosthetic evaluation,and parameter optimization algorithms,providing future directions toward optimizing control strategies for the next generation of intelligent knee prostheses.展开更多
Background Skeletal muscle dysfunction is one of important systemic manifestations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD） and is associated with mortality in patients with COPD, thus quantifying its strengt...Background Skeletal muscle dysfunction is one of important systemic manifestations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD） and is associated with mortality in patients with COPD, thus quantifying its strength is of great clinical interest and of particular value. Quadriceps maximal volitional contraction （MVC） is often used for the routine measurements of this muscle＇s strength; while twitch tension （TwQ） evoked by magnetic stimulation of the femoral nerve has been employed for measurement of quadriceps strength non-volitionally. We aimed to investigate the prevalence and severity of skeletal muscle dysfunction in COPD patients by measurement of quadriceps strength with volitional and non-volitional techniques, and to probe into some methodological issues. Methods We recruited 71 COPD patients and 60 control subjects. Quadriceps strength was measured with both maximality of TwQ and MVC force. The reproducibility for TwQ and MVC was investigated using within-occasion variability from three repeated maneuvers. Results Maximal TwQ was achieved in 121 participants at a mean of 90% of the stimulator＇s maximum output. The mean maxmality of TwQ was decrease by about 44%-47% in COPD patients as compared with controls （P 〈0.05）, so was MVC. There was a significant correlation between quadriceps TwQ and MVC, and the mean ratio of TwQ/MVC was 0.29 in controls and 0.33 in patients. The coefficient of variation showed that TwQ yielded lower within-occasion variability than MVC in both groups. Conclusions Quadriceps strength is commonly and substantially impaired in patients with COPD, in terms of MVC as well as TwQ. The magnetic stimulation of the femoral nerve presents a higher reproducibility and is a better technique for measurement of quadriceps strength for the general population, especially for those who are too unwell to perform a full MVC; while it may not be applied to subjects who are over-weighted.展开更多
文摘A new psychobiological model of volitive processes and its implications for the etiopathology of mental disorders is proposed. The model is based on five elementary volitive processes. These are the volition to act;the volition to self-instrumentalize;the volition to program intentions, the volition to generate realities;and the volition to permanent existence. Imbalances in information processing in tripartite synapses and their network may be responsible for dysfunctions of self-instrumentalization. It is suggested that the volition to permanent existence unconsciously works in mental disorders, but the volition to intentional programming of realities and the volition to generate realities by communication with subjects and objects in their environment are impaired. In depression, the volition to act is constrained by hyperintentional programs that are non-feasible in the environment. In mania volitive processes are totally oriented on events in the environment without any goal-directed pro-gramming. Dysfunctions of volitive processes in schizophrenia are fun-damentally caused by severe impairments of self-instrumentalization. As shown in tripartite synapses a gap between sensory information pro-cessing in the neuronal network and the inner glial networks causes the inability of schizophrenics to distinguish between the self and the other. In delusions, the destiny for communication becomes staged as pseu-do-communication. Together, the study outlines a new model of volitive processes and deduces dysfunctions responsible for communication pa-thology and abnormal reality experiences of patients with mental disor-ders.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Public Welfare Research Institute,No.2020CZ-5(to WS and GS)the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.31970970(to JSR)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,No.YWF-23-YG-QB-010(to JSR)。
文摘Patients with complete spinal cord injury retain the potential for volitional muscle activity in muscles located below the spinal injury level.However,because of prolonged inactivity,initial attempts to activate these muscles may not effectively engage any of the remaining neurons in the descending pathway.A previous study unexpectedly found that a brief clinical round of passive activity significantly increased volitional muscle activation,as measured by surface electromyography.In this study,we further explored the effect of passive activity on surface electromyographic signals during volitional control tasks among individuals with complete spinal cord injury.Eleven patients with chronic complete thoracic spinal cord injury were recruited.Surface electromyography data from eight major leg muscles were acquired and compared before and after the passive activity protocol.The results indicated that the passive activity led to an increased number of activated volitional muscles and an increased frequency of activation.Although the cumulative root mean square of surface electromyography amplitude for volitional control of movement showed a slight increase after passive activity,the difference was not statistically significant.These findings suggest that brief passive activity may enhance the ability to initiate volitional muscle activity during surface electromyography tasks and underscore the potential of passive activity for improving residual motor control among patients with motor complete spinal cord injury.
文摘The study of modal auxiliary verbs has been done by comparing modal auxiliary verbs in English with the ones in Chinese qualitatively and quantitatively. The modals in English and in Chinese are statistically analyzed through their forms and meanings. The data consists of 50 pieces of Chinese prose with their 50 English translation versions called corpus A and 50 pieces of English prose with their Chinese translation versions called corpus B, altogether 200 articles, which represent a type of discourse that is rich in modal auxiliary verbs both in English and in Chinese The major findings are as follows： （1） The three criteria： inversion, negation, and the use of pro-forms can be used to define both English and Chinese auxiliaries; （2） the modals of both languages can be analyzed within the same semantic categories： volition, probability, and necessity; （3） Chinese epistemic modals can have inversion patterns; （4） the negative forms of Chinese modals are more complex than those of English modals; and （5） the statistic analysis shows that the modals in probability category both in English and in Chinese are used much more often compared to the other two categories： volition and necessity and that deontic modals are used much fewer in both languages to express necessity
文摘This paper tries to analyze the conditions for the Japanese Value-judging sentence such as なければなろない and べきた It observes and analyzes the meaning of these two ways of expression and its interactive relations with the other sentence elements,and its binding of the subject.On the basis of that the paper explains the relation between the sentence structure and the attitude of expression.\;
基金The authors would liketo thank the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant no.62073224)National Key Research and Development Program of China(grant no.2018YFB1307303).
文摘The intelligent knee prosthesis is capable of human-like bionic lower limb control through advanced control systems and artificial intelligence algorithms that will potentially minimize gait limitations for above-knee amputees and facilitate their reintegration into society.In this paper,we sum up the control strategies corresponding to the prevailing control objectives(position and impedance)of the current intelligent knee prosthesis.Although these control strategies have been successfully implemented and validated in relevant experiments,the existing deficiencies still fail to achieve optimal performance of the controllers,which complicates the definition of a standard control method.Before a mature control system can be developed,it is more important to realize the full potential for the control strategy,which requires upgrading and refining the relevant key technologies based on the existing control methods.For this reason,we discuss potential areas for improvement of the prosthetic control system based on the summarized control strategies,including intent recognition,sensor system,prosthetic evaluation,and parameter optimization algorithms,providing future directions toward optimizing control strategies for the next generation of intelligent knee prostheses.
文摘Background Skeletal muscle dysfunction is one of important systemic manifestations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD） and is associated with mortality in patients with COPD, thus quantifying its strength is of great clinical interest and of particular value. Quadriceps maximal volitional contraction （MVC） is often used for the routine measurements of this muscle＇s strength; while twitch tension （TwQ） evoked by magnetic stimulation of the femoral nerve has been employed for measurement of quadriceps strength non-volitionally. We aimed to investigate the prevalence and severity of skeletal muscle dysfunction in COPD patients by measurement of quadriceps strength with volitional and non-volitional techniques, and to probe into some methodological issues. Methods We recruited 71 COPD patients and 60 control subjects. Quadriceps strength was measured with both maximality of TwQ and MVC force. The reproducibility for TwQ and MVC was investigated using within-occasion variability from three repeated maneuvers. Results Maximal TwQ was achieved in 121 participants at a mean of 90% of the stimulator＇s maximum output. The mean maxmality of TwQ was decrease by about 44%-47% in COPD patients as compared with controls （P 〈0.05）, so was MVC. There was a significant correlation between quadriceps TwQ and MVC, and the mean ratio of TwQ/MVC was 0.29 in controls and 0.33 in patients. The coefficient of variation showed that TwQ yielded lower within-occasion variability than MVC in both groups. Conclusions Quadriceps strength is commonly and substantially impaired in patients with COPD, in terms of MVC as well as TwQ. The magnetic stimulation of the femoral nerve presents a higher reproducibility and is a better technique for measurement of quadriceps strength for the general population, especially for those who are too unwell to perform a full MVC; while it may not be applied to subjects who are over-weighted.
