自由意志中的主动与自愿关系研究——对海曼新观点适用性的辨析

在自由意志的相关研究中总会涉及主动(Active)、被动(Passive)以及自愿(Voluntary)与非自愿(Involuntary)等概念,牛津大学海曼教授在总结哲学史上从笛卡尔、霍布斯到詹姆斯、罗素以来的关于意志(Will)和意愿(Volition)的理论后,指出前人都错误地把"主动"(Active)等同于"自愿"(Voluntary),而把"被动"(Passive)等同于"非自愿"(Involuntary),没能把主动与自愿区分开来,从而混淆了主动与自愿,并以存在"自愿的被动"(voluntary passivity)和"非自愿的主动"(involuntary ac-tivity)为论据进行论证。本文尝试对海曼的关键性论据的适当性以及他区分主动和自愿所赖以成立的前提及可能面临的困难进行分析,并在此基础上对海曼所说的主动与自愿混淆重新进行解释,以使研究得以深化。

Psychobiological Model of Volition— Implications for Mental Disorders

A new psychobiological model of volitive processes and its implications for the etiopathology of mental disorders is proposed. The model is based on five elementary volitive processes. These are the volition to act;the volition to self-instrumentalize;the volition to program intentions, the volition to generate realities;and the volition to permanent existence. Imbalances in information processing in tripartite synapses and their network may be responsible for dysfunctions of self-instrumentalization. It is suggested that the volition to permanent existence unconsciously works in mental disorders, but the volition to intentional programming of realities and the volition to generate realities by communication with subjects and objects in their environment are impaired. In depression, the volition to act is constrained by hyperintentional programs that are non-feasible in the environment. In mania volitive processes are totally oriented on events in the environment without any goal-directed pro-gramming. Dysfunctions of volitive processes in schizophrenia are fun-damentally caused by severe impairments of self-instrumentalization. As shown in tripartite synapses a gap between sensory information pro-cessing in the neuronal network and the inner glial networks causes the inability of schizophrenics to distinguish between the self and the other. In delusions, the destiny for communication becomes staged as pseu-do-communication. Together, the study outlines a new model of volitive processes and deduces dysfunctions responsible for communication pa-thology and abnormal reality experiences of patients with mental disor-ders.

Comparative Analysis of Modal Auxiliary Verbs in English and in Chinese

The study of modal auxiliary verbs has been done by comparing modal auxiliary verbs in English with the ones in Chinese qualitatively and quantitatively. The modals in English and in Chinese are statistically analyzed through their forms and meanings. The data consists of 50 pieces of Chinese prose with their 50 English translation versions called corpus A and 50 pieces of English prose with their Chinese translation versions called corpus B, altogether 200 articles, which represent a type of discourse that is rich in modal auxiliary verbs both in English and in Chinese The major findings are as follows： （1） The three criteria： inversion, negation, and the use of pro-forms can be used to define both English and Chinese auxiliaries; （2） the modals of both languages can be analyzed within the same semantic categories： volition, probability, and necessity; （3） Chinese epistemic modals can have inversion patterns; （4） the negative forms of Chinese modals are more complex than those of English modals; and （5） the statistic analysis shows that the modals in probability category both in English and in Chinese are used much more often compared to the other two categories： volition and necessity and that deontic modals are used much fewer in both languages to express necessity

关于日语"价值判断"句的分析

This paper tries to analyze the conditions for the Japanese Value-judging sentence such as なければなろない and べきた It observes and analyzes the meaning of these two ways of expression and its interactive relations with the other sentence elements,and its binding of the subject.On the basis of that the paper explains the relation between the sentence structure and the attitude of expression.\;

Volition公司开发新作

据“蓝色新闻”报道，Volition公司目前正在为一款未名的新游戏物色一名关卡设计师，据Volition公司称，这是一款“令人震撼”的第一人称视角射击游戏。Volition公司是太空战斗模拟游戏《自由空间》(Free Space)系列和即将上市的游戏《召唤者》(Summoner)的开发商。