Sports and Public Space: Volleyball Practice inCopacabana and Carcavelos/Cascais Beaches

The aim of this paper is to analyze volleyball practice in the beaches of Copacabana(Rio de Janeiro,Brazil)and Carcavelos and Cascais Bay(Cascais,Portugal)and to review the forms of appropriation of public space based on public policies and rules of the sport in question.Our methodology rests on bibliographic review and ethnographic research to map and distinguish the results in two spatial and cultural contexts that are considerably diverse.Results show that even with greater extension of Copacabana beach in comparison with Cascais,volleyball has a relevant impact in both areas.The installation of the necessary equipment for volleyball practice is also a form of impact in the landscape and establishment of territoriality,which is mainly activated when the game happens.

The Action of the Middle Blocker According to the Opposing Offensive Organization in Volleyball

In modern Volleyball,the block action differentiates the world-class teams.The purpose of this study is to understand what determines the action of the middle blocker in the moment that precedes the technical procedure of the block.The sample consisted of n4895 actions from 24 middle blockers,representing 30 footages of games from the 1st male volleyball division in the Portuguese league on season 2013/2014.We have also recorded the type of setting(ball tempo)of the opposing setter and the area where the opposing attack occurred.The chi-squared test analysis allowed us to establish that there is a relationship between the actions and the attack zones(x2=109.956;p≤0.001),as well as between the actions and the type of setting,in each attack zone(x2=3,523.678;p≤0.001 in all of them).Thus,we have verified that the action performs block but does not make contact with the ball that is the most frequent.We have also established that there is a strong tendency for the middle blocker to attempt to carry out the block in zones 3 and 4,to the detriment of the attack performed in defensive zone.

A Group of Factors Influencing the Development of the Greeks Volleyball Athletes at School Age

The study of the multitude factors that influence the development of the athletes is the subject of extensive scientific research so that the implementation of optimized sport development models can be designed and practiced. As part of a broader research of ours during the past two years, by the process of completing anonymous self-report questionnaires of personal data by the athletes themselves, a database was created by 29 different factors affecting the development of volleyball athletes in Greece and abroad. This paper presents the results of a sample processing 466 people which is comprised exclusively by Greek athletes of AI, A2 and A3 volleyball class and a comparative investigation of the degree of influence of a group of factors is done in their athletic development. Specifically, the influence of the family environment （degree of parental support） is studied, the age of onset, the systematic engagement of the athletes in volleyball during childhood-school age. Finally, their possible involvement with other different sports is investigated during the school year and the degree of impact of this factor in their sport development and career paths. From the statistical sample processing （frequency diagrams） and the multivariate correlation of various factors among the athletes in different categories, it was established that, starting the sport of volleyball at an early age which is associated with intense pace workouts does not show a strong correlation with the expectation of future creation of high-level athletes. While in contrast, the simultaneous engagement of children with other collective sports （mainly basketball and football）, and the degree of support of their efforts from parents are very positive factors for their athletic development. Through the results of our study, the view of the generalization of the application of an ＂early specialization model＂ of the volleyball athletes is not supported, which as we have seen from the survey, is already underway in A3 category. Instead, a very careful and thorough investigation of all relevant factors should be preceded, which will help in the final selection of the most appropriate development model of volleyball athletes in our country.

Research on the Field Setting and Teaching Mode and the Influences on the Effect of Volleyball Teaching in Colleges and Universities

This paper conducts the analysis on the fleld setting and teaching mode and the influences on the effect of volleyball teaching in colleges and universities. The volleyball class organization form must vivid, be lively, be diverse and the core teaching method and the method also want novel changeable, cannot always the same old story. If the warming-up exercise each time all is jogs with the empty-handed exercises, the student can produce was sick of that cannot raise any interest, the effect cannot be good. In the sports teaching, and that provides the feedback information promptly in the establishment appropriate effective goal in the foundation, in addition the qualitative appraisal, namely the full use goal establishment and the feedback information. We promote the traditional teaching method by integrating the latest methodologies that will be meaningful.

Application of Functional Training in College Volleyball Teaching

Volleyball Teaching in Colleges and universities is faced with multiple challenges, such as the teaching content is simple, the training method is single, the students’ physical quality is poor, the physical condition of the physical condition is the guarantee of volleyball technology. This research is on body function training on volleyball teaching methods of this technology in the project, the function of training system into the volleyball technique teaching, through the method of experimental teaching method to verify the function of training to the technical level of the student volleyball has been effectively improved.

Research on the Origin and Development of Gas Volleyball under the Background of National Fitness

Since the promulgation of the Outline of the National Fitness Program,vigorously developing mass sports and fitness activities has always been its top priority.Promoting and developing a variety of mass sports and fitness activities and improving the physical quality of the people throughout the country is the goal of achieving the national fitness program.Gas volleyball is a mass sports that integrates fitness,leisure and entertainment.It is not limited by age,gender,physical condition and technical level.It is a combination of ornamental,entertaining,competitive and fitness.Innovative sports programs are a sport that is popular among the masses.This paper analyzes the origin and development of gas volleyball through literature and mathematical statistics,promotes the popularization and development of gas volleyball,and makes more people love and participate in this sport.It is of great significance to develop social culture and improve the physical fitness of the whole people.

A New Computer Aided Volleyball Training System Based on Pattern Recognition Model

This paper proposes the novel computer aided volleyball training system based on pattern recognition model. In general the quality of volleyball training at the same time, we should strengthen coordination, mobile power, quality training, strengthen mobile exercises, moving fast and flexible to overcome the sudden fall of soft volleyball on the defensive and pilling adverse, such practice can be used for mobile.Strengthen the strength training, enhance the strength of the upper and lower limbs, improve the team＇ s bounce and batting speed is conducive to compete for the advantage of the Internet, better undermine the defense. With the help of the proposed system, the training process will be more effective, and the performance will be verified in the later discussions.

The Research On Competitive Cognitive Trait Anxiety Of China＇s Young Female Volleyball Athletes

This paper makes a research on competitive cognitive trait anxiety of China＇s female volleyball reserve athletes using the Psychological Measurement, studying the differences between different groups, sport time and sport grades. The results show that the Failure Anxiety of China＇s young women＇s volleyball athletes is less than that of the norm, while the other kinds of anxiety are more. The athletes whose sports time is more than seven years have a higher level of Injury Anxiety, so is the anxiety when preparing for matches of Three Stage Athletes than One Stage Athletes and Two Stage Athletes. In comparison with Level Two Stage Athletes and Level Three Stage Athletes, Level One Stage Athletes＇ ability anxiety is higher. The anxiety of fonts＇ playing competitive level is more than setters. Based on different athletes, we should take different measures, in order to improve their psychological resilence through training and increase their tolerance when facing difficulty through matches.

Studies on the impact of the evolution of Volleyball Rules upon technology and tactics

As it developed to today, Volleyball evolved from a game for the purpose of entertainment initially to a competitive Olympic sport. Through various periods of Volleyball development, we can find that when some old rules can not adapt to the volleyball development, it will lead to changes in the rules, it is this continuous improvement and change that inject vigor to volleyball and bring vitality, and promote the innovative development of volleyball skills and tactics, in turn the constant enrichment and development of volleyball skills and tactics required the game rules constantly revised and improved, as promoted and restricted each other, analysis of the mutual relationship between volleyball game rules and technology or tactics can not only in favor of volleyball skills, like evolving tactics, but also beneficial to volleyball competition rules maturity. Development of Volleyball Rules has been the inexhaustible power to development of sports project, researching of the competition rules has been recognized as a major breakthrough in the field of sports in various projects to promote sports development. Volleyball Rules - from the generated moment until today, has evolved many times. This evolution is not blind, random; it follows its inherent rule. A contest rule, which has a close relationship with the development of sports technology, are the basic norms and principles of sports game. They promote each other, while mutually restraint. Analysis of the relationship between volleyball competition rules and the technology or tactics, is not only conducive to the development of athletic skills, but also to the maturity of competition rules.

Characteristics of Steps and Analysis of the Technical Procedure of the Block in Middle Men’s Volleyball Players

In modern volleyball,the middle blocker is regarded as one of the most important players for the tactical organization,because he is frequently requested for both defensive and offensive maneuvers.Regarding the block action,the coach must always consider the characteristics of the middle blocker,and his intervention should contemplate the ball tempo and the zone where the opposing attack occurs.The purpose of this study is to understand what the movements are that precede the action of the technical gesture of the block.The sample consisted of n=4,895 actions representing 30 footages of games from the 1st male volleyball division in the Portuguese league from season 2013/2014.We have analyzed the movements that each middle blocker has performed during the pre-block moment.We have also recorded the ball tempo on the opposing setter and the zone where the opposing attack occurred.We have established that there is a relationship between the movements performed and the attack zones(p≤0.001),as well as between the movements and the type of setting,in each attack zone(p≤0.001 in all of them).This way,we have determined that the Crossover Step is the most frequent movement,followed by the Drive Step.

The Effect of Workplace-Based Sports Participation on the Mental Status of Japanese Workers

Whether workplace-based sports are part of a company’s employee welfare program in terms of mental status is unknown. This study examined the impact of workplace-based sports participation on the mental status of Japanese workers. It involved a single-arm intervention comprising participation in a company’s volleyball team. Data on mental status were collected using a simplified version of the Brief Job Stress Questionnaire. Overall, 11 individuals participated, 9 (81.8%) of whom were women;the mean participant age was 38.2 years. Because the intervention was conducted during busy periods, the median (25th and 75th percentiles) score for qualitative job overload significantly increased from 3.0 (2.0, 4.0) to 3.0 (3.0, 4.3) (p = 0.03). Nonetheless, the fatigue score significantly decreased from 3.0 (3.0, 4.3) to 3.0 (2.0, 4.0) (p = 0.03). These results indicate that participation in workplace-based sports can prevent the deterioration of mental status during busy periods.

The Effect of Workplace-Based Sports Participation on the Mental Status of Japanese Workers

Whether workplace-based sports are part of a company’s employee welfare program in terms of mental status is unknown. This study examined the impact of workplace-based sports participation on the mental status of Japanese workers. It involved a single-arm intervention comprising participation in a company’s volleyball team. Data on mental status were collected using a simplified version of the Brief Job Stress Questionnaire. Overall, 11 individuals participated, 9 (81.8%) of whom were women;the mean participant age was 38.2 years. Because the intervention was conducted during busy periods, the median (25th and 75th percentiles) score for qualitative job overload significantly increased from 3.0 (2.0, 4.0) to 3.0 (3.0, 4.3) (p = 0.03). Nonetheless, the fatigue score significantly decreased from 3.0 (3.0, 4.3) to 3.0 (2.0, 4.0) (p = 0.03). These results indicate that participation in workplace-based sports can prevent the deterioration of mental status during busy periods.

Influence of biological maturation on cardiac autonomic recovery in female volleyball players during&after repeated sprints training:An experimental trial

Previously,it was suggested that biological maturation(BM)could be linked to cardiac autonomic recovery(CAR)in the pediatric population.However,this influence hasn’t been confirmed yet.Our aim was to investigate the impact of BM on CAR in female volleyball players.Experimental study with a sample of 38 volleyball players,comprising 20 girls(age:[11.62.1]years)and 18 women(age:[24.55.5]years),we analyzed BM,comparing maturing subjects(girls)with mature subjects(women).Additionally,we assessed peak height velocity(PHV)in girls.We conducted a training session involving repeated sprints(3 rounds of 6 sprints interspersed by 5 min[min]of passive rest).Using short-range radio telemetry,we analyzed CAR during(at the end of the 1st and 2nd rounds)and after(following the 3rd round)the training session of repeated sprints by applying the 60-s to 300-s heart rate recovery index(HRR-Index).Girls exhibited superior CAR compared to women(round 2:60-s,120-s,240-s,and 300-s,p<0.005).Subgroup analyses of BM indicated that individuals in the Late-PHV stage demonstrated superior CAR compared to those in the Early-PHV and During-PHV groups.(60-s to 300-s,η2p>0.4,p<0.05).Subjects in the During-PHV stage were superior to those in the Early-PHV stage(240-sa 300-s,η2 p>0.4,p<0.05).We have concluded that biological maturation has a significant impact on cardiac autonomic recovery.

Gender equality policy of the Olympic Movement in Chinese sport governing bodies:the case of elite volleyball

Objectives:This research based on the theoretical framework of globalisation focuses on the development of gender equality policy in the Olympic Movement and the implementation of IOC’s gender equality policy in the context of Chinese elite volleyball.Methods:In addition to documentary analysis,17 semistructured interviews were conducted with key insiders within Chinese elite volleyball system to provide a comprehensive understanding of the IOC’s gender equality policy implementation.The analysisinvolved perspectives of athletes’participation,coaching positions,and leadership roles according to three main elements of the IOC’s gender equality policy.Results:Thefindings demonstrated that the responses of Chinese elite volleyball to IOC’s gender equality policy are participative,conflictual,and passive in terms of the gender balance of athletes’participation,coaches’positions,and the representation of leadership roles respectively.Conclusions:IOC recommended subordinated stakeholders including NOCs to implement gender equality policy.The attitude of Chinese elite volleyball governing body towards gender equality is generally positive.However,IOC’s gender equality policy is not consistently transferred at national level.Policy might be implemented with symbolic measure in China without monitoring system.Referees should be included in policy contents in addition to athletes,coaches and leaders.In addition,since IOC’s gender equality policy and statistics have been keeping updated,further results with respect to the case of volleyballshould be demonstrated in future research.

Shoulder joint flexibility in top athletes

Joint range of motion (ROM) is very important in daily activities, sport and in clinical diagnosis. Many factors have been reported to influence joint ROM. Musculoskeletal adaptation and some special side effects due to his or her physical demands and movement patterns in professional athletes are very important subjects in sport sciences. The present study is a comparison of shoulder joint ROM in elite athlete and non-athlete groups and its relationship to their age, post and years of their tournament play. The subjects in this study included 106 men with mean age (23.65 &#177;3.45) and mean years of tournament play (5.60 &#177;2.23). The groups of subjects included 26 handball players, 25 volleyball players, 25 soccer players and 30 non-athletes. Data were collected through questionnaires and inspection, and subjects’ ROM was measured by “Leighton flex- ometer” (r = 0.90 – 0.99) in external rotation and abduction of shoulder joint in dominant and non-domi- nant hands. Data were analyzed by correlation coefficient, t – test, ANOVA and post hock Schaffe test. The results showed that an increase in age and years of tournament play reduced the shoulder ROM of subjects (p ≤ 0.05). There were significant differences in shoulder ROM among athletic groups. Additionally, there are significant differences between dominant and non-dominant hands (p ≤ 0.05). It can be concluded that more specific stretching exercises and warm-up for shoulder in all athletes and especially in older and experienced players should be performed by coaches. The results also emphasized routine screening, corrective exercise programs and a design of preventing strategies by athletic trainers and coaches.

VOLLEYBALL让我们一起来轮转

排球(volleyball)是一种既方便.简单又大众化的团队运动,它不需要太激烈的身体接触,又能让全身有效地活动, 不仅利于娱乐,而且能培养团队精神和吃苦耐劳的品质,因此成为校园内最受欢迎的运动项目之一。