The aim of this paper is to analyze volleyball practice in the beaches of Copacabana(Rio de Janeiro,Brazil)and Carcavelos and Cascais Bay(Cascais,Portugal)and to review the forms of appropriation of public space based...The aim of this paper is to analyze volleyball practice in the beaches of Copacabana(Rio de Janeiro,Brazil)and Carcavelos and Cascais Bay(Cascais,Portugal)and to review the forms of appropriation of public space based on public policies and rules of the sport in question.Our methodology rests on bibliographic review and ethnographic research to map and distinguish the results in two spatial and cultural contexts that are considerably diverse.Results show that even with greater extension of Copacabana beach in comparison with Cascais,volleyball has a relevant impact in both areas.The installation of the necessary equipment for volleyball practice is also a form of impact in the landscape and establishment of territoriality,which is mainly activated when the game happens.展开更多
Crohn’s disease is a chronic inflammatory disease process involving different sites in the gastrointestinal tract.Occasionally,so-called metastatic disease occurs in extra-intestinal sites.Granulomatous inflammation ...Crohn’s disease is a chronic inflammatory disease process involving different sites in the gastrointestinal tract.Occasionally,so-called metastatic disease occurs in extra-intestinal sites.Granulomatous inflammation may be detected in endoscopic biopsies or resected tissues.Genetic,epigenetic and environmental factors appear to play a role.Multiple susceptibility genes have been described in both familial and non-familial forms while the disease is phenotypically heterogeneous with a female predominance.The disorder occurs over a broad age spectrum,from early childhood to late adulthood.More than 80%are diagnosed before age 40 years usually with terminal ileal and colonic involvement.Pediatric-onset disease is more severe and more extensive,usually with a higher chance of upper gastrointestinal tract disease,compared to adult-onset disease.Long-term studies have shown that the disorder may evolve with time into more complex disease with stricture formation and penetrating disease complications(i.e.,fistula,abscess).Although prolonged remission may occur,discrete periods of symptomatic disease may re-appear over many decades suggesting recurrence or re-activation of this inflammatory process.Eventual development of a cure will likely depend on identification of an etiologic cause and a fundamental understanding of its pathogenesis.Until now,treatment has focused on removing risk factors,particularly cigarette smoking,and improving symptoms.In clinical trials,clinical remission is largely defined as improved numerical and endoscopic indices for"mucosal healing"."Deep remission"is a conceptual,more"extended"goal that may or may not alter the long-term natural history of the disease in selected patients,albeit at a significant risk for treatment complications,including serious and unusual opportunistic infections.展开更多
Crohn’s disease(CD)is a multifactorial potentially debilitating disease.It has a variable disease course,but the majority of patients eventually develop penetrating or stricturing complications leading to repeated su...Crohn’s disease(CD)is a multifactorial potentially debilitating disease.It has a variable disease course,but the majority of patients eventually develop penetrating or stricturing complications leading to repeated surgeries and disability.Studies on the natural history of CD provide invaluable data on its course and clinical predictors,and may help to identify patient subsets based on clinical phenotype.Most data are available from referral centers,however these outcomes may be different from those in population-based cohorts.New data suggest the possibility of a change in the natural history in Crohn’s disease,with an increasing percentage of patients diagnosed with inflammatory disease behavior.Hospitalization rates remain high,while surgery rates seem to have decreased in the last decade.In addition,mortality rates still exceed that of the general population.The impact of changes in treatment strategy,including increased,earlier use of immunosuppressives,biological therapy,and patient monitoring on the natural history of the disease are still conflictive.In this review article,the authors summarize the available evidence on the natural history,current trends,and predictive factors for evaluating the disease course of CD.展开更多
AIM To investigate the differences in family history of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) and clinical outcomes among individuals with Crohn's disease(CD) residing in China and the United States.METHODS We performed...AIM To investigate the differences in family history of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) and clinical outcomes among individuals with Crohn's disease(CD) residing in China and the United States.METHODS We performed a survey-based cross-sectional study of participants with CD recruited from China and the United States.We compared the prevalence of IBD family history and history of ileal involvement,CD-related surgeries and IBD medications in China and the United States,adjusting for potential confounders.RESULTS We recruited 49 participants from China and 145 from the United States.The prevalence of family history of IBD was significantly lower in China compared with the United States(China:4.1%,United States:39.3%).The three most commonly affected types of relatives were cousin,sibling,and parent in the United States compared with child and sibling in China.Ileal involvement(China:63.3%,United States:63.5%) and surgery for CD(China:51.0%,United States:49.7%) were nearly equivalent in the two countries.CONCLUSION The lower prevalence of familial clustering of IBD in China may suggest that the etiology of CD is less attributed to genetic background or a family-shared environment compared with the United States.Despite the potential difference in etiology,surgery and ileal involvement were similar in the two countries.Examining the changes in family history during the continuing rise in IBD may provide further insight into the etiology of CD.展开更多
Barrett's esophagus(BE)is the precursor to esophageal adenocarcinoma(EAC).Progression to cancer typically occurs in a stepwise fashion through worsening dysplasia and ultimately,invasive neoplasia.Established EAC ...Barrett's esophagus(BE)is the precursor to esophageal adenocarcinoma(EAC).Progression to cancer typically occurs in a stepwise fashion through worsening dysplasia and ultimately,invasive neoplasia.Established EAC with deep involvement of the esophageal wall and/or metastatic disease is invariably associated with poor long-term survival rates.This guides the rationale of surveillance of Barrett’s in an attempt to treat lesions at an earlier,and potentially curative stage.The last two decades have seen a paradigm shift in management of Barrett’s with rapid expansion in the role of endoscopic eradication therapy(EET)for management of dysplastic and early neoplastic BE,and there have been substantial changes to international consensus guidelines for management of early BE based on evolving evidence.This review aims to assist the physician in the therapeutic decision-making process with patients by comprehensive review and summary of literature surrounding natural history of Barrett’s by histological stage,and the effectiveness of interventions in attenuating the risk posed by its natural history.Key findings were as follows.Non-dysplastic Barrett’s is associated with extremely low risk of progression,and interventions cannot be justified.The annual risk of cancer progression in low grade dysplasia is between 1%-3%;EET can be offered though evidence for its benefit remains confined to highly select settings.High-grade dysplasia progresses to cancer in 5%-10%per year;EET is similarly effective to and less morbid than surgery and should be routinely performed for this indication.Risk of nodal metastases in intramucosal cancer is 2%-4%,which is comparable to operative mortality rate,so EET is usually preferred.Submucosal cancer is associated with nodal metastases in 14%-41%hence surgery remains standard of care,except for select situations.展开更多
The significance of discourse construction in the civilization discussion of Xi Jinping is explored in this paper: The 500-year history of world socialism and the 5000-year history of Chinese civilization, Xi Jinping&...The significance of discourse construction in the civilization discussion of Xi Jinping is explored in this paper: The 500-year history of world socialism and the 5000-year history of Chinese civilization, Xi Jinping' s studies of Socialism with Chinese characteristics in the long history of civilization development, highlighting Socialism with Chinese characteristics as a product in the development of human civilization, the great contribution to world civilization progress and the creative development of Marxism which has been the most distinctive feature in Chinese discourse structure since the 18 th National Congress of the CPC. As the conscious construction of epistemology, it has given unprecedented historical and cultural implications to China' s road and opened the new theory space for the discourse construction of Socialism with Chinese characteristics or the academic expression of China' s road.展开更多
Both national and local governments have been paying great attention to the work of industrial standardization with the enormous increase in international trade after China joined WTO. According to the standards r... Both national and local governments have been paying great attention to the work of industrial standardization with the enormous increase in international trade after China joined WTO. According to the standards revising plan of Standardization Administration Committee of China (SAC),TC54 has already revised a series of national standards and industrial standards for foundry operations,and proposed some new ones. As a result,some old fashioned standards containing low-level techniques have been gradually discontinued or replaced with new versions.……展开更多
More women than men have Alzheimer's disease(AD)or other dementias.There are a number of potential biological and social reasons for the sex difference in the risk of AD,such as women live longer than men on avera...More women than men have Alzheimer's disease(AD)or other dementias.There are a number of potential biological and social reasons for the sex difference in the risk of AD,such as women live longer than men on average,and estrogen depletion after menopause in women,biological or genetic variations,and education,occupation or rates of heart disease.Recent studies showed a link between reproductive history and dementia risk in women.Women with fertility history showed lower risk of dementia compared to women with no child.Other studies also suggested that women's pregnancy history may influence AD's risk.In this review,we will focus on the relationship between women fertility and cognition and discuss the potential role of sex hormones in the brain and cognition,especially on AD pathogenesis.展开更多
The novel Banengannen’s Soccer Team published in 1967has been classified as historical"meta narration"of Kenzaburo Oe.In the novel,there are two main characters—Mitsusaburo and Takashi,both of whom represe...The novel Banengannen’s Soccer Team published in 1967has been classified as historical"meta narration"of Kenzaburo Oe.In the novel,there are two main characters—Mitsusaburo and Takashi,both of whom represent two ways of exploring the historical truth.In the process of exploration of the two characters,Kenzaburo Oe symbolically analyzed the value presetting of the Japanese people—getting one’s own value through projecting the"Emperor",recreating a new chapter of history from personal experience.展开更多
Europe and the EU have been facing many crises and challenges in recent years.From Brexit and rising nationalism to economic problems and unanimous refugee policies,most of them remain unsolved.Instead of moving forwa...Europe and the EU have been facing many crises and challenges in recent years.From Brexit and rising nationalism to economic problems and unanimous refugee policies,most of them remain unsolved.Instead of moving forward with the European integration project,Europe seems to regress in many instances.Considering this turmoil,it seems all the more important to historicize the affirmative discourse of Europe and to expand the knowledge of the European unification process with novel insights into its history.Only if a broad understanding of its roots and developments prevails,the conflicts of the present can be better evaluated and addressed.Particularly one set of so far neglected sources from Europe’s past serves as guiding light in that respect:the early modern Europe literature written in the Latin language.Between 1400 and 1800,Latin enjoyed a similar status in promoting scientific discoveries,negotiating political affairs and generally communicating on an international level as modern-day English.By offering a brief glance at some historically influential Latin texts from the early modern discourse of Europe,this article will show that the early modern European crises strikingly resemble Europe’s current crises despite the difference in political,social,and economic circumstances.The discourse of Europe has from the beginning been a stable discourse,characterized by the same recurring questions for centuries.When used as reference point for the crises of the 21st century,the prospects for the European integration look better than presumed.展开更多
The China National Tourism Administration and the State Bureau of Cultural Relics are the cosponsors of China Heritage'94.China Today started a regular column,"History and Tourism,"in this year's Jan...The China National Tourism Administration and the State Bureau of Cultural Relics are the cosponsors of China Heritage'94.China Today started a regular column,"History and Tourism,"in this year's January issue to talk about China's historical sites and tourist attractions.展开更多
Song China was a period in which China experienced a great increase in its population.Concurrently,the Song dynasty also experienced a rise in the frequency of epidemics and two major wars with the Western Xia and Lia...Song China was a period in which China experienced a great increase in its population.Concurrently,the Song dynasty also experienced a rise in the frequency of epidemics and two major wars with the Western Xia and Liao dynasties during the 1000s and 1040s.The consequences of these changes were exacerbated by the increased geographical mobility of certain social groups such as traders and examinees attending civil service examinations.Thus,casualties of wars,epidemics,or disease,especially of people whose families were far away and could not care for them were left without care and“their corpses often lay bare along the roads.”This new social environment created a need for general relief.The Northern Song government(960-1127 CE),especially during the reign of Emperor Huizong,established an innovative public health system to address this issue.The public health system included poorhouses,public hospitals,and pauper’s cemeteries.The first were more of charity organizations,whereas the latter two promoted public health by providing medical services for the poor and burial for those that nobody cared for.In terms of rationale behind these institutions,on the one hand,they constituted an attempt to get the poor and homeless off the streets while providing them relief or burial.On the other hand,it seems that Huizong’s deep concern with medicine propelled him to design and implement a comprehensive public health system oriented to prevent contagion and outbreak of epidemics.This article depicts the background,the organization,and the functions of the system.The article also discusses the conditions and reasons that gave rise to such a unique undertaking by the Northern Song government.展开更多
文摘The aim of this paper is to analyze volleyball practice in the beaches of Copacabana(Rio de Janeiro,Brazil)and Carcavelos and Cascais Bay(Cascais,Portugal)and to review the forms of appropriation of public space based on public policies and rules of the sport in question.Our methodology rests on bibliographic review and ethnographic research to map and distinguish the results in two spatial and cultural contexts that are considerably diverse.Results show that even with greater extension of Copacabana beach in comparison with Cascais,volleyball has a relevant impact in both areas.The installation of the necessary equipment for volleyball practice is also a form of impact in the landscape and establishment of territoriality,which is mainly activated when the game happens.
文摘Crohn’s disease is a chronic inflammatory disease process involving different sites in the gastrointestinal tract.Occasionally,so-called metastatic disease occurs in extra-intestinal sites.Granulomatous inflammation may be detected in endoscopic biopsies or resected tissues.Genetic,epigenetic and environmental factors appear to play a role.Multiple susceptibility genes have been described in both familial and non-familial forms while the disease is phenotypically heterogeneous with a female predominance.The disorder occurs over a broad age spectrum,from early childhood to late adulthood.More than 80%are diagnosed before age 40 years usually with terminal ileal and colonic involvement.Pediatric-onset disease is more severe and more extensive,usually with a higher chance of upper gastrointestinal tract disease,compared to adult-onset disease.Long-term studies have shown that the disorder may evolve with time into more complex disease with stricture formation and penetrating disease complications(i.e.,fistula,abscess).Although prolonged remission may occur,discrete periods of symptomatic disease may re-appear over many decades suggesting recurrence or re-activation of this inflammatory process.Eventual development of a cure will likely depend on identification of an etiologic cause and a fundamental understanding of its pathogenesis.Until now,treatment has focused on removing risk factors,particularly cigarette smoking,and improving symptoms.In clinical trials,clinical remission is largely defined as improved numerical and endoscopic indices for"mucosal healing"."Deep remission"is a conceptual,more"extended"goal that may or may not alter the long-term natural history of the disease in selected patients,albeit at a significant risk for treatment complications,including serious and unusual opportunistic infections.
文摘Crohn’s disease(CD)is a multifactorial potentially debilitating disease.It has a variable disease course,but the majority of patients eventually develop penetrating or stricturing complications leading to repeated surgeries and disability.Studies on the natural history of CD provide invaluable data on its course and clinical predictors,and may help to identify patient subsets based on clinical phenotype.Most data are available from referral centers,however these outcomes may be different from those in population-based cohorts.New data suggest the possibility of a change in the natural history in Crohn’s disease,with an increasing percentage of patients diagnosed with inflammatory disease behavior.Hospitalization rates remain high,while surgery rates seem to have decreased in the last decade.In addition,mortality rates still exceed that of the general population.The impact of changes in treatment strategy,including increased,earlier use of immunosuppressives,biological therapy,and patient monitoring on the natural history of the disease are still conflictive.In this review article,the authors summarize the available evidence on the natural history,current trends,and predictive factors for evaluating the disease course of CD.
基金Supported by (in part)Johns Hopkins Institute for Clinical and Translational Research,No.UL1TR001079
文摘AIM To investigate the differences in family history of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) and clinical outcomes among individuals with Crohn's disease(CD) residing in China and the United States.METHODS We performed a survey-based cross-sectional study of participants with CD recruited from China and the United States.We compared the prevalence of IBD family history and history of ileal involvement,CD-related surgeries and IBD medications in China and the United States,adjusting for potential confounders.RESULTS We recruited 49 participants from China and 145 from the United States.The prevalence of family history of IBD was significantly lower in China compared with the United States(China:4.1%,United States:39.3%).The three most commonly affected types of relatives were cousin,sibling,and parent in the United States compared with child and sibling in China.Ileal involvement(China:63.3%,United States:63.5%) and surgery for CD(China:51.0%,United States:49.7%) were nearly equivalent in the two countries.CONCLUSION The lower prevalence of familial clustering of IBD in China may suggest that the etiology of CD is less attributed to genetic background or a family-shared environment compared with the United States.Despite the potential difference in etiology,surgery and ileal involvement were similar in the two countries.Examining the changes in family history during the continuing rise in IBD may provide further insight into the etiology of CD.
文摘Barrett's esophagus(BE)is the precursor to esophageal adenocarcinoma(EAC).Progression to cancer typically occurs in a stepwise fashion through worsening dysplasia and ultimately,invasive neoplasia.Established EAC with deep involvement of the esophageal wall and/or metastatic disease is invariably associated with poor long-term survival rates.This guides the rationale of surveillance of Barrett’s in an attempt to treat lesions at an earlier,and potentially curative stage.The last two decades have seen a paradigm shift in management of Barrett’s with rapid expansion in the role of endoscopic eradication therapy(EET)for management of dysplastic and early neoplastic BE,and there have been substantial changes to international consensus guidelines for management of early BE based on evolving evidence.This review aims to assist the physician in the therapeutic decision-making process with patients by comprehensive review and summary of literature surrounding natural history of Barrett’s by histological stage,and the effectiveness of interventions in attenuating the risk posed by its natural history.Key findings were as follows.Non-dysplastic Barrett’s is associated with extremely low risk of progression,and interventions cannot be justified.The annual risk of cancer progression in low grade dysplasia is between 1%-3%;EET can be offered though evidence for its benefit remains confined to highly select settings.High-grade dysplasia progresses to cancer in 5%-10%per year;EET is similarly effective to and less morbid than surgery and should be routinely performed for this indication.Risk of nodal metastases in intramucosal cancer is 2%-4%,which is comparable to operative mortality rate,so EET is usually preferred.Submucosal cancer is associated with nodal metastases in 14%-41%hence surgery remains standard of care,except for select situations.
文摘The significance of discourse construction in the civilization discussion of Xi Jinping is explored in this paper: The 500-year history of world socialism and the 5000-year history of Chinese civilization, Xi Jinping' s studies of Socialism with Chinese characteristics in the long history of civilization development, highlighting Socialism with Chinese characteristics as a product in the development of human civilization, the great contribution to world civilization progress and the creative development of Marxism which has been the most distinctive feature in Chinese discourse structure since the 18 th National Congress of the CPC. As the conscious construction of epistemology, it has given unprecedented historical and cultural implications to China' s road and opened the new theory space for the discourse construction of Socialism with Chinese characteristics or the academic expression of China' s road.
文摘 Both national and local governments have been paying great attention to the work of industrial standardization with the enormous increase in international trade after China joined WTO. According to the standards revising plan of Standardization Administration Committee of China (SAC),TC54 has already revised a series of national standards and industrial standards for foundry operations,and proposed some new ones. As a result,some old fashioned standards containing low-level techniques have been gradually discontinued or replaced with new versions.……
文摘More women than men have Alzheimer's disease(AD)or other dementias.There are a number of potential biological and social reasons for the sex difference in the risk of AD,such as women live longer than men on average,and estrogen depletion after menopause in women,biological or genetic variations,and education,occupation or rates of heart disease.Recent studies showed a link between reproductive history and dementia risk in women.Women with fertility history showed lower risk of dementia compared to women with no child.Other studies also suggested that women's pregnancy history may influence AD's risk.In this review,we will focus on the relationship between women fertility and cognition and discuss the potential role of sex hormones in the brain and cognition,especially on AD pathogenesis.
文摘The novel Banengannen’s Soccer Team published in 1967has been classified as historical"meta narration"of Kenzaburo Oe.In the novel,there are two main characters—Mitsusaburo and Takashi,both of whom represent two ways of exploring the historical truth.In the process of exploration of the two characters,Kenzaburo Oe symbolically analyzed the value presetting of the Japanese people—getting one’s own value through projecting the"Emperor",recreating a new chapter of history from personal experience.
文摘Europe and the EU have been facing many crises and challenges in recent years.From Brexit and rising nationalism to economic problems and unanimous refugee policies,most of them remain unsolved.Instead of moving forward with the European integration project,Europe seems to regress in many instances.Considering this turmoil,it seems all the more important to historicize the affirmative discourse of Europe and to expand the knowledge of the European unification process with novel insights into its history.Only if a broad understanding of its roots and developments prevails,the conflicts of the present can be better evaluated and addressed.Particularly one set of so far neglected sources from Europe’s past serves as guiding light in that respect:the early modern Europe literature written in the Latin language.Between 1400 and 1800,Latin enjoyed a similar status in promoting scientific discoveries,negotiating political affairs and generally communicating on an international level as modern-day English.By offering a brief glance at some historically influential Latin texts from the early modern discourse of Europe,this article will show that the early modern European crises strikingly resemble Europe’s current crises despite the difference in political,social,and economic circumstances.The discourse of Europe has from the beginning been a stable discourse,characterized by the same recurring questions for centuries.When used as reference point for the crises of the 21st century,the prospects for the European integration look better than presumed.
文摘The China National Tourism Administration and the State Bureau of Cultural Relics are the cosponsors of China Heritage'94.China Today started a regular column,"History and Tourism,"in this year's January issue to talk about China's historical sites and tourist attractions.
文摘Song China was a period in which China experienced a great increase in its population.Concurrently,the Song dynasty also experienced a rise in the frequency of epidemics and two major wars with the Western Xia and Liao dynasties during the 1000s and 1040s.The consequences of these changes were exacerbated by the increased geographical mobility of certain social groups such as traders and examinees attending civil service examinations.Thus,casualties of wars,epidemics,or disease,especially of people whose families were far away and could not care for them were left without care and“their corpses often lay bare along the roads.”This new social environment created a need for general relief.The Northern Song government(960-1127 CE),especially during the reign of Emperor Huizong,established an innovative public health system to address this issue.The public health system included poorhouses,public hospitals,and pauper’s cemeteries.The first were more of charity organizations,whereas the latter two promoted public health by providing medical services for the poor and burial for those that nobody cared for.In terms of rationale behind these institutions,on the one hand,they constituted an attempt to get the poor and homeless off the streets while providing them relief or burial.On the other hand,it seems that Huizong’s deep concern with medicine propelled him to design and implement a comprehensive public health system oriented to prevent contagion and outbreak of epidemics.This article depicts the background,the organization,and the functions of the system.The article also discusses the conditions and reasons that gave rise to such a unique undertaking by the Northern Song government.
