R&D and application of voltage sourced converter based high voltage direct current engineering technology in China

As a new generation of direct current(DC)transmission technology,voltage sourced converter(VSC)based high voltage direct current(HVDC)has been widely developed and applied all over the world.China has also carried out a deep technical research and engineering application in this area,and at present,it has been stepped into a fast growing period.This paper gives a general review over China’s VSC based HVDC in terms of engineering technology,application and future development.It comprehensively analyzes the technical difficulties and future development orientation on the aspects of the main configurations of VSC based HVDC system,topological structures of converters,control and protection technologies,flexible DC cables,converter valve tests,etc.It introduces the applicable fields and current status of China’s VSC based HVDC projects,and analyzes the application trends of VSC based HVDC projects both in China and all over the world according to the development characteristics and demands of future power grids.

Steady-state Voltage Security-constrained Optimal Frequency Control for Weak HVDC Sending-end AC Power Systems

Due to the fact that a high share of renewable energy sources(RESs)are connected to high-voltage direct current(HVDC)sending-end AC power systems,the voltage and frequency regulation capabilities of HVDC sending-end AC power systems have diminished.This has resulted in potential system operating problems such as overvoltage and overfrequency,which occur simultaneously when block faults exist in the HVDC link.In this study,a steady-state voltage security-constrained optimal frequency control method for weak HVDC sending-end AC power systems is proposed.The integrated virtual inertia control of RESs is employed for system frequency regulation.Additional dynamic reactive power compensation devices are utilized to control the voltage of all nodes meet voltage security constraints.Then,an optimization model that simultaneously considers the frequency and steady-state voltage security constraints for weak HVDC sending-end AC power systems is established.The optimal control scheme with the minimum total cost of generation tripping and additional dynamic reactive power compensation required is obtained through the optimization solution.Simulations are conducted on a modified IEEE 9-bus test system and practical Qing-Yu line commutated converter based HVDC(LCC-HVDC)sending-end AC power system to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

VSC-HVDC系统中IGBT阀保护方案研究

针对电压源换流器的高压直流输电(VSC-HVDC)系统,首先分析正常运行情况下电压源换流器两侧交、直流电流之间满足的平衡关系。然后将换流器的5种开关模式按照桥臂导通状态分为两类工作状态,分析不同工作状态下全控型电力电子器件绝缘栅双极晶体管(IGBT)阀短路和阀开路的电流流通路径,研究故障后交流侧电流幅值和直流侧电流的变化及其相互关系。在此基础上,提出一种能够反应IGBT阀短路和阀开路的保护方案,将交流侧三相电流采样值分别与各自导通状态函数相乘并求和,并与直流侧电流采样值构成差动电流,利用该差动电流反应阀短路和阀开路故障,并给出保护的整定原则。最后,基于仿真平台搭建双端VSC-HVDC系统模型,验证了该保护方案的有效性。

Fault analysis method of integrated high voltage direct current transmission lines for onshore wind farm

Voltage source converter(VSC) based high voltage direct current(HVDC) transmission is most suited for the wind farm as it allows flexibility for reactive power control in multi-terminal transmission lines and transmits low power over smaller distance. In this work, a new method has been proposed to detect the fault, identify the section of faults and classify the pole of the fault in DC transmission lines fed from onshore wind farm. In the proposed scheme, voltage signal from rectifier end terminal is extracted with sampling frequency of 1 k Hz given as the input to the detection, classification and section discrimi-nation module. In this work, severe AC faults are also considered for section discrimination. Proposed method uses fuzzy inference system(FIS) to carry out all relaying task. The reach setting of the relay is 99.9% of the transmission line. Besides, the protection covers and discriminates the grounding fault with fault resistance up to 300 Ω.Considering the results of the proposed method, it can beused effectively in real power network.

海上风电经VSC-HVDC系统受端电网不对称故障抑制策略

海上风电经柔性直流输电技术(即基于电压源换流器的高压直流输电系统,VSC-HVDC)送出系统中受端电网故障不仅影响受端换流站交直流侧系统的运行状态,严重情况下也会阻碍送端换流站和海上风电机组的正常运行。针对这一实际问题,分析了海上风电经VSC-HVDC送出系统中受端电网发生不对称故障的传播机理,提出了一种基于Lyapunov函数方法的负序分量抑制策略。首先,建立了海上风电机组经VSC-HVDC送出系统的拓扑结构,并分析了受端电网发生不对称故障的传播机理。其次,根据受端换流站的数学模型推导出满足Lyapunov函数全局稳定性的负序开关函数,并求解出开关函数的系数,进一步设计出相应的Lyapunov函数控制器。最后,基于MATLAB/Simulink软件仿真将所提策略与传统PI控制进行对比,验证了所提策略的正确性和有效性。

Adaptive Reference Power Based Voltage Droop Control for VSC-MTDC Systems

Featuring low communication requirements and high reliability,the voltage droop control method is widely adopted in the voltage source converter based multi-terminal direct current(VSC-MTDC)system for autonomous DC voltage regulation and power-sharing.However,the traditional voltage droop control method with fixed droop gain is criticized for over-limit DC voltage deviation in case of large power disturbances,which can threaten stable operation of the entire VSCMTDC system.To tackle this problem,this paper proposes an adaptive reference power based voltage droop control method,which changes the reference power to compensate the power deviation for droop-controlled voltage source converters(VSCs).Besides retaining the merits of the traditional voltage droop control method,both DC voltage deviation reduction and power distribution improvement can be achieved by utilizing local information and a specific control factor in the proposed method.Basic principles and key features of the proposed method are described.Detailed analyses on the effects of the control factor on DC voltage deviation and imbalanced power-sharing are discussed,and the selection principle of the control factor is proposed.Finally,the effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by the simulations on a five-terminal VSC based high-voltage direct current(VSC-HVDC)system.

VSC-HVDC参与送端电网的调频控制策略

电压源型直流输电(voltage sourced converter-high voltage direct current,VSC-HVDC)具有控制灵活且易于在送受端扩展新落点等优点,有助于新能源的友好接入,因而在新能源基地的直流输电中具有广阔的应用前景。随着柔直送端电网新能源占比不断增加,导致送端电网系统等效惯量持续降低、调频能力大幅减弱。针对高新能源渗透率的送端电网系统,利用VSC-HVDC对有功功率的独立与快速调节的特点,在传统的定有功功率控制中引入有功功率-频率(P-f)斜率特性,设计反下垂控制策略,使其参与送端交流系统的频率调节。并在PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建两端柔性直流输电电网模型进行仿真验证。结果表明,所提出的控制策略提高了送端系统的频率稳定性,具备一定的有效性与可行性。

模块化高压大容量DC/DC变换器综述

随着新能源发电占比增加和电网规模的不断扩大,直流输电系统的容量不断提升,含有不同电压等级的直流电网是未来发展的必然趋势。在此背景下,DC/DC变换器作为直流电网关键设备,在多电压等级互联场景中发挥着重要作用。文中首先对已有的模块化高压大容量DC/DC变换器进行归纳、分类和比较,然后阐述了目前模块化高压大容量DC/DC变换器的拓扑结构、工作原理与特点,并针对其特点提出了不同变换器的适用场景,最后对未来的研究方向提出了建议。

Virtual Difference Voltage Scheme for Fault Detection in VSC-HVDC Transmission Systems

In this paper,a fast fault detection scheme for voltage source converter based high-voltage direct current(VSCHVDC)transmission systems is proposed.Based on Bergeron model equations,the remote terminal voltage of an adopted transmission system is calculated in terms of the local measured current and voltage signals.Subsequently,the computed voltage of the remote terminal is compared with the corresponding actual measured-communicated value.Provided that the considered transmission system is functioning well,the difference between the computed and measured voltages is almost zero.However,a considerable virtual voltage arises for fault conditions.When the voltage difference exceeds a predetermined threshold,a fault condition can be detected.Although a reliable communication link is required,the delay for detecting the fault is not caused by the communication time.For evaluation purpose,a detailed simulation is developed using PSCAD/EMTDC with various fault locations,including the cases near the inside or outside of the protected transmission system.The results corroborate a fast detection scheme depending on a moderate sampling/processing frequency level.A high security level is verified even with the worst external faults,or with the misaligned measured samples at the terminals.This corroborates the suitability of the proposed scheme for protecting multi-terminal HVDC systems.

基于等效仿真模型的VSC-HVDC次同步振荡阻尼特性分析

电压源换相高压直流输电(VSC-HVDC)是基于电压源换流器(VSC)的新一代高压直流输电技术。该文首先分析VSC的工作原理,在此基础上建立以交流侧受控电压源和直流侧受控电流源描述的VSC等效仿真模型。通过与VSC-HVDC电路模型的时域和频域响应对比,验证利用VSC等效仿真模型分析VSC-HVDC次同步频率范围内动态特性的有效性。利用复转矩系数法的时域实现方法——测试信号法及VSC-HVDC等效仿真模型,可计算得到连续且光滑的发电机电气阻尼De特性曲线;基于De曲线,分析VSC-HVDC采用不同控制方式及比例积分(PI)控制器中比例系数和积分时间常数,对发电机电气阻尼特性的影响。最后对加入VSC-HVDC的IEEE第一标准测试系统的仿真表明,配置次同步阻尼控制器(SSDC)的VSC,通过对其有功功率或无功功率的动态调制,均可显著增加发电机的电气阻尼,有效抑制发电机次同步振荡。

光伏电站经VSC-HVDC并网拓扑及其控制策略

针对光伏发电与电压源换流器高压直流输电(voltagesource converter-high voltage direct current,VSC-HVDC)系统直流电压等级不匹配问题,提出了一种新的光伏电站经VSC-HVDC并网拓扑和控制策略,研究了该并网方案中光伏电站的运行特性,分析了单个光伏发电单元的控制策略和串联光伏发电单元支路故障控制策略;针对该拓扑结构中串联光伏发电单元效率易受不均匀辐照度影响的问题,提出了改进的电压源换流器(voltage source converter,VSC)直流侧电压斜率控制策略。在几种典型辐射情况下进行仿真,结果验证了所提控制策略的有效性,表明该方案可解决VSC-HVDC技术应用于光伏发电并网所面临的电压等级匹配问题。

基于并联电容参数识别的VSC-HVDC输电线路纵联保护

电压源换流器型高压直流(VSC-HVDC)输电线路两端并联有大电容,在故障发生瞬间,大电容迅速向故障点放电,对高频故障分量系统侧可等效为并联大电容。根据VSC-HVDC这种特有的系统结构,提出了一种基于并联电容参数识别的VSC-HVDC输电线路纵联保护新原理。该保护原理采用时域算法,通过识别VSC-HVDC输电线路两侧的电容值来区分区内、区外故障。当直流输电线路发生区内故障时,能同时准确识别出线路两端的电容值;当直流输电线路发生区外故障时,不能同时准确识别出线路两端电容值。根据此特征,构造纵联保护判据。理论分析和仿真结果表明,该原理不受过渡电阻、故障类型、故障位置、控制方式和线路类型的影响,在各种工况下均能快速可靠地区分区内、区外故障,而且该方法计算简单,易于实现,具有一定的实用价值。

提高VSC-HVDC系统供电无源网络的传输容量的控制方法

根据电压源换流器的高压直流输电(VSC-HVDC)系统整流站和逆变站的外部伏安特性,建立VSC-HVDC系统的直流网络等效电路,进而推导出VSC-HVDC系统的小信号模型,通过小信号稳定性分析,获得了VSC-HVDC供电无源网络的传输容量与直流电压、直流侧电容和线路参数之间的关系。并在整流站引入前馈控制以等效增大线路电阻,从而提高系统传输容量。最后,利用PSCAD/EMTDC软件进行了仿真验证,仿真结果表明,在基于电压源换流器的高压直流输电中,直流电压、直流电容值及直流输电线路的阻抗均会对VSC-HVDC供电无源网络的传输容量产生影响,通过引入前馈控制可大幅提高系统的传输容量。

弱交流电网条件下VSC-HVDC改进矢量控制方法

当电压源换流器型直流输电(voltage source converter based high voltage direct current transmission,VSC-HVDC)联接弱交流电网输送功率接近交流电网静态稳定极限时,经典矢量控制方法无法保证换流器稳定运行。文中分析VSC联接于弱交流电网时的潮流特性,研究经典矢量控制外环在弱交流电网条件下的特性,通过基于小信号模型的极点分析研究导致换流器无法稳定运行的原因,基于VSC联接于弱交流电网时的失稳机理提出一种改进矢量控制方法,在矢量控制外环增加前馈支路,增加暂态无功响应速度,提高弱交流电网条件下VSC在输送功率接近交流电网静态稳定极限时的稳定性。最后,基于小信号建模的极点分析和时域仿真结果验证改进矢量控制方法的有效性。

MMC型VSC-HVDC系统电容电压的优化平衡控制

介绍模块化多电平换流器(modular multilevel converter,MMC)电容电压平衡的原理以及子模块(sub-module,SM)电容的充放电过程。指出传统的电容电压平衡控制下,子模块投切较频繁,器件开关频率较高,会造成较大的开关损耗。针对传统方法的问题,提出一种适合MMC型直流输电系统的电容电压优化平衡控制策略,将平衡控制的重点放在电容电压越限的子模块上。对电容电压未越限的子模块,优化策略通过引入保持因子使具有一定的保持原来投切状态的能力,以降低开关器件的开关频率。使用PSCAD/EMTDC对优化控制策略进行仿真,结果表明优化平衡控制策略与传统方法相比,可以在基本不增加电容电压波动的前提下,显著降低器件的开关频率。

大型风电场经VSC-HVDC交直流并联系统并网的运行控制策略

基于电压源换流器高压直流输电(voltage source converter based HVDC,VSC-HVDC)的直流系统存在与交流线路并联运行的情况。交直流系统之间相互切换的运行工况复杂,且切换过程存在切换依据难以确定、切换冲击大以及通信延时等问题。为解决该问题,在分析VSC-HVDC工作原理、数学模型及其控制策略的基础上,提出了一种大型风电场经VSC-HVDC交直流并联系统并网的运行控制策略,该策略在不改变换流站控制方式的情况下,可实现交直流并联系统运行方式的无缝切换。基于MATLAB/Simulink仿真软件,建立了系统仿真模型,对交直流并联系统稳态运行及动态切换过程进行了仿真分析。仿真结果表明,所提出的控制策略能够较好地实现交直流并联系统有功功率的精确分配和运行方式的无缝切换,算法简单,可靠性高。

VSC-HVDC主电路拓扑及其调制策略分析与比较

立足电压源换流器(VSC)-高压直流(HVDC)输电工程实际,旨在解决选用何种VSC拓扑方能使VSC-HVDC输电达到最佳性能,即找出相对最优的VSC拓扑及其调制策略。结合相应衡量指标,首先比较研究了两电平VSC采用不同调制策略时的特性,此比较研究较好平衡了两电平VSC谐波特性与开关频率这一对矛盾体;接着,对此比较研究中得出的相对最优拓扑与两电平12脉动、三电平二极管钳位及模块化多电平VSC间的特性进行分析;最后,得出结论:基于特定次谐波消除脉宽调制的两电平VSC与模块化多电平VSC为切实可行的2种换流器拓扑,其具有各自不同的应用场合特征。另外,结合实际VSC-HVDC输电工程建设的要求,给出了选型的基本方法和经验,并通过仿真加以了验证。

基于遗传算法的优化控制在VSC-HVDC中的应用

基于电压源型的新型高压直流输电系统具有广阔的应用前景,这种新型的直流输电技术和传统直流输电相比,有许多优点。本文在建立有新型高压直流输电系统的交直流混合系统模型基础上,提出一种利用新型高压直流输电系统潮流快速调节能力综合稳定交直流系统的控制方式,以发电机和交流系统有关参量组成新的性能指标。利用遗传算法对控制器参数进行寻优,形成一种新型的优化控制策略。仿真结果证明,遗传算法能有效地对新型高压直流输电系统控制参数进行优化,且系统响应特性较参数优化前有较明显改善。

计及VSC-HVDC的交直流系统最优潮流统一混合算法

进化类算法和内点法交替迭代的混合算法在求解含电压源换流器的高压直流输电(voltage source converter basedhigh voltage direct current,VSC-HVDC)的交直流系统最优潮流(optimal power flow,OPF)问题时由于截断误差的影响和VSC-HVDC控制方式的限制,容易发生振荡,因此提出一种基于差分进化(differential evolution,DE)和原—对偶内点法(primal-dual interior point method,PDIPM)的统一混合迭代算法。算法的主要思想是以DE算法为框架,对离散变量进行优化,在DE算法的每一次迭代过程中,采用PDIPM对每个DE个体进行连续变量的优化和适应度评估。由于采用PDIPM进行DE种群适应度评估,无需设定VSC-HVDC的控制方式,因此提高了算法的全局寻优能力。多个算例结果表明,该混合算法数值稳定性高,寻优能力强,能很好地解决含两端、多端、多馈入VSC-HVDC的交直流系统最优潮流问题。

含VSC-HVDC的暂态稳定约束最优潮流

提出运用轨迹灵敏度法将含电压源换流器的高压直流(voltage source converter-high voltage direct current,VSC-HVDC)输电的暂态稳定约束最优潮流问题转化为含VSC-HVDC最优潮流和含VSC-HVDC暂态稳定2个子问题,避免直接求解混杂系统暂态稳定约束最优潮流所带来的困难。根据暂态稳定计算结果,求出连续系统状态量相对于发电机机械输入功率的轨迹灵敏度,据此求取最领先机和最落后机之间转移的有功功率,修改最优潮流有功出力的上下限,从而实现2个子问题的交替求解。在求得的转移功率满足系统暂态稳定约束后,通过二分法求得系统的最优转移功率。以IEEE39节点系统为算例,验证了轨迹灵敏度法对于求解含VSC-HVDC的暂态稳定约束最优潮流的有效性和合理性,算法实现简单,可处理多个预想故障。