As a new generation of direct current(DC)transmission technology,voltage sourced converter(VSC)based high voltage direct current(HVDC)has been widely developed and applied all over the world.China has also carried out...As a new generation of direct current(DC)transmission technology,voltage sourced converter(VSC)based high voltage direct current(HVDC)has been widely developed and applied all over the world.China has also carried out a deep technical research and engineering application in this area,and at present,it has been stepped into a fast growing period.This paper gives a general review over China’s VSC based HVDC in terms of engineering technology,application and future development.It comprehensively analyzes the technical difficulties and future development orientation on the aspects of the main configurations of VSC based HVDC system,topological structures of converters,control and protection technologies,flexible DC cables,converter valve tests,etc.It introduces the applicable fields and current status of China’s VSC based HVDC projects,and analyzes the application trends of VSC based HVDC projects both in China and all over the world according to the development characteristics and demands of future power grids.展开更多
Due to the fact that a high share of renewable energy sources(RESs)are connected to high-voltage direct current(HVDC)sending-end AC power systems,the voltage and frequency regulation capabilities of HVDC sending-end A...Due to the fact that a high share of renewable energy sources(RESs)are connected to high-voltage direct current(HVDC)sending-end AC power systems,the voltage and frequency regulation capabilities of HVDC sending-end AC power systems have diminished.This has resulted in potential system operating problems such as overvoltage and overfrequency,which occur simultaneously when block faults exist in the HVDC link.In this study,a steady-state voltage security-constrained optimal frequency control method for weak HVDC sending-end AC power systems is proposed.The integrated virtual inertia control of RESs is employed for system frequency regulation.Additional dynamic reactive power compensation devices are utilized to control the voltage of all nodes meet voltage security constraints.Then,an optimization model that simultaneously considers the frequency and steady-state voltage security constraints for weak HVDC sending-end AC power systems is established.The optimal control scheme with the minimum total cost of generation tripping and additional dynamic reactive power compensation required is obtained through the optimization solution.Simulations are conducted on a modified IEEE 9-bus test system and practical Qing-Yu line commutated converter based HVDC(LCC-HVDC)sending-end AC power system to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.展开更多
Voltage source converter(VSC) based high voltage direct current(HVDC) transmission is most suited for the wind farm as it allows flexibility for reactive power control in multi-terminal transmission lines and transmit...Voltage source converter(VSC) based high voltage direct current(HVDC) transmission is most suited for the wind farm as it allows flexibility for reactive power control in multi-terminal transmission lines and transmits low power over smaller distance. In this work, a new method has been proposed to detect the fault, identify the section of faults and classify the pole of the fault in DC transmission lines fed from onshore wind farm. In the proposed scheme, voltage signal from rectifier end terminal is extracted with sampling frequency of 1 k Hz given as the input to the detection, classification and section discrimi-nation module. In this work, severe AC faults are also considered for section discrimination. Proposed method uses fuzzy inference system(FIS) to carry out all relaying task. The reach setting of the relay is 99.9% of the transmission line. Besides, the protection covers and discriminates the grounding fault with fault resistance up to 300 Ω.Considering the results of the proposed method, it can beused effectively in real power network.展开更多
电压源型直流输电(voltage sourced converter-high voltage direct current,VSC-HVDC)具有控制灵活且易于在送受端扩展新落点等优点,有助于新能源的友好接入,因而在新能源基地的直流输电中具有广阔的应用前景。随着柔直送端电网新能源...电压源型直流输电(voltage sourced converter-high voltage direct current,VSC-HVDC)具有控制灵活且易于在送受端扩展新落点等优点,有助于新能源的友好接入,因而在新能源基地的直流输电中具有广阔的应用前景。随着柔直送端电网新能源占比不断增加,导致送端电网系统等效惯量持续降低、调频能力大幅减弱。针对高新能源渗透率的送端电网系统,利用VSC-HVDC对有功功率的独立与快速调节的特点,在传统的定有功功率控制中引入有功功率-频率(P-f)斜率特性,设计反下垂控制策略,使其参与送端交流系统的频率调节。并在PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建两端柔性直流输电电网模型进行仿真验证。结果表明,所提出的控制策略提高了送端系统的频率稳定性,具备一定的有效性与可行性。展开更多
Featuring low communication requirements and high reliability,the voltage droop control method is widely adopted in the voltage source converter based multi-terminal direct current(VSC-MTDC)system for autonomous DC vo...Featuring low communication requirements and high reliability,the voltage droop control method is widely adopted in the voltage source converter based multi-terminal direct current(VSC-MTDC)system for autonomous DC voltage regulation and power-sharing.However,the traditional voltage droop control method with fixed droop gain is criticized for over-limit DC voltage deviation in case of large power disturbances,which can threaten stable operation of the entire VSCMTDC system.To tackle this problem,this paper proposes an adaptive reference power based voltage droop control method,which changes the reference power to compensate the power deviation for droop-controlled voltage source converters(VSCs).Besides retaining the merits of the traditional voltage droop control method,both DC voltage deviation reduction and power distribution improvement can be achieved by utilizing local information and a specific control factor in the proposed method.Basic principles and key features of the proposed method are described.Detailed analyses on the effects of the control factor on DC voltage deviation and imbalanced power-sharing are discussed,and the selection principle of the control factor is proposed.Finally,the effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by the simulations on a five-terminal VSC based high-voltage direct current(VSC-HVDC)system.展开更多
In this paper,a fast fault detection scheme for voltage source converter based high-voltage direct current(VSCHVDC)transmission systems is proposed.Based on Bergeron model equations,the remote terminal voltage of an a...In this paper,a fast fault detection scheme for voltage source converter based high-voltage direct current(VSCHVDC)transmission systems is proposed.Based on Bergeron model equations,the remote terminal voltage of an adopted transmission system is calculated in terms of the local measured current and voltage signals.Subsequently,the computed voltage of the remote terminal is compared with the corresponding actual measured-communicated value.Provided that the considered transmission system is functioning well,the difference between the computed and measured voltages is almost zero.However,a considerable virtual voltage arises for fault conditions.When the voltage difference exceeds a predetermined threshold,a fault condition can be detected.Although a reliable communication link is required,the delay for detecting the fault is not caused by the communication time.For evaluation purpose,a detailed simulation is developed using PSCAD/EMTDC with various fault locations,including the cases near the inside or outside of the protected transmission system.The results corroborate a fast detection scheme depending on a moderate sampling/processing frequency level.A high security level is verified even with the worst external faults,or with the misaligned measured samples at the terminals.This corroborates the suitability of the proposed scheme for protecting multi-terminal HVDC systems.展开更多
针对光伏发电与电压源换流器高压直流输电(voltagesource converter-high voltage direct current,VSC-HVDC)系统直流电压等级不匹配问题,提出了一种新的光伏电站经VSC-HVDC并网拓扑和控制策略,研究了该并网方案中光伏电站的运行特性,...针对光伏发电与电压源换流器高压直流输电(voltagesource converter-high voltage direct current,VSC-HVDC)系统直流电压等级不匹配问题,提出了一种新的光伏电站经VSC-HVDC并网拓扑和控制策略,研究了该并网方案中光伏电站的运行特性,分析了单个光伏发电单元的控制策略和串联光伏发电单元支路故障控制策略;针对该拓扑结构中串联光伏发电单元效率易受不均匀辐照度影响的问题,提出了改进的电压源换流器(voltage source converter,VSC)直流侧电压斜率控制策略。在几种典型辐射情况下进行仿真,结果验证了所提控制策略的有效性,表明该方案可解决VSC-HVDC技术应用于光伏发电并网所面临的电压等级匹配问题。展开更多
当电压源换流器型直流输电(voltage source converter based high voltage direct current transmission,VSC-HVDC)联接弱交流电网输送功率接近交流电网静态稳定极限时,经典矢量控制方法无法保证换流器稳定运行。文中分析VSC联接于弱交...当电压源换流器型直流输电(voltage source converter based high voltage direct current transmission,VSC-HVDC)联接弱交流电网输送功率接近交流电网静态稳定极限时,经典矢量控制方法无法保证换流器稳定运行。文中分析VSC联接于弱交流电网时的潮流特性,研究经典矢量控制外环在弱交流电网条件下的特性,通过基于小信号模型的极点分析研究导致换流器无法稳定运行的原因,基于VSC联接于弱交流电网时的失稳机理提出一种改进矢量控制方法,在矢量控制外环增加前馈支路,增加暂态无功响应速度,提高弱交流电网条件下VSC在输送功率接近交流电网静态稳定极限时的稳定性。最后,基于小信号建模的极点分析和时域仿真结果验证改进矢量控制方法的有效性。展开更多
基于电压源换流器高压直流输电(voltage source converter based HVDC,VSC-HVDC)的直流系统存在与交流线路并联运行的情况。交直流系统之间相互切换的运行工况复杂,且切换过程存在切换依据难以确定、切换冲击大以及通信延时等问题。为...基于电压源换流器高压直流输电(voltage source converter based HVDC,VSC-HVDC)的直流系统存在与交流线路并联运行的情况。交直流系统之间相互切换的运行工况复杂,且切换过程存在切换依据难以确定、切换冲击大以及通信延时等问题。为解决该问题,在分析VSC-HVDC工作原理、数学模型及其控制策略的基础上,提出了一种大型风电场经VSC-HVDC交直流并联系统并网的运行控制策略,该策略在不改变换流站控制方式的情况下,可实现交直流并联系统运行方式的无缝切换。基于MATLAB/Simulink仿真软件,建立了系统仿真模型,对交直流并联系统稳态运行及动态切换过程进行了仿真分析。仿真结果表明,所提出的控制策略能够较好地实现交直流并联系统有功功率的精确分配和运行方式的无缝切换,算法简单,可靠性高。展开更多
进化类算法和内点法交替迭代的混合算法在求解含电压源换流器的高压直流输电(voltage source converter basedhigh voltage direct current,VSC-HVDC)的交直流系统最优潮流(optimal power flow,OPF)问题时由于截断误差的影响和VSC-HVDC...进化类算法和内点法交替迭代的混合算法在求解含电压源换流器的高压直流输电(voltage source converter basedhigh voltage direct current,VSC-HVDC)的交直流系统最优潮流(optimal power flow,OPF)问题时由于截断误差的影响和VSC-HVDC控制方式的限制,容易发生振荡,因此提出一种基于差分进化(differential evolution,DE)和原—对偶内点法(primal-dual interior point method,PDIPM)的统一混合迭代算法。算法的主要思想是以DE算法为框架,对离散变量进行优化,在DE算法的每一次迭代过程中,采用PDIPM对每个DE个体进行连续变量的优化和适应度评估。由于采用PDIPM进行DE种群适应度评估,无需设定VSC-HVDC的控制方式,因此提高了算法的全局寻优能力。多个算例结果表明,该混合算法数值稳定性高,寻优能力强,能很好地解决含两端、多端、多馈入VSC-HVDC的交直流系统最优潮流问题。展开更多
提出运用轨迹灵敏度法将含电压源换流器的高压直流(voltage source converter-high voltage direct current,VSC-HVDC)输电的暂态稳定约束最优潮流问题转化为含VSC-HVDC最优潮流和含VSC-HVDC暂态稳定2个子问题,避免直接求解混杂系统暂...提出运用轨迹灵敏度法将含电压源换流器的高压直流(voltage source converter-high voltage direct current,VSC-HVDC)输电的暂态稳定约束最优潮流问题转化为含VSC-HVDC最优潮流和含VSC-HVDC暂态稳定2个子问题,避免直接求解混杂系统暂态稳定约束最优潮流所带来的困难。根据暂态稳定计算结果,求出连续系统状态量相对于发电机机械输入功率的轨迹灵敏度,据此求取最领先机和最落后机之间转移的有功功率,修改最优潮流有功出力的上下限,从而实现2个子问题的交替求解。在求得的转移功率满足系统暂态稳定约束后,通过二分法求得系统的最优转移功率。以IEEE39节点系统为算例,验证了轨迹灵敏度法对于求解含VSC-HVDC的暂态稳定约束最优潮流的有效性和合理性,算法实现简单,可处理多个预想故障。展开更多
基金This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51261130471).
文摘As a new generation of direct current(DC)transmission technology,voltage sourced converter(VSC)based high voltage direct current(HVDC)has been widely developed and applied all over the world.China has also carried out a deep technical research and engineering application in this area,and at present,it has been stepped into a fast growing period.This paper gives a general review over China’s VSC based HVDC in terms of engineering technology,application and future development.It comprehensively analyzes the technical difficulties and future development orientation on the aspects of the main configurations of VSC based HVDC system,topological structures of converters,control and protection technologies,flexible DC cables,converter valve tests,etc.It introduces the applicable fields and current status of China’s VSC based HVDC projects,and analyzes the application trends of VSC based HVDC projects both in China and all over the world according to the development characteristics and demands of future power grids.
基金supported in part by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFB2402700)the Science and Technology Project of State Grid Corporation of China(No.52272222001J).
文摘Due to the fact that a high share of renewable energy sources(RESs)are connected to high-voltage direct current(HVDC)sending-end AC power systems,the voltage and frequency regulation capabilities of HVDC sending-end AC power systems have diminished.This has resulted in potential system operating problems such as overvoltage and overfrequency,which occur simultaneously when block faults exist in the HVDC link.In this study,a steady-state voltage security-constrained optimal frequency control method for weak HVDC sending-end AC power systems is proposed.The integrated virtual inertia control of RESs is employed for system frequency regulation.Additional dynamic reactive power compensation devices are utilized to control the voltage of all nodes meet voltage security constraints.Then,an optimization model that simultaneously considers the frequency and steady-state voltage security constraints for weak HVDC sending-end AC power systems is established.The optimal control scheme with the minimum total cost of generation tripping and additional dynamic reactive power compensation required is obtained through the optimization solution.Simulations are conducted on a modified IEEE 9-bus test system and practical Qing-Yu line commutated converter based HVDC(LCC-HVDC)sending-end AC power system to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
文摘Voltage source converter(VSC) based high voltage direct current(HVDC) transmission is most suited for the wind farm as it allows flexibility for reactive power control in multi-terminal transmission lines and transmits low power over smaller distance. In this work, a new method has been proposed to detect the fault, identify the section of faults and classify the pole of the fault in DC transmission lines fed from onshore wind farm. In the proposed scheme, voltage signal from rectifier end terminal is extracted with sampling frequency of 1 k Hz given as the input to the detection, classification and section discrimi-nation module. In this work, severe AC faults are also considered for section discrimination. Proposed method uses fuzzy inference system(FIS) to carry out all relaying task. The reach setting of the relay is 99.9% of the transmission line. Besides, the protection covers and discriminates the grounding fault with fault resistance up to 300 Ω.Considering the results of the proposed method, it can beused effectively in real power network.
文摘电压源型直流输电(voltage sourced converter-high voltage direct current,VSC-HVDC)具有控制灵活且易于在送受端扩展新落点等优点,有助于新能源的友好接入,因而在新能源基地的直流输电中具有广阔的应用前景。随着柔直送端电网新能源占比不断增加,导致送端电网系统等效惯量持续降低、调频能力大幅减弱。针对高新能源渗透率的送端电网系统,利用VSC-HVDC对有功功率的独立与快速调节的特点,在传统的定有功功率控制中引入有功功率-频率(P-f)斜率特性,设计反下垂控制策略,使其参与送端交流系统的频率调节。并在PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建两端柔性直流输电电网模型进行仿真验证。结果表明,所提出的控制策略提高了送端系统的频率稳定性,具备一定的有效性与可行性。
基金supported by the Key Science and Technology Projects of China Southern Power Grid Corporation(No.090000KK52180116)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51807135)。
文摘Featuring low communication requirements and high reliability,the voltage droop control method is widely adopted in the voltage source converter based multi-terminal direct current(VSC-MTDC)system for autonomous DC voltage regulation and power-sharing.However,the traditional voltage droop control method with fixed droop gain is criticized for over-limit DC voltage deviation in case of large power disturbances,which can threaten stable operation of the entire VSCMTDC system.To tackle this problem,this paper proposes an adaptive reference power based voltage droop control method,which changes the reference power to compensate the power deviation for droop-controlled voltage source converters(VSCs).Besides retaining the merits of the traditional voltage droop control method,both DC voltage deviation reduction and power distribution improvement can be achieved by utilizing local information and a specific control factor in the proposed method.Basic principles and key features of the proposed method are described.Detailed analyses on the effects of the control factor on DC voltage deviation and imbalanced power-sharing are discussed,and the selection principle of the control factor is proposed.Finally,the effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by the simulations on a five-terminal VSC based high-voltage direct current(VSC-HVDC)system.
文摘In this paper,a fast fault detection scheme for voltage source converter based high-voltage direct current(VSCHVDC)transmission systems is proposed.Based on Bergeron model equations,the remote terminal voltage of an adopted transmission system is calculated in terms of the local measured current and voltage signals.Subsequently,the computed voltage of the remote terminal is compared with the corresponding actual measured-communicated value.Provided that the considered transmission system is functioning well,the difference between the computed and measured voltages is almost zero.However,a considerable virtual voltage arises for fault conditions.When the voltage difference exceeds a predetermined threshold,a fault condition can be detected.Although a reliable communication link is required,the delay for detecting the fault is not caused by the communication time.For evaluation purpose,a detailed simulation is developed using PSCAD/EMTDC with various fault locations,including the cases near the inside or outside of the protected transmission system.The results corroborate a fast detection scheme depending on a moderate sampling/processing frequency level.A high security level is verified even with the worst external faults,or with the misaligned measured samples at the terminals.This corroborates the suitability of the proposed scheme for protecting multi-terminal HVDC systems.
文摘针对光伏发电与电压源换流器高压直流输电(voltagesource converter-high voltage direct current,VSC-HVDC)系统直流电压等级不匹配问题,提出了一种新的光伏电站经VSC-HVDC并网拓扑和控制策略,研究了该并网方案中光伏电站的运行特性,分析了单个光伏发电单元的控制策略和串联光伏发电单元支路故障控制策略;针对该拓扑结构中串联光伏发电单元效率易受不均匀辐照度影响的问题,提出了改进的电压源换流器(voltage source converter,VSC)直流侧电压斜率控制策略。在几种典型辐射情况下进行仿真,结果验证了所提控制策略的有效性,表明该方案可解决VSC-HVDC技术应用于光伏发电并网所面临的电压等级匹配问题。
文摘当电压源换流器型直流输电(voltage source converter based high voltage direct current transmission,VSC-HVDC)联接弱交流电网输送功率接近交流电网静态稳定极限时,经典矢量控制方法无法保证换流器稳定运行。文中分析VSC联接于弱交流电网时的潮流特性,研究经典矢量控制外环在弱交流电网条件下的特性,通过基于小信号模型的极点分析研究导致换流器无法稳定运行的原因,基于VSC联接于弱交流电网时的失稳机理提出一种改进矢量控制方法,在矢量控制外环增加前馈支路,增加暂态无功响应速度,提高弱交流电网条件下VSC在输送功率接近交流电网静态稳定极限时的稳定性。最后,基于小信号建模的极点分析和时域仿真结果验证改进矢量控制方法的有效性。
文摘基于电压源换流器高压直流输电(voltage source converter based HVDC,VSC-HVDC)的直流系统存在与交流线路并联运行的情况。交直流系统之间相互切换的运行工况复杂,且切换过程存在切换依据难以确定、切换冲击大以及通信延时等问题。为解决该问题,在分析VSC-HVDC工作原理、数学模型及其控制策略的基础上,提出了一种大型风电场经VSC-HVDC交直流并联系统并网的运行控制策略,该策略在不改变换流站控制方式的情况下,可实现交直流并联系统运行方式的无缝切换。基于MATLAB/Simulink仿真软件,建立了系统仿真模型,对交直流并联系统稳态运行及动态切换过程进行了仿真分析。仿真结果表明,所提出的控制策略能够较好地实现交直流并联系统有功功率的精确分配和运行方式的无缝切换,算法简单,可靠性高。
文摘进化类算法和内点法交替迭代的混合算法在求解含电压源换流器的高压直流输电(voltage source converter basedhigh voltage direct current,VSC-HVDC)的交直流系统最优潮流(optimal power flow,OPF)问题时由于截断误差的影响和VSC-HVDC控制方式的限制,容易发生振荡,因此提出一种基于差分进化(differential evolution,DE)和原—对偶内点法(primal-dual interior point method,PDIPM)的统一混合迭代算法。算法的主要思想是以DE算法为框架,对离散变量进行优化,在DE算法的每一次迭代过程中,采用PDIPM对每个DE个体进行连续变量的优化和适应度评估。由于采用PDIPM进行DE种群适应度评估,无需设定VSC-HVDC的控制方式,因此提高了算法的全局寻优能力。多个算例结果表明,该混合算法数值稳定性高,寻优能力强,能很好地解决含两端、多端、多馈入VSC-HVDC的交直流系统最优潮流问题。
文摘提出运用轨迹灵敏度法将含电压源换流器的高压直流(voltage source converter-high voltage direct current,VSC-HVDC)输电的暂态稳定约束最优潮流问题转化为含VSC-HVDC最优潮流和含VSC-HVDC暂态稳定2个子问题,避免直接求解混杂系统暂态稳定约束最优潮流所带来的困难。根据暂态稳定计算结果,求出连续系统状态量相对于发电机机械输入功率的轨迹灵敏度,据此求取最领先机和最落后机之间转移的有功功率,修改最优潮流有功出力的上下限,从而实现2个子问题的交替求解。在求得的转移功率满足系统暂态稳定约束后,通过二分法求得系统的最优转移功率。以IEEE39节点系统为算例,验证了轨迹灵敏度法对于求解含VSC-HVDC的暂态稳定约束最优潮流的有效性和合理性,算法实现简单,可处理多个预想故障。