Attenuating water hammer pressure by means of gas storage tank

The basic equations for computing the volume of gas storage tank were derived from the principles of attenuating water hammer pressure. Verifications using experiments indicate that the proposed equation can provide a fare precision in the predictions. By using the model of solid liquid two phase flow, the gas storage tank, pressure relief valves and slow closure reverse control valves were compared with practical engineering problems, and the functions of gas storage tank in attenuating water hammer pressure were further investigated. [

Carbon dioxide partial pressure and carbon fluxes of air-water interface in Taihu Lake, China

To obtain carbon dioxide (CO2) flux between water-air interface of Taihu lake, monthly water samplers at 14 sites and the local meteorological data of the lake were collected and analyzed in 1998. Carbon dioxide partial pressures (pCO2) at air-water interface in the lake were calculated using alkalinity, pH, ionic strength, active coefficient, and water temperature. The carbon fluxes at different sublakes and areas were estimated by concentration gradient between water and air in consideration of Schmidt numbers of 600 and daily mean windspeed at 10 m above water surface. The results indicated that the mean values of pCO2 in Wuli Lake, Meiliang Bay, hydrophyte area, west littoral zone, riverine mouths, and the open lake areas were 1 807.8±1 071.4 (mean±standard deviation) μatm (1atm=1.013 25×105Pa), 416.3±217.0 μatm, 576.5±758.8 μatm, 304.2±243.5 μatm, 1 933.6±1 144.7 μatm, and 448.5±202.6 μatm, respectively. Maximum and minimum pCO2 values were found in the hypertrophic (4 053.7 μatm) and the eutrophic (3.2 μatm) areas. The riverine mouth areas have the maximum fluxes (82.0±62.8 mmol/m2a). But there was no significant difference between eutrophic and mesot- rophic areas in pCO2 and the flux of CO2. The hydrophyte area, however, has the minimum (-0.58±12.9 mmol/m2a). In respect to CO2 equilibrium, input of the rivers will obviously influence inorganic carbon distribu- tion in the riverine estuary. For example, the annual mean CO2 flux in Zhihugang River estuary was 19 times of that in Meiliang Bay, although the former is only a part of the latter. The sites in the body of the lake show a clear seasonal cycle with pCO2 higher than atmospheric equilibrium in winter, and much lower than atmospheric in summer due to CO2 consumption by photosynthesis. The CO2 amount of the net annual evasion that enters the atmosphere is 28.42×104 t/a, of which those from the west littoral zone and the open lake account for 53.8% and 36.7%, respectively.

Feasibility Analysis of Back-Pressure Steam Feeding Water Pump for Direct Air-Cooled Unit

As the performance of an air-cooled condenser is apt to be affected by the fluctuating ambient condition, some difficulties are brought to the use of a steam feeding water pump in an air-cooled unit. This paper introduces a new design of for steam feeding the water pump of an air-cooled unit using the back-pressure steam turbine as the prime motor. Using variable condition analysis on a 600 MW direct air-cooled unit, and with consideration of the effect on the ambient conditions, the feasibility, economy, and adaptability of the design are verified.

Numerical Study of Air Chamber for Oscillating Water Column Wave Energy Convertor

Oscillating Water Column （OWC） wave energy converting system is one of the most widely used facilities all over the world. The air chamber is utilized to convert the wave energy into the pneumatic energy. The numerical wave tank based on the two-phase VOF model is established in the present study toinvestigate the operating performance of OWC air chamber. The RANS equations, standard k-ε turbulence model and dynamic mesh technology are employed in the numerical model. The effects of incident wave conditions and shape parameters on the wave energy converting efficiency are studied and the capability of the present numerical wave tank on the corresponding engineering application is validated.

Study on the Elman Neural Network Operation Control Strategy of the Central Air Conditioning Chilled Water System

The stable operation of the central air conditioning water system always is a major difficulty for the control profession. Paper focus on the water system with multi variable, strong coupling, nonlinear, large time delay characteristics, presented use feed forward coupling compensation method, to eliminate the coupling effect between temperature and pressure. In this paper, the Elman neural network controller is designed for the first time, and the simulation results show that the response time of Elman neural network controller is shorter, the system is more stable and the overshoot is small.

Numerical modeling airflow in soil with impact of groundwater

In order to simulate the airflow in anhydrous case and the water-air flow in groundwater case, a numerical model of airflow in soil was developed. For the nonlinearity of the governing partial differential equation, the corresponding discretization and linearization methods were given. Due to the mass transfer between air-phase and water-phase, phase states of the model elements were constantly changing. Thus, parameters of the model were divided into primary ones and secondary ones, and the primary variables changing with phase states and the secondary variables can be obtained by their functional relationship with the primary variables. Additionally, the special definite condition of this numerical model was illustrated. Two examples were given to simulate the airflow in soil whether there was groundwater or not, and the effectiveness of the numerical model is verified by comparing the results of simulation with that of experiment.

Metals Assessments in the Water Bodies of Sagarmatha National Park and Buffer Zone, Nepal

Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) National Park (SNP) of Nepal is a popular international eco-touristic destination. In the last few years, tourist flow has increased tremendously generating anthropogenic pressure on natural environment. Generation of huge solid waste, open defecation and poor septic tank condition of toilets have been considered as the major sources of pollution to water bodies in the area. Heavy metals, such as cadmium, copper, lead, chromium and mercury, are important environmental pollutants, particularly in areas with high anthropogenic pressure. Their presence in the atmosphere, soil and water, even in traces can cause serious problems to all organisms, and heavy metal bioaccumulation in the food chain especially can be highly dangerous to human health. Heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Mn, Fe and Zn) and metals (Na, Mg) were analyzed. Thirty nine (13 samples in each year) water samples were collected from river and springs to assess the water quality in the SNP and its buffer zone. Water quality in the SNP has been found degraded in terms of heavy metals;particularly Na and Mg contents were found higher when compared with the earlier report. Iron content in 46% samples was found more than WHO and Nepalese standard for drinking water. The river water quality in general still stands good in terms of standard for drinking water (WHO, Nepal standard) however degradation process has accelerated.

水击补气式压力罐及水力瞬变仿真

空气阀常常安装在输水管检修孔侧壁,进气后部分气体就会存留在检修孔上部产生气垫式压力罐的水击防护作用。据此,提出了水击补气式压力罐装置的设计方法,即利用泵站事故断电产生的水击负压现象,通过真空破坏阀或空气阀给压力罐补气,以防止输水管发生液体汽化现象并削减水击最大压力。然后,建立了水击补气式压力罐水力瞬变数值仿真数学模型。最后,以一个实际输水工程为例,计算比较了分别设置空气阀、空气阀调压室及真空破坏阀补气式压力罐时的水击防护效果,结果表明,补气式压力罐水击防护效果最好。

潜艇高压气吹除主压载水舱应急挽回的运动规律和控制策略

针对潜艇高压气吹除压载水舱应急挽回姿态控制难题,以吹除高压气和压载水舱中压力气体为研究对象,推导并构建了高压气吹除和压载水舱解除气压数理模型。结合潜艇应急挽回数学模型,对潜艇发生破损进水事故的应急挽回过程进行数值仿真,分析了某潜艇事故采取3种不同挽回方案条件下潜艇运动姿态变化规律。研究结果表明:所构建的数理模型能较好描述潜艇应急挽回姿态变化规律,为潜艇应急挽回运动规律预报、潜艇运动状态实时评估和姿态控制方案制定提供理论依据和技术支持。

长距离输水泵站中空气罐参数敏感度分析及正交优化设计

为了探讨长距离输水泵站中空气罐的优化设计方法,以西北某长距离输水工程为例,以泵站水击最大正压水头和最小负压水头作为优化目标,以初始气体压力、高度直径比、连接管直径、进口阻力系数和出口阻力系数为优化变量,基于正交优化设计方法和KYPipe软件,采用极差分析法获得空气罐各参数对于水击最大正压水头和最小负压水头的影响,同时对得到的结果进行排序,比较并找到最优参数组合.结果表明:初始气体压力、连接管直径和出口阻力系数等因素对于水击最大正压水头和最小负压水头的影响程度较大,其中初始气体压力是最敏感的参数,对于最大正压水头和最小负压水头的影响程度最大;经过比较发现最优方案的参数组合为初始气体压力水头50 m、高度直径比4、连接管直径250 mm、进口阻力系数10、出口阻力系数5;相比原始方案,优化方案使泵站的水击最大正压水头降低4.98%、最小负压水头升高64.00%.

多分水口长距离输水工程停泵水锤防护措施

为了能够有效避免多泵且多分水口输水系统在无防护抽水断电时可能出现较为严重的负水锤带来的危害,建立了全长106.46 km的大型供水工程的数学模型进行系统过渡过程计算,选择空气阀与两阶段液控蝶阀联合防护与单向塔防护2种方案消除其负水锤,在前者远不达理想防护效果后针对后者进行优化.结合工程实际在确定了单向塔的数量、位置以及塔高后,对不同位置单向塔的底面积进行多种方案的对比选取,最终选用塔1#的底面积为28.26 m^(2),塔2#的底面积为176.63 m^(2);为了防止单向塔漏空需要分水口以及供水终端调流阀配合关闭,在确保管道最大压力不超出其承压能力的前提下,创新性地对各分水口调流阀与供水终端调流阀的关闭时间规律进行了效果比较,使输水系统能够更加经济安全地稳定运行,为此类长距离多分水口多泵供水工程的水锤防护提供了优化方向.

输水管线空气阀进排气孔径的合理选择

输水管线空气阀进排气孔径的选择,包括防水锤型空气阀低压进排气孔、缓冲板小排气孔和高压微量排气孔,不仅影响输水的安全性,而且严重影响工程投资。为了合理选择各种类型空气阀进排气孔径,本文首先提出了气体流量与流量系数、孔径、气压的函数关系,以及输水管液柱弥合水击压力与输水管直径、水击波速和空气阀流量改变量的函数关系;然后,建立了空气阀进排气孔径与输水管线充水和排水流速、负压控制要求及水击压力之间的函数关系,同时考虑了管材刚度和位置高程的影响。最后,分别以重力流输水管线和泵站加压输水管线为例,应用所得理论公式分别计算确定了复合式空气阀和防水锤型空气阀进排气孔孔径,结果表明按照本文公式确定的空气阀进排气孔径,不仅比按照常规经验确定的空气阀孔径小得多,而且可以有效削减输水管的液柱弥合水击压力。

联合收获机发动机风冷系统优化设计

为了减少联合收获机收获过程中水箱“开锅”现象的发生,延长收获机的无故障工作时长,对4LXZ-8F型联合收获机的发动机风冷系统散热量进行了计算,并基于计算结果对防尘罩、散热器进行了优化设计,对冷却风扇进行了匹配选型。利用SolidWorks对优化前后风冷系统进行了三维建模,利用Fluent软件对发动机风冷系统优化前和优化后散热器散热性能分别进行仿真分析。仿真结果表明:优化前的冷却水入口温度为90℃,出口温度为72.3℃,进出口温差为17.7℃;优化后的冷却水入口温度为90℃,出口温度为71.1℃,进出口温差为18.9℃,表明优化后散热器散热性能提升了6.78%。研究成果可为提高发动机风冷系统的散热性能,延长无故障收获时长提供理论指导。

基于KY PIPE的管道输水工程停泵水锤分析及防护方案研究

当长距离有压输水工程因事故突然断电停泵时,易产生停泵水锤,危害输水系统的安全运行。为减轻停泵水锤对泵站等管道输水系统的危害,基于实际工程,使用KY PIPE 2022软件建立了相应的水锤计算模型,通过数值模拟探究输水系统停泵水锤水力过渡全过程,讨论了两阶段缓闭式止回阀不同关阀程序和气囊式空气罐不同布置方式对水锤防护效果的影响规律。结果表明,止回阀两阶段关阀程序优于线性关阀程序;对于管线前端负压较轻的输水工程,气囊式空气罐在管线中部串联布置相较于首尾布置有更好的经济性和可行性。气囊式空气罐、空气阀和两阶段缓闭式止回阀联合防护方案可有效抑制水泵倒转和水体倒流现象,有效控制管内最大正压和负压,使各项关键参数满足规范要求。

内回流槽结构对罗茨泵内部流动特性的影响

针对罗茨泵工作时排气口气体压力高、基元容积内压力低以及气体回流引起出口气流脉动大等问题,应用Pumplinx对MB7300型罗茨泵进行全流场数值计算,通过Tecplot软件并采用Q准则对罗茨泵内流场涡结构进行定性分析,研究内回流槽厚度和角度2个关键参数对罗茨泵内部流动的影响规律,尤其对出口压力脉动和流量脉动的影响.研究结果表明:内回流槽结构对进口侧流态改善效果不明显,但可以很好地降低排气压力脉动、流量脉动以及排气段涡流,内回流槽厚度越大,角度越大,效果越明显;内回流槽厚度、角度增大过大时,转子与机壳之间间隙增大,泄漏量增多,排气量降低幅度大幅升高;内回流槽厚度和角度存在较为优选的组合,在有效降低压力和流量脉动的同时,可最大限度降低流量的损失,综合考虑流量和出口脉动性能时,内回流槽角度约为45°,厚度约为7.5 mm时组合效果较好;如果使出口流量不出现负值,内置回流槽的尺寸应选择角度45°~60°,厚度7.5~10.0 mm.研究结果可为罗茨泵气流脉动和壳体结构优化设计提供一定依据.

高校宿舍太阳能-空气源热泵复合热水系统设计与应用探讨

在当前积极倡导节能减排的政策要求下,可再生能源利用逐渐普及。以西安建筑科技大学学生宿舍太阳能-空气源热泵复合热水系统为例,阐述了复合热水系统的构成、工作原理,对太阳能集热系统、空气源热泵换热系统、热水供水系统等进行了设计计算,给出了集热器、热泵机组、集热水箱、供热水箱等主要设备的选型结果,提出了系统运行控制方案,并结合实际运行工况下的热性能数据,计算得到系统在不同季节的太阳能保证率、热泵能效比COP值,表明系统具有极大的节能性。

基于VOF法的长距离无压引水隧洞充水过程模拟

结合长距离无压引水隧洞充水过程,建立了水气两相流耦合VOF(Volume of Fluid)法的k-ε紊流模型,近壁面采用考虑糙率影响的壁面函数,结合实际工程对长距离无压引水隧洞水气两相流进行了模拟。模拟结果表明:隧洞内水位随充水时间的增加逐渐上升并趋于稳定;对隧洞充水过程中沿程典型断面的水气两相流进行了动态分析,结果表明进口流量为65 m3/s时水流能顺利通过隧洞;对某水库放水兼放空洞水深实测数据进行了验证对比,模拟结果与实验结果基本吻合。

马铃薯水分胁迫指数模型优化研究

【目的】探究马铃薯的叶气温差与环境因子的关系,进一步优化马铃薯水分胁迫指数模型。【方法】在河南农业大学林学院试验基地进行马铃薯盆栽试验,选择晴朗天气测定不同土壤含水率下马铃薯的叶气温差随太阳辐射和大气饱和水汽压差(VPD)的变化规律,确定作物水分胁迫指数(crop water stress index,CWSI)的上下基线,进一步试验后得到优化后的马铃薯CWSI经验模型,并对相关模型进行验证。【结果】马铃薯的叶气温差随着土壤含水率的降低而升高;当土壤含水率较低(7.28%)时,马铃薯的叶气温差随太阳辐射的增大而增大,呈显著线性关系;当土壤含水率较高(15.85%)时,马铃薯的叶气温差随VPD的增大而减小,呈显著线性关系;构建出马铃薯CWSI的上基线为y=0.0098Q-0.68[Q为太阳辐射强度/(W·m^(-2))],下基线为y=-1.67V+3.75(V为大气饱和水汽压差/kPa);将优化的CWSI模型验证后得知,随着土壤含水率的减少,CWSI值增加,且CWSI同土壤含水量呈极显著负相关关系(p<0.01)。【结论】马铃薯的最大叶气温差与太阳辐射的线性关系作为马铃薯水分胁迫指数的上基线是可行的,该研究对传统CWSI经验模型进行改进,进一步优化了CWSI经验模型。

超声引导下水压灌肠复位在小儿肠套叠的应用疗效分析

目的比较分析超声引导下水压灌肠复位和X线引导下空气灌肠复位治疗肠套叠的疗效。方法收集2022年6月至2023年6月住院并接受灌肠复位治疗的72例肠套叠患儿的临床资料。将在超声引导下进行水压灌肠复位的患儿作为观察组(n=36),将在X线引导下进行空气灌肠复位的患儿作为对照组(n=36)。比较两组观察对象的灌肠复位所需时间、住院总天数、复位成功率、住院期间早期复发率和不良反应发生率。结果复位后,观察组复位成功率为97.22%,对照组为77.78%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组住院时间、复位时间及胃肠功能恢复时间短于对照组(P<0.001),两组住院期间复发率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组不良反应及相关并发症总发生率为13.89%,对照组为36.11%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论相比于X线引导下空气灌肠复位,超声引导下生理盐水灌肠复位能够缩短复位时间、住院天数及胃肠功能恢复时间,减轻不良反应,改善胃肠功能,降低并发症发生率,临床疗效更满意,值得进一步推广与应用。