This study examines how increasing international trade affects the skill wage gap in Turkey.There has been a rapid increase in international trade in Turkey after 2000.As international trade increases,goods produced w...This study examines how increasing international trade affects the skill wage gap in Turkey.There has been a rapid increase in international trade in Turkey after 2000.As international trade increases,goods produced with higher technologies have a higher share in overall exported products.All these developments raise a question:how does the improvement of technology levels in the Turkish manufacturing industry,together with the increasing demand for skilled workers,change the skill wage gap?To explore this issue,this study utilises the Structure of Earnings Survey Data by the Turkish Statistical Institute.To have more robust results,the quantile regression model is applied to estimate the skill wage gap.One of the most prominent findings of this study is a continuous increase in the skill wage gap even though specific information about firms and workers is controlled.展开更多
Information and communication technology promotes the rapid development of fintech,which has a far-reaching impact on wage distribution in China.Using data from the Chinese General Social Survey and the Index of Digit...Information and communication technology promotes the rapid development of fintech,which has a far-reaching impact on wage distribution in China.Using data from the Chinese General Social Survey and the Index of Digital Financial Inclusion,this study examines the impact of fin tech on the gender wage gap.We find that fin tech(i)narrows the gender wage gap;(ii)reduces capital constraints and operating costs,thereby promoting female entrepreneurship,driving more women into employment,and enabling women to increase their wages and bargaining power within the household;and(iii)positively impacts the wages of women(and men)who have lower family economic status,and helps women(but not men)counter the risk of decline in wages caused by childbearing and caring under the two-child policy.These findings have important policy implications and provide evidence of women s improving economic conditions leading to a reduced gender wage gap.展开更多
This paper explores the labour market segmentation by ownership type and its impact on the gender wage gap in urban China.Using the latest data of the China Household Income Project(CHIP)survey conducted in 2014(CHIP2...This paper explores the labour market segmentation by ownership type and its impact on the gender wage gap in urban China.Using the latest data of the China Household Income Project(CHIP)survey conducted in 2014(CHIP2013)and based on the Brown et al.model,I employ the decomposition analysis in this study.It is found that although both inter-sector differentials and intra-sector differentials affect the gender wage gap,the effect of intra-sector differentials is greater.In addition,in considering the effect of intra-sector differentials,the influence of unexplained differentials is greater than that of explained differentials.The results indicate that when other factors are held constantly,discrimination against female workers in a given sector is more serious,which is the main factor that causes the gender wage gap in urban China.展开更多
This paper aims at explaining the gender wage gap in the labor market from the perspective of leisure participation patterns between men and women.The traditional view is that time and effort spent in child-bearing ac...This paper aims at explaining the gender wage gap in the labor market from the perspective of leisure participation patterns between men and women.The traditional view is that time and effort spent in child-bearing activities are major sources of gender wage gap.Women,particularly in Chinese society are the major career of children and share a large portion of housework,thus,lacking time for the accumulation of human capital.This directly affects women’s employment status in the labor market as well as wages gaps with men.This study empirically examines the within-job wage differences between men and women in the same occupation and establishment in relationship to their leisure participation patterns.Data were collected via Time Diary Survey from“blue-collar”employees of a Chinese factory,producing parts for cars.The results showed that differences of time allocation in social time and passive leisure time between men and women contribute to gender wage gap.The study also uncovered the hidden gender discrimination in a male-dominated society.This study calls for institutional arrangements by the Chinese government to acknowledge women’s need and rights in workplace.展开更多
Anyone who follows China affairs will know that the country has embarked on a path toward building a harmonious society. To help clarify the concept of a harmonious society, the Central Committee of the Communist Part...Anyone who follows China affairs will know that the country has embarked on a path toward building a harmonious society. To help clarify the concept of a harmonious society, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) has issued the Resolutions on Major Issues Regarding the Building of a Harmonious Socialist Society after a plenary session in October, as a guide to the process. Below we have two commentaries by Ji Li, a commentator with Study Times and Professor Gu Yumin from the Marxism School of Fudan University, on the “Resolutions” document—one from the perspective of people’s rights and interests and the other involving narrowing the income gap. The excerpts first appeared in the Study Times and Wen Hui Bao, respectively.展开更多
It is generally believed in existing literature that China's minimum wage is too low and must be raised substantially. Such a view is highly misleading given the inconsistent statistical standards for minimum and ...It is generally believed in existing literature that China's minimum wage is too low and must be raised substantially. Such a view is highly misleading given the inconsistent statistical standards for minimum and average wages. In order to ensure comparability, this paper has adjusted the statistical scope for minimum and average wages respectively. If employees of urban private and self-employed businesses are included in calculating the average wage, the minimum-to-average wage ratio will increase by about 0.06; if the minimum wage standards of various localities include personal contributions to social insurance and the housing fund, the minimum-to-average wage ratio will increase by 0.008; if overtime pay is deducted from the average wage, the minimum-to-average wage ratio will further increase by around 0.06.In addition, if the median wage is used in place of the average wage, the minimum-to-average wage ratio will increase by at least 0.08. After these adjustments, China's minimum-to-average wage ratio for 2013 will increase from 0.28 to 0.49, which is within the range of between 0.40 and 0.60 that is recognized internationally as reasonable. Our analysis suggests that as far as the immediate interests of workers are concerned, it is more imperative to unify the statistical approaches for minimum and average wages in China than to raise the minimum wage standard. In order to achieve the expected effect, simply raising the minimum wage alone is not enough. What is also necessary is to enhance supervision and inspection on compliance by firms with the minimum wage policy, particularly the overtime pay regulations. An alternative is to replace monthly minimum wage with hourly minimum wage.展开更多
文摘This study examines how increasing international trade affects the skill wage gap in Turkey.There has been a rapid increase in international trade in Turkey after 2000.As international trade increases,goods produced with higher technologies have a higher share in overall exported products.All these developments raise a question:how does the improvement of technology levels in the Turkish manufacturing industry,together with the increasing demand for skilled workers,change the skill wage gap?To explore this issue,this study utilises the Structure of Earnings Survey Data by the Turkish Statistical Institute.To have more robust results,the quantile regression model is applied to estimate the skill wage gap.One of the most prominent findings of this study is a continuous increase in the skill wage gap even though specific information about firms and workers is controlled.
基金This work is supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universitiesthe Research Funds of Renmin University of China(No.21XNH075).
文摘Information and communication technology promotes the rapid development of fintech,which has a far-reaching impact on wage distribution in China.Using data from the Chinese General Social Survey and the Index of Digital Financial Inclusion,this study examines the impact of fin tech on the gender wage gap.We find that fin tech(i)narrows the gender wage gap;(ii)reduces capital constraints and operating costs,thereby promoting female entrepreneurship,driving more women into employment,and enabling women to increase their wages and bargaining power within the household;and(iii)positively impacts the wages of women(and men)who have lower family economic status,and helps women(but not men)counter the risk of decline in wages caused by childbearing and caring under the two-child policy.These findings have important policy implications and provide evidence of women s improving economic conditions leading to a reduced gender wage gap.
基金This research is supported by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science(JSPS)KAKENHI(Grand Number JP16K03611)the project fund of Joint Usage and Research Center,Institute of Economic Research,Hitotsubashi University。
文摘This paper explores the labour market segmentation by ownership type and its impact on the gender wage gap in urban China.Using the latest data of the China Household Income Project(CHIP)survey conducted in 2014(CHIP2013)and based on the Brown et al.model,I employ the decomposition analysis in this study.It is found that although both inter-sector differentials and intra-sector differentials affect the gender wage gap,the effect of intra-sector differentials is greater.In addition,in considering the effect of intra-sector differentials,the influence of unexplained differentials is greater than that of explained differentials.The results indicate that when other factors are held constantly,discrimination against female workers in a given sector is more serious,which is the main factor that causes the gender wage gap in urban China.
文摘This paper aims at explaining the gender wage gap in the labor market from the perspective of leisure participation patterns between men and women.The traditional view is that time and effort spent in child-bearing activities are major sources of gender wage gap.Women,particularly in Chinese society are the major career of children and share a large portion of housework,thus,lacking time for the accumulation of human capital.This directly affects women’s employment status in the labor market as well as wages gaps with men.This study empirically examines the within-job wage differences between men and women in the same occupation and establishment in relationship to their leisure participation patterns.Data were collected via Time Diary Survey from“blue-collar”employees of a Chinese factory,producing parts for cars.The results showed that differences of time allocation in social time and passive leisure time between men and women contribute to gender wage gap.The study also uncovered the hidden gender discrimination in a male-dominated society.This study calls for institutional arrangements by the Chinese government to acknowledge women’s need and rights in workplace.
文摘Anyone who follows China affairs will know that the country has embarked on a path toward building a harmonious society. To help clarify the concept of a harmonious society, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) has issued the Resolutions on Major Issues Regarding the Building of a Harmonious Socialist Society after a plenary session in October, as a guide to the process. Below we have two commentaries by Ji Li, a commentator with Study Times and Professor Gu Yumin from the Marxism School of Fudan University, on the “Resolutions” document—one from the perspective of people’s rights and interests and the other involving narrowing the income gap. The excerpts first appeared in the Study Times and Wen Hui Bao, respectively.
基金This research was funded by the Ford Foundation and the Chinese National Social Science Foundation major national project for 2006, ＂Reform of the Income Distribution System and Social Equality＂ （headed by Li Shi）, the 2009 major project ＂Research on the Adjustment of National Income Distribution and the Structure of Fiscal Expenditure＂ （headed by Cong Shuhai）, and the key project of the National Natural Science Foundation ＂Integration of Labor Markets in Urban and Rural China＂ （headed by Yao Xianguo）. We extend our gratitude to those concerned.
基金the Youth Program of the National Philosophical and Social Sciences Foundation "An Empirical Study on the Employment Effect and Income Distribution Effect of Minimum Wage Regulations"(Grant No.12CJY018)sponsored by the major programs of philosophical and social sciences research under the Ministry of Education "A Study on Raising the Ratio of Household Income to National Income"+1 种基金the International Development Research Center(IDRC)of Canadathe Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)
文摘It is generally believed in existing literature that China's minimum wage is too low and must be raised substantially. Such a view is highly misleading given the inconsistent statistical standards for minimum and average wages. In order to ensure comparability, this paper has adjusted the statistical scope for minimum and average wages respectively. If employees of urban private and self-employed businesses are included in calculating the average wage, the minimum-to-average wage ratio will increase by about 0.06; if the minimum wage standards of various localities include personal contributions to social insurance and the housing fund, the minimum-to-average wage ratio will increase by 0.008; if overtime pay is deducted from the average wage, the minimum-to-average wage ratio will further increase by around 0.06.In addition, if the median wage is used in place of the average wage, the minimum-to-average wage ratio will increase by at least 0.08. After these adjustments, China's minimum-to-average wage ratio for 2013 will increase from 0.28 to 0.49, which is within the range of between 0.40 and 0.60 that is recognized internationally as reasonable. Our analysis suggests that as far as the immediate interests of workers are concerned, it is more imperative to unify the statistical approaches for minimum and average wages in China than to raise the minimum wage standard. In order to achieve the expected effect, simply raising the minimum wage alone is not enough. What is also necessary is to enhance supervision and inspection on compliance by firms with the minimum wage policy, particularly the overtime pay regulations. An alternative is to replace monthly minimum wage with hourly minimum wage.
