The walking distance decay law of amenity selection based on binary logistic model

The current measuring methods of walkability,such as the walk score,consider that walking distance decay laws for all amenities are the same,which is not applicable to typical communities in China with plentiful resources.Therefore,the walking distance decay laws of multi-type and multi-scale facilities are studied.Firstly,based on the residents'amenity selection survey,the walking distance decay law of residents'choice of amenity was studied from three aspects,including the law of all amenities,the laws of different types of amenities and the laws of different scales of amenities.It was proved that the walking distance decay laws of different kinds of amenities showed a significant difference.Secondly,different amenities'acceptable walking distance and optimum walking distance were obtained according to previous studies and the decay curve.Amenities with higher attraction and/or a larger scale showed a longer acceptable walking distance and optimum walking distance.Finally,the binary logistic model was used to describe the relationships between walking distance,amenity type,amenity scale and the probability of one amenity being selected,the prediction accuracy of which reached 80.4%.The calculated probability obtained from the model can be used as the decay coefficient of amenities in the measurement of walkability,providing a reference for the site selection and evaluation of amenities.

Walking Access Distance of Metro Passengers and Relationship with Demographic Characteristics: A Case Study of Nanjing Metro

In the metropolises of China, the metro plays an increasingly important role in commuting because of its efficiency, affordability, and cleanliness. This paper attempts to explore the relationship between walking access distance to metro stations and the demographic characteristics of passengers, such as age, monthly income, travel frequency, gender, and travel purpose, as well as the influence of the urban context. Nanjing Metro Line 2 is selected as the case study. By using different methods such as a questionnaire survey, spatial decay function, analysis of covariance(ANOVA), network analysis of routes, and K-means cluster analysis, it is suggested that demographic characteristics have a significant impact on the pedestrian walking distance, with the exception of gender. Furthermore, the paper finds a spatial decay effect in walking access distance, the decay rate of which, however, varies across stations. Terminal stations have a larger pedestrian catchment area than in regular and exchange stations. Moreover, the passengers of Nanjing Metro Line 2 can be classified into six groups according to their demographic characteristics, among which education and occupation are vital indicators in determining their willingness to walk to the stations. Middle-class passengers have a higher dependence on the metro and tend to walk longer than other groups do. This study provides an important reference for planners and transport sectors to optimize land-use and transport infrastructures.

Comparative Study on the Efficacy of Tiotropium Bromide Inhalation and Oral Doxofylline Treatment of Moderate to Severe Stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

This study compared the efficacy and safety of tiotropium bromide inhalation powder （spiriva） and doxofylline oral tablet （doxofylline） in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD）. A multi-center, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, parallel-controlled study involved 127 eligible stable moderate to severe COPD patients treated with inhaled tiotropium dry powder （18 μg/day） or oral doxofylline tablets （0.2 g/time, 2 times a day） for 12 and 24 weeks. Before and after treatment for 12 weeks and 24 weeks, respectively, pulmonary function, 6-min walking distance and dyspnea index were recorded. The results showed that in both tiotropium group and doxofylline groups, after 12-week treatment, FEV1, FEV1/FVC% and 6-min walk distance were sig-nificantly higher than those before the medication, while dyspnea index decreased as compared with that before treatment. After 24-week treatment, a slight improvement in the measures was observed as compared with that of 12-weeks treatment, but the difference was not statistically significant. With both 12-week and 24-week treatment, the effect of tiotropium was slightly better than that of doxofylline tablets, with the difference being statistically insignificant. The major adverse events in the tiotropium group and doxofylline group were observed in 9 cases （9.9%） and 12 cases （12.9%）, respectively, and no statistically significant difference was found between them. We are led to conclude that both tiotropium at 18 μg a day and doxofylline tablets at 0.2 g/day （two times a day） are effective and safe for the treatment of COPD.

In Accordance with Governmental Recommendations--A Study of Golf and Health

Norwegian authorities recommend that adults and elderly people be physically active for at least 30 min every day at moderate to high levels of intensity. This is equivalent to approximately 10,000 steps a day. This research study seeks to determine whether golf is beneficial to individual health as defined by the governmental recommendations. The study included 29 participants, whose heart rate, playing time, and walked distance were measured as they carried a GPS （global position system） receiver. Male players walked on average 11,256 ＋ 830 m while female players walked on average 10,000 ~ 595 m. Thus, men tended to walk 1.98 times the course length while women walked 2.13 times the course length. The duration of the golf round averaged 269 ~ 25.4 rain （i.e., 4 h 29 min）; for men, the mean duration was 271 rain, and for women, it was 267 rain. The average heart rate was 104.1 ~ 14.5 bpm for male players and 110.8 ~ 16.9 bpm for the female players. Based on the energy expenditure in kcal on the golf course, male players used 2,467 kcal on average while female players used 1,587 kcal on average during a round of golf. Comparing the hilliness of two different golf courses, it indicated that golf playing could be a form of interval training. Our results strongly indicate that golf is beneficial to health as defined in the governmental recommendations.

Long-term Efficacy of Pulmonary Artery Desnervation Treatment in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction:A Subgroup Analysis of 3-year Results From the PADN-5 Study

Objective:The Pulmonary Arterial Denervation in Patients With Pulmonary Hypertension Associated With the Left Heart Failure(PADN-5)study proved that pulmonary artery denervation(PADN)is associated with significant improvements in hemodynamic and clinical outcomes in patients with combined pre-and post-capillary pulmonary hypertension(CpcPH).This study aimed to assess the 3-year clinical results of PADN in patients who had heart failure with preserved ejection fraction(HFpEF)developing into CpcPH(HFpEF-CpcPH).Methods:In this post hoc analysis of the PADN-5 trial,38 patients with HFpEF were included in screening out of 98 patients with CpcPH who were randomly assigned to treatment with sildenafil and sham PADN(sham PADN(plus sildenafil)group,abbreviated as sham group)or PADN(PADN group).HFpEF in the PADN-5 trial was defined as a left ventricular ejection fraction≥50%,and CpcPH was defined as a mean pulmonary arterial pressure≥25 mmHg,a pulmonary arterial wedge pressure>15 mmHg,and a pulmonary vascular resistance>3.0 WU.The changes in the 6-minute walk distance(6-MWD)and the plasma concentration of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide(NT-proBNP)at 6-month and 3-year follow-up,as well as the clinical endpoint of the occurrence of clinical worsening,defined as cardiopulmonary-related death,rehospitalization,or heart or lung transplantation at 3-year follow-up were examined.Results:Thirty-eight patients with HFpEF-CpcPH were assigned to the PADN group(n=19)or the sham group(n=19).At the 6-month follow-up,6-MWD(433(275,580)m vs.342(161,552)m),and reductions in NT-proBNP(−47%(−99%,331%)vs.−12%(−82%,54%))were significantly improved in the PADN group(all P<0.05).Over the 3-year follow-up period,PADN treatment resulted in marked increases in 6-MWD(450(186,510)m vs.348(135,435)m)and reductions in NT-proBNP(−55%(−99%,38%)vs.−10%(−80%,95%))(all P<0.05).Clinical worsening was experienced by 12 patients(63%)in the sham group,but by only 5 patients(26%)in the PADN group(hazard ratio=0.149,95%confidence interval:0.038–0.584,P=0.006).The 6-MWD and PADN treatments were independent predictors of clinical deterioration in patients with HFpEF-CpcPH.Conclusions:PADN therapy is associated with improvements in exercise capacity and clinical outcomes.PADN therapy may have a potential role in patients with HFpEF-CpcPH for whom current treatment options are limited.