A Study on the Performances of Solar Air Collectors Having a Hemispherical Dimple on the Absorber Plate

In order to increase the efficiency of solar air collectors,a new variant with a protrusion is proposed in this study,and its performances are analyzed from two points of view,namely,in terms of optics and thermodynamics aspects.By comparing and analyzing the light paths of the protrusion and the dimple,it can be concluded that when sunlight shines on the dimple,it is reflected and absorbed multiple times,whereas for the sunlight shining on the protrusion,there is no secondary reflection or absorption of light.When the lighting area and the properties of the surfaces are the same,the absorption rate of the dimple is 10.3 percentage points higher than that of the protrusion.In the range of Reynolds number from 3000 to 11000,numerical simulations about the effects of the relative height(e/Dh=0.033–0.1)and relative spacing(p/e=4.5–8.5)of protrusions on air heat transfer and flow resistance show that,in terms of comprehensive evaluation coefficient(PF),the best relative height is 0.085,when the relative spacing is 5.A correlation of Nu and f with Re,e/Dh and p/e is obtained by linear regression of the results,in order to provide a useful reference for the design and optimization of this kind of solar air collector.

An Experimental and Numerical Thermal Flow Analysis in a Solar Air Collector with Different Delta Wing Height Ratios

This study conducts both numerical and empirical assessments of thermal transfer and fluid flow characteristics in a Solar Air Collector(SAC)using a Delta Wing Vortex Generator(DWVG),and the effects of different height ratios(Rh=0.6,0.8,1,1.2 and 1.4)in delta wing vortex generators,which were not considered in the earlier studies,are investigated.Energy and exergy analyses are performed to gain maximum efficiency.The Reynolds number based on the outlet velocity and hydraulic diameter falls between 4400 and 22000,corresponding to the volume flow rate of 5.21–26.07 m^(3)/h.It is observed that the delta wing vortex generators with a higher height ratio yield maximum heat transfer enhancement and overall enhancement ratio.The empirical and numerical findings demonstrate that the exergy and thermal efficiencies decline in a specific range.TheNusselt number,pressure drop,energy,and exergy efficiencies enhance with rising Reynolds number,although the friction coefficient diminishes.The maximum heat transfer enhancement is 57%.According to the evaluation of exergy efficiency,the greatest efficiency of 31.2%is obtained at Rh=1.4 and Reynolds number 22000.

Theoretical and Experimental Study of a Double Air-Pass Solar Thermal Collector with an Insulating Rod of Millet

In this article, we present the study of a double-pass air insulated by crushed millet stem mixed with gum arabic. The study is carried out based on mathematical models obtained by writing energy conservation laws in the various components of the system, which made it possible to determine the evolution of the air temperature as a function of the length of the absorber and to make a comparison with the experimental results. After comparing the results obtained with those found in the literature, the influence of some physical and geometrical parameters on the performance of the solar thermal collector is presented.

Using the Taguchi Method and Grey Relational Analysis to Optimize the Performance of a Solar Air Heater

Solar energy is regarded as one of the promising renewable energy sources in the world.The main aim of this study is to use the Taguchi-Grey relational grade analysis to optimize the performance of two Solar Air Heaters(SAHs).A typical Grey–Taguchi method was applied.The Orthogonal Array,Signal-to-Noise ratio,Grey Relational Grade,and Analysis of Variance were employed to investigate the performance characteristics of SAH.Experimental observations were made in agreement with Jordanian climate 32°00′N latitude and 36°00′E longitude with a solar intensity of 500 W\m^(2).The operating factors selected for optimization are the tilt angle(T)with three levels(0°,22°,45°),inlet velocity(V)with two levels(1.2,1.8 m/s),and absorber plate material(M)with two levels(Aluminum,wood).In this study,the Grey–Taguchi approach is validated by performing 12 individual experiments.The results show that the process factors sequence required for a maximum SAH efficiency(SAHµ)is V>T>M.Using this approach,we combined the Orthogonal Array design with Grey Relational Analysis.As a result of that,the level of each operating conditions which optimizes both process responses(Temperature difference,ΔT and Solar air heater efficiency,SAHµ)can be specified with a minimum number of tests compared with classic Grey Relational Analysis.The optimal operating conditions of a SAH for multiple performance characteristics are determined as T2,M2,and V2,respectively,which are in congruence with the experimental results.

Modelling, Transient Simulation and Economic Analysis of Solar Thermal Based Air Conditioning System in Gujarat

Commercial building sector accounts for 8% of the total electricity consumption in India. Cooling activities (HVAC) in commercial buildings consume 55% of the total energy utilized. Consequently, CO2 emissions from conventional buildings in India were estimated to be 98 metric tonnes of CO2 per million ft2 in 2014. Solar thermal air conditioning can be the solution to these demands and can contribute to about 15% to 20% of India’s total oil consumption thereby reducing the dependence on fossil fuels. Hence, the main objective of the work is to model and simulate a solar absorption cooling system for GERMI office building located in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India, using the transient simulation software ‘TRNSYS’. Cooling load estimation and comfort conditions required for the building were determined based on ASHRAE standards. Evacuated tube collectors were selected because of its market availability, ease of manufacturing and proven technology. Single effect absorption chiller was used because of its commercial availability. The effects of storage tank volume, collector area and collector slope were also investigated for parametric optimization. The results of the simulation and parametric analysis are analyzed and presented in the paper.

Exhaust Ventilation through a Solar Chimney： A Response to High Hermeticity in Welfare Housing

This research reports on potentiality in the solar chimney as an exhaust ventilation device through a hypothetical statement that convenient weather conditions exist on sub-humid warm climate to enhance the performance ofa SC （solar chimney）, in order to increase ventilation to dissipate metabolic heat from inhabitants of airtight buildings. The methodology used in this research integrates the use of simplified mathematical models that predict in a semi-empirical way a potential volume flow through estimation of kinetic power generation, by natural circulation and stack effect in a typical covered-plate air solar collector. The study was carried out during the warm month of April, an important warm season for Colima, where the prevailing wind is about 6.8 m/s, the average temperature of maximums and minimums oscillates between 15.4℃and 34.4 ℃ with average relative humidity of 65% according to national weather service. A scale model of the SC was installed on environmental chambers. The results showed that this device is capable of generating ventilation conditions around light breeze parameters near between 0.6 m/s and 1.5 m/s width, a better performance at day in 45% approximately than the night values, making ventilation rates up 0.24 ACH （air changes per hour） as average air change rate.

计及AA-CAES与PTC集成的综合能源系统运行优化与性能分析

为进一步发挥综合能源系统的多能互补优势,提出一种计及先进绝热压缩空气储能(AA-CAES)与槽式太阳能集热器(PTC)集成的综合能源系统(IES-PTC-CAES)优化运行策略。首先,对AA-CAES、PTC以及系统中其他设备进行分析并建立相应模型;进而以经济性、环保性和能效性为优化目标,以设备运行的关键参数为优化变量,基于分时电价建立了协同优化策略,并通过K-means算法将模拟出的典型年负荷聚类为典型日负荷;最终,使用并行式的遗传算法对系统进行寻优,得到不同目标下IES-PTC-CAES的最优运行策略。结果表明:与参考系统相比,IES-PTC-CAES系统经济目标下总成本降低了14.61万元,环保目标下二氧化碳排放量减少了6194.38 kg。

Steel-Tinplate as a Solar Wall Panel and Its Effectiveness

The aim of the research was to investigate black colored steel-tinplate use for absorber and covering material of the collector and compare the efficiency of three types of air heating collectors. This heated air can be exploited for drying of agricultural products, room ventilation and room heating etc. 0.1 × 0.5 × 1.0 meter long FPC （fiat-plate collector） with a sun following platform was built. Air velocity at the experiments was v = 0.9 m/s. Collectors of insulated and un-insulated surfaces with steel-tinplate absorber as a covering material warmed the ambient air up to 10-12 and 5-6 degrees correspondingly （at irradiance 800 W/m^2）. This difference indicates the great importance of insulating the collector body. It can be explained with intense heat exchange between the absorber and ambient air which reduces the efficiency of the collector. There was good correlation with irradiance and the air heating degree. The investigations showed that more effective FPC had the collector with absorber tinplate in the middle of the collector body. At favorable weather conditions the heating degree of the ambient air at the outlet reaches 6-8 degrees more that at the outlet of the insulated collector covered by steel-tinplate.

考虑多热源协同互补的含先进绝热压缩空气储能系统容量配置方法

先进绝热压缩空气储能(advanced adiabatic compressed air energy storage,AA-CAES)具备天然的热电联供特性,能够有效缓解供热期出现的弃风问题。若能在规划阶段充分考虑运行需求,进而合理地配置储能容量,则能够在解决弃风问题的前提下,最大程度对燃煤机组进行清洁替代。为此,该文提出了多热源协同互补的AA-CAES系统容量配置模型。首先本模型在能量输入端引入电锅炉预热压缩机入口空气,以增大压缩机输气系数并提高机组产热量;其次在扩展热源端,通过太阳能反射镜场收集光热,以提高系统储热水平;并在计及储能系统各模块实际运行效率约束之余,以运行总成本最小为目标,计算储能容量配置最优解。再次,分析供热时长及环境温度等因素对投资成本回收年限的影响,并计算不同情况下本模型投资成本的回收年限,得出建设本模型可盈利的硬性条件;最后,基于东北某地区供热期及非供热期典型日负荷及气象数据在IEEE-39节点系统完成算例分析,验证所提模型有效性。

太阳能吸收式制冷系统及其蓄能技术研究

在分析国内外现有太阳能吸收式制冷系统的基础上,从太阳能集热器、蓄能形式、辅助热源、吸收式冷水机组以及太阳能集热器与吸收式冷水机组的匹配等方面详细阐述太阳能吸收式制冷系统及其蓄能技术的发展现状,并对太阳能制冷空调系统的控制策略、优化分析及理论研究进行总结,最后指出太阳能吸收式制冷系统及其蓄能技术的发展方向。

考虑灵活运行模式的太阳能集成液化空气储能系统性能研究

针对目前液化空气储能系统往返效率偏低的问题,提出了操作更加灵活的新型耦合太阳能热的液化空气储能系统。该系统放电过程配备了串联双级空气加热器,可在提高往返效率的同时允许系统在低太阳辐照情况下以传统方式运行。对新系统进行了主要参数敏感性分析和[火用]分析,结果表明:在允许范围内,液化温度越低,充电压力越低,放电压力越高,系统往返效率越高;系统最优往返效率可达72.4%,太阳辐射不足时系统仍能以53.6%的往返效率运行;系统[火用]效率为38.0%,其中太阳能集热场的[火用]损最大,占总[火用]损的52.4%,其次是节流阀与热电发电机;在换热器中,冷箱和蒸发器[火用]损较大。

交叉V型吸热板-底板太阳能空气集热器热性能的数值模拟

应用太阳载荷模型,利用FLUENT软件对九个交叉V型吸热板-底板太阳能空气集热器进行了数值模拟,得到集热器的热效率、出口温度、热损和吸热板温度,并对其进行了对比分析,发现集热器的热效率随着空气流道高度的增大而减小,热损失、吸热板温度和出口温度随着空气流道高度的增大而增大,最大效率为34.60%,最高出口温度为355.13 K.

用于农宅供暖的三角形太阳能空气集热器集热性能研究

用于农宅供暖的太阳能空气集热器均为平板型,通常安装于农宅南墙外侧,但农宅南墙除了门窗外,可用于安装集热器的面积有限,所以集热量也有限。为此,设计一种可安装在南、东、西墙的新型三角形太阳能集热器,以提高对太阳能资源的利用率。基于有限体积-能量法,建立了集热器的光学模型;联合光学模型,构建集热器的动态传热模型,并通过实验验证了模型的准确性;分析了集热器安装在农宅南、东、西墙的集热性能,并与传统贴墙安装平板太阳能空气集热器以及倾斜安装平板太阳能空气集热器进行了对比。结果发现,集热器安装在农宅东墙和西墙的集热量约为安装在南墙的60%和80%;三角形太阳能空气集热器安装在南墙的供暖季集热量比贴墙安装平板太阳能空气集热器高33.5%,比倾斜安装平板太阳能空气集热器高15.0%。

Thermal performance of solar air collector with transparent honeycomb made of glass tube

Transparent honeycomb structure with thin-walled glass tube as the honeycomb unit is designed and applied to a flat-plate solar air collector. Experiments are performed for solar collectors with six different honeycomb sizes. The emphasis is to study the effects of diameter and aspect ratio of the honeycomb unit on the transmittance and efficiency of the solar collector. It is shown that for the same diameter but different aspect ratios, there are large temperature differences between the collector’s exits; the smaller the aspect ratio, the larger the exit temperature, with a maximum difference of 10°C; for the same aspect ratio but different diameters, the temperature differences are small; the maximum temperature difference between the collectors with and without honeycombs is 12°C. A theoretical expression for the honeycomb transmittance is derived with a simplified method. The result shows that the honeycomb transmittance is only related with the aspect ratio and the materials’ optical properties but not the actual size of the honeycomb.

青海西宁地区太阳能耦合多热源热泵干燥系统性能模拟与优化研究

为进一步提高太阳能利用率,基于太阳能耦合空气源热泵(SASHP)干燥系统,提出太阳能耦合多热源热泵(SMSHP)干燥系统,利用TRSNYS仿真软件搭建SMSHP干燥系统的仿真模型,并对比分析空气源热泵(ASHP)干燥系统、SASHP干燥系统、SMSHP干燥系统在青海西宁地区秋季干燥75 kg枸杞的系统性能以及SASHP干燥系统与SMSHP干燥系统水箱供热保证率,同时对SMSHP干燥系统的部件参数的交互影响进行分析,并利用粒子群优化算法对SMSHP干燥系统生命周期成本进行优化。研究表明:秋季典型日SMSHP干燥系统相较于ASHP、SASHP干燥系统的性能分别提升67.19%、21.35%,能耗分别降低32.02%、10%;部件参数对SMSHP系统影响的先后顺序为太阳能集热器面积-水箱体积-热泵功率-集热器倾角,优化过程中要考虑集热器面积与水箱体积、集热器面积与热泵功率的匹配度;优化后系统集热器面积为26.7 m^(2)、水箱体积为1.97 m^(3)、集热器倾角为43.2°、热泵功率为8.75kW,集热器面积与水箱体积的最佳比值为73L/m^(2),集热器面积与热泵功率的最佳比值为0.33kW/m^(2),优化后系统的安装与单次干燥运行成本分别降低了约16.09%、6.56%;与SASHP干燥系统相比,优化后系统的安装与单次干燥运行成本分别降低了约13.31%、12.91%。

双重吸热太阳能空气集热器集热性能实验研究

为提升太阳能空气集热器的集热性能,在传统集热器的基础上填加吸热材料,创建双重吸热式空气集热器,并通过实验进行了对比分析.结果表明:双重吸热式集热器在进出口温差和集热效率方面比传统型集热器有所提升,同时填加的吸热材料设置于集热板下部时,具有较优的集热效果.

吨水耗电量在太阳能空气源热泵热水系统的应用

随着建设绿色低碳校园的理念提出,太阳能空气源热泵技术在高校得到了广泛应用。为了更好地分析和评价太阳能空气源热泵热水系统的节能降碳效果,以某高校宿舍楼为研究对象,设计了并联式太阳能空气源热泵(SC-ASHP)热水系统,分析了该系统的年实际运行情况,并与单一热泵(ASHP)热水系统的运行情况进行了对比研究。结果表明:该高校宿舍楼典型用水高峰期在18:00-22:00时,这有利于并联式太阳能空气源热泵热水系统在白天利用太阳能加热水箱,剩余不足部分由热泵进行补热。吨水耗电量可作为评价该热水系统运行效果的关键参数,并联式太阳能空气源热泵热水系统吨水耗电量y随环境温度T_a升高在逐渐降低,随进水温度T_(in)升高先减小后增大。在T_a和T_(in)都是11.5℃时,系统吨水耗电量达到最小值,这是因为当T_(in)>11.5℃时,不利于热泵凝汽器放热,热泵效率降低,热水系统吨水耗电量随之增大。并联式太阳能空气源热泵热水系统吨水耗电量整体低于单一热泵热水系统,其中热泵对系统吨水耗电量的影响最大。并联式太阳能空气源热泵热水系统比单一热泵热水系统年平均节省电量为4.18万kW·h,年平均降低CO_(2)间接排放量为41.67 tCO_(2),具有明显的节能降碳效果。

Theoretical and experimental research on effect of fins attachment on operating parameters and thermal efficiency of solar air collector

Flat plate air collector is a type of heat exchanger which absorbs radiated solar energy and exchanges it to heat.According to low efficiency of this type of collectors,a suitable approach is investigated in this paper so as to increase thermal performance of the system.Thermal efficiency of solar collector for two models C1(without fins)and C2(with fins)both of 1 m^2 surface area with forced convection flow is studied theoretically and experimentally.Rectangular fins are attached over back board in air channel to create turbulence in air flow.In order to measure air temperature,17 thermal sensors(LM35)are exploited,among which 11 were mounted on absorber plate and the remaining 6 on the back board.Physical design of experimental model are performed in Solidwork and programming of theoretical work in Matlab software.In this research,a fan with constant mass flow rate of 0.033 kg/s is utilized for producing air flow.Results indicate that applying fins in air channel not only reduces Nusselt number from 19.67 to 16.23,but also due to decreasing hydraulic diameter and creating air flow turbulence,causes increase of heat transfer coefficient from absorber plate to air flow and consequently reduction of total heat loss and higher outlet air temperatures.Average difference of outlet air temperature between experimental and theoretical results for both collectors(C1 and C2)was recorded respectively as 7.6% and 9.4%.Thermal efficiency was respectively calculated 30% and 51% for experimental types with and without fins and 33% and 55% for those of theoretical work which generally seem reasonable.

主动式太阳能集热/土壤蓄热塑料大棚增温系统及效果

试验研究了一套主动式太阳能塑料大棚增温系统。它以空气为载热介质,土壤为蓄热介质,白天利用太阳能空气集热器加热空气,由风机把热空气抽入地下,通过地下管道与土壤的热交换,将热量传给土壤储存。夜间热量缓慢上升至地表,从而使土壤保持恒温。经过连续4d的加温试验得出:与利用自然辐照的对比温室相比,主动式太阳能塑料大棚的夜间气温平均升高3.8℃,地温平均升高2.3℃,系统蓄热量可达228.9～319.1MJ。试验结果证明,这种结合太阳能空气集热器和土壤蓄热的塑料大棚增温系统,能有效地提高棚内的气温和地温,具有良好的发展前景。

渗透型太阳能空气集热器集热效率研究

将CFD模拟引入太阳能空气集热器设计研究领域,对渗透型太阳能空气集热器(UTC)的工作特性进行了模拟分析,并与传统空气集热器进行了比较。在数值模拟的基础上,制作了几种实验模型并进行了实验研究,对其送风温度和热效率进行了测试。通过模拟和模型实验,说明了UTC在新风预热领域中无可比拟的优势,显示了CFD工具在空气集热器研究领域中的优势。