Effect of soil cohesion and friction angles on reverse faults

Severe faults have caused many earthquakes around the world throughout history.More recently,earthquakes have occurred in Taiwan,China(Chi-Chi fault),and elsewhere,causing loss of lives and destroying many buildings and structures.These tectonic movements have gained attention from engineers,and in the past 15 years,the focus has been on faulting mechanisms.In this study,a physical model(1 g)was fabricated and used to evaluate the impact of a reverse fault in a field with a tunnel.In the 1 g model,researchers installed additional gauges on the tunnel,so that all the displacements could be adjusted,and all the responses could be monitored during faulting.An experimental study of various soil properties(cohesion and friction angles)in reverse faults on the tunnel lining were carried out and are described herein.A comparison of results for different levels of soil cohesion revealed that it can dramatically reduce the displacement by as much as 40%,and that friction angles of 27ºcan record approximately 60%more displacements than at 37º.Furthermore,a comparison of fault angles of 30ºand 60ºindicates that the displacements can be different by more than 43%in cohesionless soil and about 64%for a friction angle of 27º.

The measure of friction angles for different types of granular material

The aim of this research is to deepen the knowledge of the role of friction on the dynamics of granular media; in particular the friction angle is taken into consideration as the physical parameter that drives stability, motion and deposition of a set of grains of any nature and size. The idea behind this work is a question: is the friction angle really that fundamental and obvious physical parameter which rules stability and motion of granular media as it seems from most works which deal with particle dynamics? The experimental study tries to answer this question with a series of laboratory tests, in which different natural and artificial granular materials have been investigated in dry condition by means of a tilting flume. The characteristic friction angles, both in deposition(repose) and stability limit(critical) conditions, were measured and checked against size, shape, density and roughness of the considered granular material. The flume tests have been preferred to "classical" geotechnical apparatuses(e.g. shear box) since the flume experimental conditions appear closer to the natural ones of many situations of slope stability interest(e.g. a scree slope). The results reveal that characteristic friction angles depend on size and shape of grains while mixtures of granules of different size show some sorting mechanism with less clear behaviour.

Effects of pin angle and preheating on temperature distribution during friction stir welding operation

Friction stir welding （FSW） is applied extensively in industry for joining of nonferrous metals especially aluminum. A three-dimensional model based on finite element analysis was used to study the thermal characteristic of copper C I 1000 during the FSW process. The model incorporates the mechanical reaction of the tool and thermo-mechanieal characteristics of the weld material, while the friction between the material and the probe and the shoulder serves as the heat source. It was observed that the predicted results about the temperature were in good compatibility with the experimental results. Additionally, it was concluded that the numerical method can be simply applied to measuring the temperature of workpiece just beneath the tool. The effects of preheating temperature and pin angle on temperature distribution were also studied numerically. The increase of pin angle enhances the temperature around the weld line, but preheating does not affect temperature distribution along the weld line considerably.

Effect of tool tilt angle on strength and microstructural characteristics of friction stir welded lap joints of AA2014-T6 aluminum alloy

Friction stir welding(FSW)has been extensively adopted to fabricate aluminium alloy joints by incorporating various welding parameters that include welding speed,rotational speed,diameters of shoulder and pin and tool tilt angle.FSW parameters significantly affect the weld strength.Tool tilt angle is one of the significant process parameters among the weld parameters.The present study focused on the effect of tool tilt angle on strength of friction stir lap welding of AA2014-T6 aluminium alloy.The tool tilt angle was varied between 0°and 4°with an equal increment of 1°.Other process parameters were kept constant.Macrostructure and microstructure analysis,microhardness measurement,scanning electron micrograph,transmission electron micrograph and energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis were performed to evaluate the lap shear strength of friction stir lap welded joint.Results proved that,defect-free weld joint was obtained while using a tool tilt angle of 1°to 3°.However,sound joints were welded using a tool tilt angle of 2°,which had the maximum lap shear strength of 14.42 kN and microhardness of HV 132.The joints welded using tool tilt angles of 1°and 3°yielded inferior lap shear strength due to unbalanced material flow in the weld region during FSW.

Suggestion of advanced regression model on friction angle of fault gouge in South Korea

Although friction characteristics of fault gouge are important to understand reactivation of fault,behavior of earthquake,and mechanism of slope failure,analysis results of fault gouge have low accuracy mostly than those of soils or rocks due to its high heterogeneity and low strength.Therefore,to improve the accuracy of analysis results,we conducted simple regression analysis and structural equation model analysis and selected major influential factors of friction characteristics among many factors,and then we deduced advanced regression model with the highest coefficient of determination(R^(2)) via multiple regression analysis.Whereas most coefficients of determination in simple regression analysis are below0.3-0.4,coefficient of determination in multiple regression analysis is remarkably large as 0.657.

An experimental study on the effects of friction modifiers on wheel-rail dynamic interactions with various angles of attack

By modifying friction to the desired level,the application of friction modifiers(FMs)has been considered as a promising emerging tool in the railway engineering for increasing braking/traction force in poor adhesion conditions and mitigating wheel/rail interface deterioration,energy consumption,vibration and noise.Understanding the effectiveness of FMs in wheel–rail dynamic interactions is crucial to their proper applications in practice,which has,however,not been well explained.This study experimentally investigates the effects of two types of top-of-rail FM,i.e.FM-A and FM-B,and their application dosages on wheel–rail dynamic interactions with a range of angles of attack(AoAs)using an innovative well-controlled V-track test rig.The tested FMs have been used to provide intermediate friction for wear and noise reduction.The effectiveness of the FMs is assessed in terms of the wheel–rail adhesion characteristics and friction rolling induced axle box acceleration(ABA).This study provides the following new insights into the study of FM:the applications of the tested FMs can both reduce the wheel–rail adhesion level and change the negative friction characteristic to positive;stick–slip can be generated in the V-Track and eliminated by FM-A but intensified by FM-B,depending on the dosage of the FMs applied;the negative friction characteristic is not a must for stick–slip;the increase in ABA with AoA is insignificant until stick–slip occurs and the ABA can thus be influenced by the applications of FM.

Presentation of Empirical Equations for Estimating Internal Friction Angle of GW and GC Soils in Mashhad, Iran Using Standard Penetration and Direct Shear Tests and Comparison with Previous Equations

Presentation of empirical equations for estimating engineering properties of soils is a simple, low cost and widely-used method. One of the major concerns in using these equations is evaluating their accuracy in different conditions and regions which often lead to doubts about obtained results. Most of these equations were derived in special laboratories, different climate conditions and in soils with different geotechnical and geological engineering properties and were generalized to other conditions. The main question is that whether these methods are also applicable to other conditions. Using local equations and narrowing the usage range of various methods based on each region’s properties are appropriate methods to solve these problems. This leads to simplified and faster analysis and high reliability in the obtained results. In this paper, empirical equations were derived to estimate internal friction angle, based on SPT numbers of Mashhad City’s soils in Iran, using SPT and direct shear tests results from 50 samples (25 GW and 25 GC soil samples). The results showed similar values for predicted?φ?values by SPT test and?φ?values determined by direct shear tests.

Classification and Friction Angle from CPT in Gneissic Residual Soil of Brazil

The current research presents the results of experiment in situ and laboratory research with the goal of determining the friction angle in residual soil using the CPT (cone penetration test). This experimental research was completed in an area of study, composed of slopes and plateaus, located in the southern region of Brazil, in the Santo Amaro da Imperatriz municipality. An SPT (standard penetration test) and CPT in situ test investigation campaign was conducted and collected from deformed and undeformed samples for physical characterization and triaxial tests. The results made it possible to classify the soils analyzed according to the unified methodology proposed by Robertson that, based on studies provide friction angle values along the hole’s depth, and obtained through the CPT. The friction angle values obtained in the CPT indicated a well-defined trend of high values at the surface, which decrease in the middle of the soil mass and increase again near the healthy rock. The friction angles estimated by the CPT were overestimated when compared to laboratory estimations. This occurrence is explained by the fact that the measured resistance of the field tests is embedded in the cementation and suction plots.

基于集成树算法的岩石黏聚力和内摩擦角预测方法

岩石的黏聚力(c)和内摩擦角(φ)是岩石工程设计及稳定性评价的重要参数,其直接测量需通过多组三轴或剪切试验,耗时多且成本高。基于4个易获取的岩石物理力学参数(纵波波速VP、密度ρ、单轴抗压强度UCS和巴西抗拉强度BTS),构建了用于预测c和φ值的智能模型。共收集了199组含不同岩石类型的数据,采用5种集成树算法开发预测模型,使用贝叶斯优化算法对模型的超参数进行优化。模型评估结果表明:构建的模型均具有较好的预测性能,其中极端随机树模型表现最佳(测试R^(2)>0.97)。敏感性分析表明:VP、UCS和BTS对c值的预测结果影响较大,ρ对φ值的预测结果影响较大。研究成果已成功应用于金川矿区,验证了模型的实用性,开发的图形用户界面便于工程技术人员使用。

Rowe剪胀方程及一种新的推导方法

剪胀性是岩土材料的重要特性之一。Rowe剪胀方程是一种经典的剪胀方程,它形式简单,所需假定较少,能够反映粗粒土、岩石乃至混凝土的剪胀性。在国内外受到广泛关注,且有很多的改进和发展。但在通常的Rowe剪胀方程的推导中,有一些概念尚需要商榷,所引入的锯齿面也容易引起误导。本文对Rowe剪胀方程及其发展改进进行梳理,提出了参考面的概念,并给出了一种新的推导方法。新的推导方法比传统方法在概念上更为严密,对两种推导方法的探讨也有助于加深对Rowe剪胀方程的理解。

自复位转动摩擦阻尼器弯矩-转角恢复力性能研究

为了满足减震结构对可恢复功能的要求,针对传统摩擦阻尼器不具备自复位能力震后存在较大残余变形的问题,提出了一种基于形状记忆合金的自复位转动摩擦阻尼器,由摩擦耗能装置和形状记忆合金自复位装置组合而成。介绍了该SCRF(self-centering rotating friction)阻尼器的构造形式、工作原理,通过理论推导建立了SCRF阻尼器的弯矩-转角恢复力模型,通过ABAQUS软件有限元数值分析结果对弯矩-转角恢复力模型进行了验证,分析了低周往复荷载作用下SCRF阻尼器的滞回性能,并进行了参数分析。结果表明:有限元计算结果与阻尼器恢复力模型结果吻合良好;提高接触面间的摩擦因数与斜面高度可以提高阻尼器的最大承载力、耗能能力、有效刚度,但是超过一定限值的斜面高度会降低阻尼器的自复位能力;施加SMA螺栓预紧力可以提高阻尼器的摩擦启动弯矩,对于阻尼器的耗能能力与最大承载力影响不大。

高压大排量径向柱塞泵定子运动规律分析

为改善高压大排量径向柱塞泵定子-滑靴副摩擦状况,实现泵的精确变量,提出定子圆周方向非固定安装结构。通过滑靴柱塞组件力学特性分析,建立单个滑靴滑动摩擦力矩和11个滑靴摩擦合力矩,求解得到定子角速度变化曲线。结果表明,定子在滑靴滑动摩擦力矩作用下能够运动,且排油区滑靴摩擦力矩大于吸油区滑靴摩擦力矩。径向柱塞泵正常工作后,定子角速度稳定在89.5~90.6 rad/s,呈周期变化,对定子运动起阻碍作用的滑靴个数为4、5交替变换。为高压大排量径向柱塞泵滑靴副设计、提高泵的性能提供一定参考。

不同含水率下秦王川黄土抗剪强度与细观结构特征研究

为研究不同含水率下黄土的抗剪强度和细观结构特征,以秦王川重塑黄土为研究对象,利用四联自动直剪仪和核磁共振仪进行了直剪和核磁共振试验。试验结果表明:秦王川黄土重塑土的总体抗剪强度随含水率的增大而降低,黏聚力随含水率的增大呈先增大后减小的变化趋势,内摩擦角呈先减小后增大再减小的变化趋势;含水率变化对土体黏聚力的影响较大,而对内摩擦角的影响较小;土样内部孔隙率随含水率的增大而增大,水分不断从小尺寸孔隙向中大尺寸孔隙扩散,且土体内部的小尺寸孔隙有不断扩展和贯通的趋势;随着含水率的增大,土样的延性和塑性也得到增强,应力—应变曲线特征由应变软化转变为应变硬化;随着含水率的增大,土样内部水分的形态也逐渐变化,由强结合水主导不断向弱结合水主导发展,最后变成自由水主导,导致土颗粒之间的胶结作用力、水膜作用力以及基质吸力减弱,进而导致土样总体抗剪强度降低。本研究成果可为地区黄土工程建设提供数据支持和理论参考。

基于滚珠丝杠副滚珠载荷分布的摩擦力矩计算方法研究

为了研究丝杠转速、轴向载荷、螺旋升角和滚珠直径对摩擦力矩的影响规律,在综合考虑滚珠载荷分布、实际工况中接触角变化、法向力差异、润滑油黏性阻力、滚珠惯性力和惯性力矩等因素上,建立了一种计算滚珠丝杠副摩擦力矩的方法。结果表明:当丝杠转速或轴向载荷增大时,摩擦力矩越来越大;增大的轴向载荷或者减小的丝杠转速导致摩擦因数越来越小;随着螺旋升角变大时,摩擦因数和摩擦力矩均逐渐减小,且随着螺旋升角的增大,两者的变化率逐渐减小;滚珠直径的变大致使摩擦力矩变大。分析结果可为滚珠丝杠副的设计提供参考,有助于进一步提高滚珠丝杠副的传动性能。

基于CT扫描研究颗粒形状对砂土力学性质的影响

为了探究颗粒形状对砂土力学性质的影响,选取玻璃珠、石英砂、玻璃渣3种颗粒形状差异较大的砂土作为研究对象。首先通过计算机断层(computed tomography,CT)扫描重构了3种砂土的三维结构,选取了伸长率(EI)、扁度(FI)、球度(S)3个表征颗粒形状参数的均值作为砂土颗粒整体形状参数(overall regularity,OR),并对整体形状参数OR进行统计分析。然后配制7种不同形状参数的砂土进行了常规三轴压缩试验得到了其力学强度参数,研究砂土颗粒形状对其力学强度的影响规律。结果表明:7种砂土的应力-应变曲线均为应变软化型,都呈现出先剪缩后剪胀的特性;整体形状参数OR能较好反映砂土的力学特征,即随着整体形状参数OR的减小,应变软化现象变得不明显,但其峰值偏应力呈增大的趋势;砂土的内摩擦角随整体形状参数OR的减小呈线性增长,表观黏聚力急剧增大,但最大剪胀角随OR的减小而减小。此外,将临界内摩擦角与整体形状参数OR进行线性拟合,得到了两者较好的线性关系。

改良垃圾焚烧底渣固化疏浚淤泥性能试验研究

基于以废治废理念,提出了用改良垃圾焚烧底渣固化疏浚淤泥的新思路,并开展了室内试验研究,测定了固化淤泥试样的含水率、无侧限抗压强度及抗剪强度指标。试验结果表明:垃圾焚烧底渣磨细粉和未研磨的原渣按1∶1比例混合时,具有最优的固化性能;在最优混合比条件下,固化淤泥的无侧限抗压强度、黏聚力和内摩擦角均随龄期和改良垃圾焚烧底渣掺入比的增加而增大,含水率则相反;当改良垃圾焚烧底渣掺入比为35%时,固化淤泥28 d无侧限抗压强度达到了58.4 kPa,含水率由67.4%降至38.0%,采用改良垃圾焚烧底渣固化疏浚淤泥是可行的。

低温和含水率对重塑性煤体抗剪强度影响研究

为了研究温度—含水率耦合作用下重塑性煤体抗剪强度的变化规律,保障松软煤层安全高效稳定开采,采用直剪试验分析了重塑性煤体在较低温度(20、0、-10、-20、-30、-40℃)、一定含水率(0、0.8%、4%、8%、12%、16%)耦合作用下的抗剪强度特性,并通过数学统计分析了温度与含水率对抗剪强度的影响。研究结果表明:含水率为0时重塑性煤体的黏聚力随着温度的降低呈幂指数增加;温度—含水率耦合作用下重塑性煤体的抗剪强度均与垂向应力成正比,均符合莫尔-库仑准则;在温度为10~20℃、含水率为12%~16%时,黏聚力达到最大值322.9 kPa,最小值138.0 kPa出现在温度-40℃、含水率4%附近;在-20~-40℃温度下,重塑性煤体内摩擦角随含水率的增加逐渐降低至最小值18.25°;当含水率为6%~13%、温度为-20~10℃时,内摩擦角达到最大值31.45°,对应抗剪强度达到最大值。温度—含水率耦合作用下,重塑性煤体抗剪强度、内摩擦角与黏聚力均受温度的影响较大。

动静组合加载下砂岩剪切力学特性试验研究

动载扰动作用是影响遗煤复采过程中围岩稳定性的重要因素,为研究不同预静载水平下动载扰动对砂岩抗剪强度、黏聚力、内摩擦角、应变场及声发射等参数的影响,采用动静载多场耦合试验系统、声发射监测系统和DIC应变监测系统对砂岩进行了动静组合加载变角剪切试验。研究结果表明:在组合加载下,随着预静载水平的增大,砂岩抗剪强度和黏聚力呈先增大后减小的趋势,内摩擦角和扰动前后最大主应变差值呈先减小后增大的趋势,均在75%τ预静载水平处达到极值;在组合加载下,声发射累计能量和累计振铃计数整体上可划分为第一稳定增长期、第一突增期、平静期、第二突增期、第二稳定增长期和第三突增期6个阶段,在扰动阶段声发射信号活跃程度随着预静载水平的增大呈先减小后增大的趋势,极值出现在60%τ预静载水平处。研究成果可为动静组合加载下围岩稳定性控制提供理论参考。

螺栓设计参数对连接状态的影响及轴向力可视化方法研究

螺栓结构的连接状态与轴向力密切相关,而轴向力受多因素的影响,在拧紧或者松动过程中不断变化且无法做到无传感器实时监测。首先,基于螺栓的外螺纹轮廓方程,建立了精细化的螺栓有限元模型。其次,基于此模型研究了螺纹接触面摩擦因数、牙型角、螺距对于螺栓预紧过程及松动过程的影响规律。最后,关联松动角度和轴向力,结合深度学习目标检测算法,将螺栓的轴向力信息可视化。研究结果表明:在拧紧和松动过程中,螺栓轴向力实现了可观和可控,同时螺栓在预紧相同角度的情况下,其轴向力随着螺距和牙型角的增大而增加;其预紧力矩随着螺纹接触面摩擦因数和螺距的增大而变大,但会随着牙型角的增大而变小。

不同单节理产状岩石力学性质数值模拟与强度预测模型

节理岩石力学性质对于各类岩体工程长期稳定具有重要意义,而岩石的力学性质受节理产状影响极大,甚至起决定作用。为研究节理产状对岩石强度和破坏模式的影响机制,基于节理产状参数准确预测岩石的单轴抗压强度,采用PFC软件建立了不同单节理产状的岩石数值模型,开展了一系列单轴压缩数值模拟试验,得到了节理尺寸和倾角对岩石力学特性的影响规律:随着节理尺寸增大,岩石破坏模式逐渐由沿一定角度的剪切破坏变为节理端部裂纹扩展破坏,单轴抗压强度逐渐减小;随节理倾角增大,当节理倾角小于内摩擦角时,岩石的单轴抗压强度逐渐减小,破坏模式主要是节理端部翼裂纹扩展破坏;当节理倾角超过内摩擦角继续增大时,岩石的单轴抗压强度则逐渐增大,破坏模式主要是沿一定角度穿切岩石或次生裂纹扩展的剪切破坏。在此基础上,结合损伤力学和断裂力学理论提出了单节理岩石单轴抗压强度预测模型,充分考虑了由单节理产状差异导致的不同破坏模式对岩石强度的影响,模型参数易于获取。经算例验证,模型具有较高精度,能够满足工程现场需求。