NUDT5 promotes the growth,metastasis,and Warburg effect of IDH wild-type glioblastoma multiforme cells by upregulating TRIM47

Objective:To explore the regulatory mechanism of NUDT5 in glioblastoma multiforme(GBM).Methods:GEPIA database was used to predict the expressions of NUDT5 and tripartite motif family proteins 47(TRIM47)in GBM patients.RT-qPCR and Western blot analyses were performed to examine NUDT5 expression in GBM cells.LN-229 cell proliferation,migration as well as invasion were estimated by CCK-8,colony formation,wound healing,and Transwell assays following interference with NUDT5.ECAR assay,L-lactic acid kit,glucose detection kit,and ATP detection kit were applied for the detection of glycolysis-related indexes.Co-immunoprecipitation experiment was carried out to verify the relationship between NUDT5 and TRIM47.Results:GEPIA database showed that NUDT5 expression was significantly increased in GBM patients.Inhibiting the expression of NUDT5 in GBM cells significantly suppressed the viability,proliferation,invasion,migration,and glycolysis of GBM cells.Moreover,TRIM47 was highly expressed in GBM cells and interacted with NUDT5.Overexpression of TRIM47 partially reversed the inhibitory effect of NUDT5 downregulation on the proliferation,metastasis,and glycolysis of GBM cells.Conclusions:NUDT5 promotes the growth,metastasis,and Warburg effect of GBM cells by upregulating TRIM47.Both NUDT5 and TRIM47 can be used as targets for GMB treatment.

Novel miR-490-3p/hnRNPA1-b/PKM2 axis mediates the Warburg effect and proliferation of colon cancer cells via the PI3K/AKT pathway

BACKGROUND Heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein A1(hnRNPA1)has been reported to enhance the Warburg effect and promote colon cancer(CC)cell proliferation,but the role and mechanism of the miR-490-3p/hnRNPA1-b/PKM2 axis in CC have not yet been elucidated.AIM To investigate the role and mechanism of a novel miR-490-3p/hnRNPA1-b/PKM2 axis in enhancing the Warburg effect and promoting CC cell proliferation through the PI3K/AKT pathway.METHODS Paraffin-embedded pathological sections from 220 CC patients were collected and subjected to immunohistochemical analysis to determine the expression of hnRNPA1-b.The relationship between the expression values and the clinicopathological features of the patients was investigated.Differences in mRNA expression were analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction,while differences in protein expression were analyzed using western blot.Cell proliferation was evaluated using the cell counting kit-8 and 5-ethynyl-2’-deoxyuridine assays,and cell cycle and apoptosis were detected using flow cytometric assays.The targeted binding of miR-490-3p to hnRNPA1-b was validated using a dual luciferase reporter assay.The Warburg effect was evaluated by glucose uptake and lactic acid production assays.RESULTS The expression of hnRNPA1-b was significantly increased in CC tissues and cells compared to normal controls(P<0.05).Immunohistochemical results demonstrated significant variations in the expression of the hnRNPA1-b antigen in different stages of CC,including stage I,II-III,and IV.Furthermore,the clinicopathologic characterization revealed a significant correlation between hnRNPA1-b expression and clinical stage as well as T classification.HnRNPA1-b was found to enhance the Warburg effect through the PI3K/AKT pathway,thereby promoting proliferation of HCT116 and SW620 cells.However,the proliferation of HCT116 and SW620 cells was inhibited when miR-490-3p targeted and bound to hnRNPA1-b,effectively blocking the Warburg effect.CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the novel miR-490-3p/hnRNPA1-b/PKM2 axis could provide a new strategy for the diagnosis and treatment of CC.

Warburg effect mimicking inborn errors of metabolism in childhood hematologic malignancies:A case-based systematic review

BACKGROUND Type B lactic acidosis and hypoglycemia can occur in various pediatric conditions.In young children with a history of fasting preceding these metabolic derangements,inborn errors of metabolism should be primarily considered.However,the Warburg effect,a rare metabolic complication,can also manifest in children with hematologic malignancies.Only a few reports of this condition in children have been published in the literature.AIM To identify the clinical course,treatment strategies,and outcomes of childhood hematologic malignancies with type B lactic acidosis.METHODS We performed a comprehensive search of the PubMed,Scopus,and Cochrane databases without any time restriction but limited to English language articles.The databases were last accessed on July 1st,2023.RESULTS A total of 20 publications were included in the analysis,all of which were case reports or case series.No higher quality evidence was available.Among children with hematologic malignancies and Warburg effect,there were 14 cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and 6 cases of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma including our illustrative case.Lactic acidosis occurred in 55%of newly diagnosed cases and 45%of relapsed cases.The mean age was 10.3±4.5 years,and 80%of cases were male.The mean serum lactate was 16.9±12.6 mmol/L,and 43.8%of the cases had concomitant hypoglycemia.Lactic acidosis initially subsided in 80%of patients receiving chemotherapy compared to 60%in the contrast group.The mortality rate of newly diagnosed cases was 45.5%,while the relapsed cases represented a 100%mortality rate.All 8 patients reported before 2001 died from disease-related complications.However,patients described in reports published between 2003 and 2023 had a 54.5%rate of complete remission.CONCLUSION This complication has historically led to fatal outcome;however,patients who received chemotherapy showed a more favorable response.Therefore,it is crucial to promptly initiate specific treatment in this context.

Fundamentals of the Warburg Effect in Cancer

As the fundamental energy unit of most cells,the ATP generated from glucose is vital to maintain biological processes such as the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids.However,a common feature of cancer cells is an altered metabolism with increased glucose uptake and the fermentation of glucose to lactate even in the presence of normal mitochondria.This phenomenon is known as the‘Warburg effect’(now termed aerobic glycolysis).One simple explanation for this effect is that it permits cells to more easily produce energy to support rapid growth.It can also help to meet the biosynthetic requirements for pyruvate as a major building block.As a well-known metabolic hallmark of cancer cells,the role of the Warburg effect in oncology is a newly-emerging area of growing interest.In this perspective,we provide some new understanding of these mechanisms based on recent progress in research on cancer metabolism.The better understanding of these mechanisms will support the development of new therapeutic strategies that take into account tumor nutrition and energy metabolism.

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 promotes the Warburg effect possibly by inducing pyruvate kinase M2 phosphorylation in liver precancerous lesions

BACKGROUND Study shows that signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(STAT3) can increase the Warburg effect by stimulating hexokinase 2 in breast cancer and upregulate lactate dehydrogenase A and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 in myeloma. STAT3 and pyruvate kinase M2(PKM2) can also be activated and enhance the Warburg effect in hepatocellular carcinoma. Precancerous lesions are critical to human and rodent hepatocarcinogenesis. However, the underlying molecular mechanism for the development of liver precancerous lesions remains unknown. We hypothesized that STAT3 promotes the Warburg effect possibly by upregulating p-PKM2 in liver precancerous lesions in rats.AIM To investigate the mechanism of the Warburg effect in liver precancerous lesions in rats.METHODS A model of liver precancerous lesions was established by a modified Solt-Farber method. The liver pathological changes were observed by HE staining and immunohistochemistry. The transformation of WB-F344 cells induced with Nmethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and hydrogen peroxide was evaluated by the soft agar assay and aneuploidy. The levels of glucose and lactate in the tissue and culture medium were detected with a spectrophotometer. The protein levels of glutathione S-transferase-π, proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA), STAT3,and PKM2 were examined by Western blot and immunofluorescence.RESULTS We found that the Warburg effect was increased in liver precancerous lesions in rats. PKM2 and p-STAT3 were upregulated in activated oval cells in liverprecancerous lesions in rats. The Warburg effect, p-PKM2, and p-STAT3 expression were also increased in transformed WB-F344 cells. STAT3 activation promoted the clonal formation rate, aneuploidy, alpha-fetoprotein expression,PCNA expression, G1/S phase transition, the Warburg effect, PKM2 phosphorylation, and nuclear translocation in transformed WB-F344 cells.Moreover, the Warburg effect was inhibited by stattic, a specific inhibitor of STAT3, and further reduced in transformed WB-F344 cells after the intervention for PKM2.CONCLUSION The Warburg effect is initiated in liver precancerous lesions in rats. STAT3 activation promotes the Warburg effect by enhancing the phosphorylation of PKM2 in transformed WB-F344 cells.

Hexokinase II promotes the Warburg effect by phosphorylating alpha subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase

Objective: Tumor cells rely heavily on glycolysis regardless of oxygen tension, a phenomenon called the Warburg effect. Hexokinase II(HKII) catalyzes the first irreversible step of glycolysis and is often overexpressed in tumor cells. Mitochondrial HKII couples glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation while maintaining mitochondrial membrane integrity. In this study, we investigated the role of HKII in promoting the Warburg effect in cancer cells.Methods: HKII-mediated phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase(PDHA1) was tested in HEK293 T cells and clear cell renal cell carcinoma(cc RCC) specimens using gene knockdown, western blotting,immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence.Results: It was determined that HKII could not only transform glucose into glucose-6-phosphate, but also transfer the phosphate group of ATP onto PDHA1. In addition, it was found that HKII increased the phosphorylation of Ser293 on PDHA1, decreasing pyruvate dehydrogenase(PDH) complex activity and thus rerouting the metabolic pathway and promoting the Warburg effect. The overexpression of HKII correlated with the phosphorylation of PDHA1 and disease progression in cc RCC.Conclusions: The data presented here suggest that HKII is an important biomarker in the evaluation and treatment of cancer.

Anaplerosis in cancer: Another step beyond the warburg effect

Biosynthesis is up-regulated in tumors and thus the demand for anabolic intermediates is increased. The metabolic routes providing the building blocks for macromolecules are thus a very attractive target as they are not normally up-regulated in a normal quiescent cell. Some routes for glycolysis-derived intermediates production have been identified, but these do not constitute the whole pool of biosynthetic molecules in the cell, as many of these derive from mitochondria in the Krebs cycle. Indeed, this metabolic pathway is considered a “biosynthetic hub” from which anabolism is fed. If a metabolite efflux is indeed occurring, anaplerotic reactions must keep a steady supply of substrates. In spite of this obvious relevance of anaplerosis, it has been poorly characterized in the malignant cell context. Glutaminolysis and and pyruvate carboxylation are two pathways that function in an anaplerotic fashion. In spite of the increasing evidence implicating these two processes in cancer metabolism their role as intermediate providers is overlooked. In this review we analyze the implications of an active anaplerosis in cancer and we discuss experimental evidence showing the relevance of these metabolic routes in tumor physiology.

Targeting the Warburg effect:A revisited perspective from molecular mechanisms to traditional and innovative therapeutic strategies in cancer

Cancer reprogramming is an important facilitator of cancer development and survival,with tumor cells exhibiting a preference for aerobic glycolysis beyond oxidative phosphorylation,even under sufficient oxygen supply condition.This metabolic alteration,known as the Warburg effect,serves as a significant indicator of malignant tumor transformation.The Warburg effect primarily impacts cancer occurrence by influencing the aerobic glycolysis pathway in cancer cells.Key enzymes involved in this process include glucose transporters(GLUTs),HKs,PFKs,LDHs,and PKM2.Moreover,the expression of transcriptional regulatory factors and proteins,such as FOXM1,p53,NF-κB,HIF1a,and c-Myc,can also influence cancer progression.Furthermore,lncRNAs,miRNAs,and circular RNAs play a vital role in directly regulating the Warburg effect.Additionally,gene mutations,tumor microenvironment remodeling,and immune system interactions are closely associated with the Warburg effect.Notably,the development of drugs targeting the Warburg effect has exhibited promising potential in tumor treatment.This comprehensive review presents novel directions and approaches for the early diagnosis and treatment of cancer patients by conducting in-depth research and summarizing the bright prospects of targeting the Warburg effect in cancer.

Warburg Effects in Cancer and Normal Proliferating Cells:Two Tales of the Same Name

It has been observed that both cancer tissue cells and normal proliferating cells(NPCs)have the Warburg effect.Our goal here is to demonstrate that they do this for different reasons.To accomplish this,we have analyzed the transcriptomic data of over 7000 cancer and control tissues of 14 cancer types in TCGA and data of five NPC types in GEO.Our analyses reveal that NPCs accumulate large quantities of ATPs produced by the respiration process before starting the Warburg effect,to raise the intracellular pH from 6.8 to 7.2 and to prepare for cell division energetically.Once cell cycle starts,the cells start to rely on glycolysis for ATP generation followed by ATP hydrolysis and lactic acid release,to maintain the elevated intracellular pH as needed by cell division since together the three processes are pH neutral.The cells go back to the normal respirationbased ATP production once the cell division phase ends.In comparison,cancer cells have reached their intracellular pH at 7.4 from top down as multiple acid-loading transporters are up-regulated and most acid-extruding ones except for lactic acid exporters are repressed.Cancer cells use continuous glycolysis for ATP production as way to acidify the intracellular space since the lactic acid secretion is decoupled from glycolysis-based ATP generation and is pH balanced by increased expressions of acid-loading transporters.Co-expression analyses suggest that lactic acid secretion is regulated by external,non-pH related signals.Overall,our data strongly suggest that the two cell types have the Warburg effect for very different reasons.

砷制剂对禽白血病肿瘤细胞Warburg效应及Hedgehog信号通路的影响

【目的】探究三氧化二砷(ATO)对禽白血病(AL)肿瘤细胞Warburg效应及Hedgehog信号通路的影响,明确ATO缓解AL鸡肝脏肿瘤病变的作用机制,为生产上以ATO治疗AL提供科学依据。【方法】开展急性毒性试验,确定ATO对绿壳蛋鸡的安全性;通过p27抗原检测、PCR扩增鉴定、gp85基因测序等对禽白血病病毒(ALV)进行鉴定,并采集病鸡肿瘤组织制作病理组织切片进行病理性诊断;体外培养AL鸡肿瘤细胞,分别加入0.5、1.0和2.0μmol/L ATO进行处理,培养12、24和48 h后收集细胞,分别检测葡萄糖、乳酸、己糖激酶(HK)及葡萄糖转运蛋白1(GLUT1)的含量;以ALV人工感染绿壳蛋鸡构建模型组,再用不同剂量(0.5、1.0和2.0 mg/kg·BW)ATO进行治疗,采用ELISA检测鸡肝脏组织中Hedgehog信号通路Gli1和Shh蛋白水平,并以实时荧光定量PCR检测Shh、Gli1、Gli2、Ptch2和Smo基因的表达情况。【结果】ATO对绿壳蛋鸡的半数致死量(LD_(50))为19.501 mg/kg·BW,LD_(50)-95%可信限为19.501±0.213 mg/kg·BW。从疑似患AL的绿壳蛋鸡中鉴定出1株ALV-J株,命名为GZCS01,其感染形成的肿瘤为肾母细胞瘤。以不同剂量(0.5、1.0和2.0μmol/L)ATO作用肾母细胞瘤细胞,培养48 h后发现细胞液中的葡萄糖、乳酸及HK含量均极显著降低(P<0.01,下同),同时能降低肾母细胞瘤细胞内的GLUT1含量,从而减弱肿瘤细胞Warburg效应;高剂量的ATO(2.0 mg/kg·BW)能极显著或显著抑制Shh和Gli1蛋白表达(P<0.05,下同),极显著或显著抑制Shh、Gli1、Gli2和Smo基因表达,同时极显著上调Ptch2基因表达。【结论】ATO能抑制肿瘤细胞对葡萄糖的摄取和乳酸生成,且降低关键酶生成,从而减弱Warburg效应,抑制肿瘤细胞增殖;ATO还可通过下调Hedgehog信号通路关键因子Shh、Gli1、Gli2和Smo的表达及促进Ptch2表达,从而减轻AL的肝脏病变。可见,使用砷制剂(如阿散酸等)治疗AL具有可行性。

肺动脉平滑肌细胞外泌体上调miR-106b-5p增强肺动脉内皮细胞Warburg效应促进动脉型肺动脉高压的分子机制

目的探讨肺动脉平滑肌细胞与内皮细胞的胞间通讯在促进动脉型肺动脉高压(PAH)疾病进展中的作用机制。方法采集并分离健康个体(HC)和PAH患者外周血浆中的外泌体,并对其内的miRNAs进行微阵列测定和差异表达分析。体外缺氧诱导处理原代人肺动脉平滑肌细胞(h PASMCs)和原代肺动脉内皮细胞(hPAECs),分为常氧组和缺氧诱导组。生物信息学分析miR-106b-5p和USP32的序列互作位点。腺病毒转染过表达/敲低h PASMCs内miR-106b-5p,过表达/敲低hPAECs内PKM2。双荧光素酶报告基因分析确证二者的负作用方式。Western blot法测定胞内USP32、PKM2、GLUT1、HK2、LDHA蛋白质的表达水平。结果微阵列测定和差异表达分析结果显示,与HC组相比,PAH组外周血浆中外泌体内miR-106b-5p的水平明显上调。在体外,与常氧组相比,miR-106b-5p的水平在缺氧诱导组hPASMCs上清液外泌体内明显上调,而在h PAECs细胞上清液外泌体中则无此变化。miR-106b-5p负调控USP32的表达。与miR-NC组/Inhibitor-NC组相比,在h PASMCs中miR-106b-5pmimic/miR-106b-5pinhibitor处理后,胞内PKM2、GLUT1、HK2和LDHA蛋白质表达明显增强/抑制。与shRNA-NT组/vector组相比,在hPAECs中PKM2 shRNA/PKM2-OE处理后,胞内PKM2、GLUT1、HK2和LDHA蛋白质表达明显抑制/增强(P<0.05)。结论hPASMCs通过外泌体上调miR-106b-5p增强hPAECs胞内Warburg效应,在动脉型肺动脉高压中具有潜在的促进疾病进展的作用。

Warburg效应及其关键酶在口腔鳞状细胞癌治疗中作用的研究进展

口腔鳞状细胞癌(OSCC)是口腔颌面部最常见的恶性肿瘤,具有侵袭性强、复发率高、预后差的特点。恶性肿瘤细胞最显著的能量代谢特点是即使在氧气供应充分的情况下,也主要由糖酵解而非氧化磷酸化获取能量,这种肿瘤细胞糖酵解异常活跃的现象称为Warburg效应。了解肿瘤葡萄糖代谢异常对OSCC的临床治疗有重要意义。本文综述Warburg效应及糖酵解关键酶在OSCC治疗中作用的研究进展,为OSCC治疗提供新思路。

Warburg效应及其关键酶在透明细胞性肾细胞癌中的研究进展

透明细胞性肾细胞癌(clear cell renal cell carcinoma,ccRCC)作为肾细胞癌中最常见的类型,是一种与糖代谢相关的疾病。Warburg效应是ccRCC的主要代谢途径,也是癌细胞的主要能量来源,在其发生发展中发挥重要作用。近年来,针对Warburg效应靶向治疗ccRCC成为研究关注的重点,为治疗晚期ccRCC开辟了新领域。Warburg效应在ccRCC中的具体作用机制及关键酶与ccRCC的作用关系尚在研究,本文通过对国内外文献对Warburg效应中关键酶的作用及调控因素进行综述,探讨Warburg效应在ccRCC中的作用机制。

Warburg效应及其对肿瘤转移的影响

肿瘤细胞葡萄糖代谢的一个特点就是在氧含量正常的情况下依然选择利用糖酵解,即Warburg效应。Warburg效应的内在机制十分复杂,可能与癌基因激活、抑癌基因失活,糖代谢酶表达异常和肿瘤微环境改变等有关,具体的机制还有待进一步研究。Warburg效应这种代谢重编程与肿瘤的发生发展有着密切联系,为肿瘤细胞提供生长优势,帮助其逃避凋亡,同时为肿瘤的转移创造合适的环境,促进肿瘤转移。本文概述了Warburg效应的发生机制及其对肿瘤转移的作用。

PGAM1通过激活Warburg效应调控宫颈癌细胞恶性生物学行为的机制研究

目的探讨磷酸甘油酸变位酶1(PGAM1)在宫颈癌组织中的表达情况以及可能的生物学机制。方法收集行手术切除的67例宫颈癌患者的新鲜宫颈癌组织及癌旁正常组织,采用免疫组化法检测PGAM1的表达情况并分析与患者病理特征的关系。构建PGAM1基因沉默稳转Hela宫颈癌细胞株,分析PGAM1基因沉默对Hela细胞凋亡和增殖活性的影响。采用qRT-PCR和Western blot法检测PGAM1对Akt/m TOR信号通路关键分子的影响。结果 (1)宫颈癌组织中PGAM1高表达率为58.21%,明显高于癌旁组织(P<0.05)。(2)不同临床分期、分化程度、浸润深度的患者宫颈癌组织中PGAM1的高表达率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(3)Hela细胞sh PGAM1基因沉默后,细胞凋亡率较空白对照组(NC组)明显增加,细胞增殖活性明显降低(P<0.05)。(4)Hela细胞sh PGAM1基因沉默后,与NC组比较,PTEN mRNA和蛋白相对表达量明显上调,而p-Akt、p-m TOR mRNA和蛋白相对表达量明显降低(P<0.05)。结论肿瘤组织PGAM1蛋白高表达与宫颈癌的发生、发展有关,通过激活Akt/m TOR信号通路诱导的Warburg效应,促使肿瘤细胞的增殖,抑制其凋亡。

烯脂酰辅酶A水合酶短链1对胆管癌细胞Warburg效应的影响

目的研究烯脂酰辅酶A水合酶短链1(Enoyl-coenzyme A hydratase short chain 1,ECHS1)对胆管癌细胞Warburg效应的影响以及对人胆管癌裸鼠移植瘤生长的影响。方法本研究分为实验组及对照组,实验组:干扰ECHS1基因;对照组:ECHS1未干扰;采用酶标仪测定ECHS1对胆管癌QBC939糖酵解代谢的影响;采用免疫组化法检测糖酵解代谢关键酶PKM2表达水平变化,分析ECHS1对胆管癌Warburg效应的影响;同时将构建的含siECHS1-siRNA的质粒转染人胆管癌细胞QBC939,建立裸鼠皮下移植瘤模型。观察siRNA干扰ECHS1表达对胆管癌细胞QBC939裸鼠移植瘤生长的影响。结果酶标仪测定显示,实验组胆管癌细胞QBC939对葡萄糖的吸收较对照组明显减少,实验组胆管癌细胞QBC939乳酸生成降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);免疫组化法检测结果表明,较对照组而言,干扰ECHS1可降低实验组胆管癌QBC939细胞中PKM2的表达,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。抑制ECHS1表达可减小实验组裸鼠皮下肿瘤大小(P<0.05)。结论ECHS1通过调控PKM2蛋白表达影响胆管癌QBC939细胞Warburg效应,同时抑制胆管癌的增殖。

肝X受体激动后对人肝癌细胞SMMC-7721 Warburg效应和细胞侵袭力的影响

目的:研究肝X受体(LXRs)激动后对人肝癌细胞SMMC-7721 Warburg效应的调节作用及侵袭能力的影响。方法:体外培养人肝癌细胞SMMC-7721,分为对照组和实验组,实验组采用LXRs激动剂T0901317干预SMMC-7721细胞,对照组仅常规培养。分别在干预后12、24、48 h采用MTT法检测SMMC-7721细胞的活力,流式细胞术检测SMMC-7721细胞周期的改变,葡萄糖氧化酶法检测SMMC-7721细胞葡萄糖摄取水平,比色法检测细胞乳酸水平,Transwell小室法检测SMMC-7721细胞的侵袭能力,蛋白质印迹法检测己糖激酶(HKI)、磷酸果糖激酶(PFKP)、丙酮酸激酶(PK)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、丙酮酸脱氢酶(PDH)水平。在干预后2、3、4周采用软琼脂集落形成实验检测克隆形成率评价细胞恶性转化。结果:MTT实验结果显示,SMMC-7721细胞活力实验组与对照组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。SMMC-7721细胞周期实验组与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。SMMC-7721细胞集落形成能力实验组显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。SMMC-7721细胞葡萄糖的消耗水平和乳酸产生水平实验组均显著低于对照组(均P<0.05)。SMMC-7721细胞的侵袭能力实验组著低于对照组(P<0.05),SMMC-7721细胞中糖酵解关键酶HKI、PFKP、PK、LDH、PDH水平实验组均显著低于对照组(均P<0.05)。结论:激动LXRs受体可以抑制肝癌细胞SMMC-7721的Warburg效应,抑制其侵袭。

Sirolimus increases the anti-cancer effect of Huai Er by regulating hypoxia inducible factor-1α-mediated glycolysis in hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND Glycolysis caused by hypoxia-induced abnormal activation of hypoxia inducible factor-1α(HIF-1α)in the immune microenvironment promotes the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),leading to enhanced drug resistance in cancer cells.Therefore,altering the immunosuppressive microenvironment by improving the hypoxic state is a new goal in improving cancer treatment.AIM To analyse the role of HIF-1α,which is closely related to tumour proliferation,invasion,metastasis,and angiogenesis,in the proliferation and invasion of liver cancer,and to explore the HIF-1αpathway-mediated anti-cancer mechanism of sirolimus(SRL)combined with Huai Er.METHODS Previous studies on HCC tissues identified the importance of HIF-1α,glucose transporter 1(GLUT1),and lactate dehydrogenase A(LDHA)expression.In this study,HepG2 and Huh7 cell lines were treated,under hypoxic and normoxic conditions,with a combination of SRL and Huai Er.The effects on proliferation,invasion,cell cycle,and apoptosis were analysed.Proteomics and genomics techniques were used to analyze the HIF-1α-related signalling pathway during SRL combined with Huai Er treatment and its inhibition of the proliferation of HCC cells.RESULTS High levels of HIF-1α,LDHA,and GLUT-1 were found in poorly differentiated HCC,with lower patient survival rates.Hypoxia promoted the proliferation of HepG2 and Huh7 cells and weakened the apoptosis and cell cycle blocking effects of the SRL/Huai Er treatment.This was achieved by activation of HIF-1αand glycolysis in HCC,leading to the upregulation of LDHA,GLUT-1,Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR),vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF),and Forkhead box P3 and downregulation of phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten(PTEN)and p27.The hypoxia-induced activation of HIF-1αshowed the greatest attenuation in the SRL/Huai Er(S50+H8)group compared to the drug treatments alone(P<0.001).The S50+H8 treatment significantly downregulated the expression of mTOR and HIF-1α,and significantly reduced the expression of VEGF mRNA.Meanwhile,the combined blocking of mTOR and HIF-1αenhanced the downregulation of Akt/mTOR,HIF-1α,LDHA,and GLUT-1 mRNA and resulted in the downregulation of PTEN,p27,and VEGF mRNA(P<0.001).CONCLUSION SRL increases the anti-cancer effect of Huai Er,which reduces the promotion of hypoxia-induced HIF-1αon the Warburg effect by inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR-HIF-1αand HIF-1α-PTEN signalling pathways in HCC.

Smac过表达对食管鳞癌细胞Warburg效应和细胞凋亡的影响

目的:探究Smac过表达对食管鳞癌细胞Warburg效应和细胞凋亡的影响。方法:以含Smac过表达载体的慢病毒感染食管鳞癌细胞EC1和Eca109(Smac过表达组),以感染含空载体的慢病毒为阴性对照,以未感染细胞为空白对照。采用Western blot法检测3组细胞Smac蛋白的表达情况。用过氧化氢刺激Smac过表达组和阴性对照组细胞,利用线粒体膜电位检测试剂盒和Annexin V-FITC/PI双染法检测细胞线粒体膜电位和细胞凋亡情况,并用Western blot法检测细胞中凋亡信号通路相关蛋白[细胞色素C(Cyt-C)、Bcl-2、Caspase-3前体]以及Warburg效应关键蛋白[己糖激酶Ⅱ(HK2)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)]的表达。结果:EC1和Eca109 Smac过表达组Smac蛋白表达水平升高,提示成功构建了Smac过表达细胞株。经过氧化氢刺激后,与阴性对照组相比,Smac过表达组HK2和LDH表达水平下降,细胞线粒体膜电位降低,细胞凋亡率升高,Cyt-C的表达水平升高,Bcl-2和Caspase-3前体蛋白的表达水平下降(P<0.05)。结论:氧化应激刺激下,Smac过表达可抑制食管鳞癌细胞的Warburg效应,促进食管鳞癌细胞凋亡。

苯扎贝特通过AKT/mTOR通路抑制肺腺癌糖酵解机制研究

目的 通过观察苯扎贝特对肺腺癌A549细胞生长的抑制作用,探寻其可能的作用机制。方法 取对数生长期A549细胞,设苯扎贝特组(25、50、100、200、400μmol/L)、阴性对照组、空白对照组,药物干预48 h及72 h后,CCK-8法检测A549细胞增殖抑制率;测定细胞经药物作用后的葡萄糖及乳酸含量,计算葡萄糖消耗率及乳酸产量,评价不同浓度苯扎贝特对A549细胞有氧糖酵解的影响;免疫印迹法(Western blot)检测高中低浓度苯扎贝特组细胞中Akt、mTOR和PKM2的蛋白表达。结果 苯扎贝特能显著抑制肺腺癌A549细胞增殖,抑制作用与用药浓度成正比;苯扎贝特可影响A549细胞糖酵解过程,随着用药浓度增大,细胞中葡萄糖消耗量及乳酸产量不断减少;苯扎贝特可明显抑制Akt、mTOR和PKM2的蛋白表达,抑制作用呈现浓度依赖性。结论 苯扎贝特能够促进肺腺癌A549细胞凋亡,作用机制可能与抑制糖酵解途径,逆转肿瘤细胞的瓦博格效应有关。