Anisotropic etching mechanisms of 4H-SiC:Experimental and first-principles insights

Molten-alkali etching has been widely used to reveal dislocations in 4H silicon carbide(4H-SiC),which has promoted the identification and statistics of dislocation density in 4H-SiC single crystals.However,the etching mechanism of 4H-SiC is limited misunderstood.In this letter,we reveal the anisotropic etching mechanism of the Si face and C face of 4H-SiC by combining molten-KOH etching,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)and first-principles investigations.The activation energies for the molten-KOH etching of the C face and Si face of 4H-SiC are calculated to be 25.09 and 35.75 kcal/mol,respectively.The molten-KOH etching rate of the C face is higher than the Si face.Combining XPS analysis and first-principles calculations,we find that the molten-KOH etching of 4H-SiC is proceeded by the cycling of the oxidation of 4H-SiC by the dissolved oxygen and the removal of oxides by molten KOH.The faster etching rate of the C face is caused by the fact that the oxides on the C face are unstable,and easier to be removed with molten alkali,rather than the C face being easier to be oxidized.

Design Principles and Mechanistic Understandings of Non-Noble-Metal Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for Zinc-Air Batteries

Zinc-air batteries(ZABs)are promising energy storage systems because of high theoretical energy density,safety,low cost,and abundance of zinc.However,the slow multi-step reaction of oxygen and heavy reliance on noble-metal catalysts hinder the practical applications of ZABs.Therefore,feasible and advanced non-noble-metal elec-trocatalysts for air cathodes need to be identified to promote the oxygen catalytic reaction.In this review,we initially introduced the advancement of ZABs in the past two decades and provided an overview of key developments in this field.Then,we discussed the work-ing mechanism and the design of bifunctional electrocatalysts from the perspective of morphology design,crystal structure tuning,interface strategy,and atomic engineering.We also included theoretical studies,machine learning,and advanced characterization technologies to provide a comprehensive understanding of the structure-performance relationship of electrocatalysts and the reaction pathways of the oxygen redox reactions.Finally,we discussed the challenges and prospects related to designing advanced non-noble-metal bifunctional electrocatalysts for ZABs.

Principles of Shiology——Revealing the Basic Rules of Human Shiance

The objective principles of shiology are mainly reflected in three fields as food acquisition, eaters' health and shiance order. Most of the objective principles in the field of food acquisition have been revealed by agronomy and foodstuff science. This research mainly focuses on 10 principles in the field of eaters' health and shiance order and in addition, there are also five lemmas that extend from the above principles. The 10 principles are the core theory of the shiology knowledge system, which play an important role in the objective principles revealed by human beings and constitute one of the basic principles of human civilization. Compared with the scientific principles of mathematics, physics, chemistry and economics, the principles of shiology have three characteristics as popularity, practicability and survivability. The principles of shiology in the field of eaters' health are all around us, and everyone can understand and master them. Using the principles of shiology can improve the healthy life span of 8 billion people. The principles of shiology in the field of shiance order is an important tool of social governance, which can reduce human social conflicts, reduce social involution, improve overall efficiency of social operation, and maintain the sustainable development of human beings.

International law obligations for the disposal of Fukushima nuclear-contaminated water under the principles of nuclear safety

The disposal of contaminated water from Japan’s Fukushima nuclear power plant is a significant international nuclear safety issue with considerable cross-border implications.This matter requires compliance not only with the law of the sea but also with the principles of nuclear safety under international law.These principles serve as the overarching tenet of international and China’s domestic nuclear laws,applicable to nuclear facilities and activities.The principle of safety in nuclear activities is fully recognized in international and domestic laws,carrying broad legal binding force.Japan’s discharge of nuclear-contaminated water into the sea violates its obligations under the principle of safety in nuclear activities,including commitments to optimum protection,as low as reasonably practicable,and prevention.The Japanese government and the International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA)have breached the obligation of optimum protection by restricting the scope of assessments,substituting core concepts,and shielding dissenting views.In the absence of clear radiation standards,they have acted unilaterally without fulfilling the obligation as low as reasonably practicable principle.The discharge of Fukushima nuclear-contaminated water poses an imminent and unpredictable risk to all countries worldwide,including Japanese residents.Japan and the IAEA should fulfill their obligations under international law regarding disposal,adhering to the principles of nuclear safety,including optimum protection,the obligation as low as reasonably practicable,and prevention through multilateral cooperation.Specifically,the obligation to provide optimum protection should be implemented by re-evaluating the most reliable disposal technologies and methods currently available and comprehensively assessing various options.The standard of the obligation as low as reasonably practicable requires that the minimization of negative impacts on human health,livelihoods,and the environment should not be subordinated to considerations of cutting costs and expenses.Multilateral cooperation should be promoted through the establishment of sound multilateral long-term monitoring mechanisms for the discharge of nuclear-contaminated water,notification and consultation obligations,and periodic assessments.These obligations under international law were fulfilled after the accidents at the Three Mile Island and Chernobyl nuclear power plants.The implications of the principles of nuclear safety align with the concept of building a community of shared future for nuclear safety advocated by China.In cases of violations of international law regarding the disposal of nuclear-contaminated water that jeopardize the concept of a community of a shared future for nuclear safety,China can also rely on its own strength to promote the implementation of due obligations through self-help.

Four Dimensions of Integrating Chinese Culture Into College English Teaching From the Perspective of Tyler’s Basic Principles

Integrating Chinese culture into college English can not only enhance students’humanities literacy and cultivate their cultural confidence,but also facilitate the inheritance and international dissemination of Chinese culture.Taking Tyler’s curriculum framework as the starting point,this paper analyzes some factors that affect the integration of Chinese culture into the college English teaching and proposes some strategies for the integration of Chinese culture into college English teaching by innovating teaching objectives,enriching teaching contents,transforming modes of course delivery,and reconstructing the assessment system.

Research on Teaching Methods of Flight Control Principles

With the rapid development of China’s civil aviation industry,the teaching method of operating knowledge of flight principles has changed greatly,which creates a good implementation environment to improve the safety of civil aviation in our country.At present,the main training content of air route transport pilots in China is basic aviation theory,initial flight training,airline modification,etc.The principles of flight control are an important part of basic aviation theoretical knowledge training,which will involve a large number of flight technology training content,instructors will also be based on the pilot type.Teaching flight control theory and practical knowledge requires relatively high theoretical learning ability of students,and the learning effect of this part of theoretical knowledge will directly affect the quality of subsequent learning,but also directly affect the effectiveness of flight training.This paper focuses on the analysis of the basic concepts of flight control,studies the existing problems in the teaching of flight control principles,summarizes the teaching measures of flight control principles,aiming to provide a reference to teaching personnel.

Research on the Course of Principles of Concrete Structure Design

Nowadays,education and teaching have become a hot topic,and teaching in colleges and universities is facing a brand-new development direction.Principles of Concrete Structure Design,as one of the main courses,transmits professional knowledge for students,enhances the students’professional ability,and further carries out in-depth research on the course to bring a better teaching effect for students.The article mainly focuses on the research of the principles of concrete structure design course,conducts an analysis of the teaching characteristics of the principles of concrete structure design course,and reasonably sets the teaching content from the optimization of the course teaching objectives;innovative course teaching methods can deepen the effect of knowledge understanding;reform of experimental practice teaching can lay down the effect of the internalization of knowledge,etc.The in-depth description and discussion of the relevant aspects of the research aim to provide guidelines for related research.

First-Principles Investigation of Charge Transfer Mechanism of B-Doped 3C-SiC Semiconductor Material

This study delves into the charge transfer mechanism of boron (B)-doped 3C-SiC through first-principles investigations. We explore the effects of B doping on the electronic properties of 3C-SiC, focusing on a 12.5% impurity concentration. Our comprehensive analysis encompasses structural properties, electronic band structures, and charge density distributions. The optimized lattice constant and band gap energy of 3C-SiC were found to be 4.373 Å and 1.36 eV respectively, which is in agreement with previous research (Bui, 2012;Muchiri et al., 2018). Our results show that B doping narrows the band gap, enhances electrical conductivity, and influences charge transfer interactions. The charge density analysis reveals substantial interactions between B dopants and surrounding carbon atoms. This work not only enhances our understanding of the material’s electronic properties, but also highlights the importance of charge density analysis for characterizing charge transfer mechanisms and their implications in the 3C-SiC semiconductors.

Lithium nitrate regulated carbonate electrolytes for practical Li-metal batteries: Mechanisms, principles and strategies

Li-metal batteries(LMBs)regain research prominence owing to the ever-increasing high-energy requirements.Commercially available carbonate electrolytes exhibit unfavourable parasitic reactions with Limetal anode(LMA),leading to the formation of unstable solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)and the breed of Li dendrites/dead Li.Significantly,lithium nitrate(LiNO_(3)),an excellent film-forming additive,proves crucial to construct a robust Li_(3)N/Li_(2)O/Li_(x)NO_(y)-rich SEI after combining with ether-based electrolytes.Thus,the given challenge leads to natural ideas which suggest the incorporation of LiNO_(3) into commercial carbonate for practical LMBs.Regrettably,LiNO_(3) demonstrates limited solubility(~800 ppm)in commercial carbonate electrolytes.Thence,developing stable SEI and dendrite-free LMA with the incorporation of LiNO_(3) into carbonate electrolytes is an efficacious strategy to realize robust LMBs via a scalable and cost-effective route.Therefore,this review unravels the grievances between LMA,LiNO_(3)and carbonate electrolytes,and enables a comprehensive analysis of LMA stabilizing mechanism with LiNO_(3),dissolution principle of LiNO_(3) in carbonate electrolytes,and LiNO_(3) introduction strategies.This review converges attention on a point that the LiNO_(3)-introduction into commercial carbonate electrolytes is an imperious choice to realize practical LMBs with commercial 4 V layered cathode.

How to improve machine learning models for lithofacies identification by practical and novel ensemble strategy and principles

Typically, relationship between well logs and lithofacies is complex, which leads to low accuracy of lithofacies identification. Machine learning (ML) methods are often applied to identify lithofacies using logs labelled by rock cores. However, these methods have accuracy limits to some extent. To further improve their accuracies, practical and novel ensemble learning strategy and principles are proposed in this work, which allows geologists not familiar with ML to establish a good ML lithofacies identification model and help geologists familiar with ML further improve accuracy of lithofacies identification. The ensemble learning strategy combines ML methods as sub-classifiers to generate a comprehensive lithofacies identification model, which aims to reduce the variance errors in prediction. Each sub-classifier is trained by randomly sampled labelled data with random features. The novelty of this work lies in the ensemble principles making sub-classifiers just overfitting by algorithm parameter setting and sub-dataset sampling. The principles can help reduce the bias errors in the prediction. Two issues are discussed, videlicet (1) whether only a relatively simple single-classifier method can be as sub-classifiers and how to select proper ML methods as sub-classifiers;(2) whether different kinds of ML methods can be combined as sub-classifiers. If yes, how to determine a proper combination. In order to test the effectiveness of the ensemble strategy and principles for lithofacies identification, different kinds of machine learning algorithms are selected as sub-classifiers, including regular classifiers (LDA, NB, KNN, ID3 tree and CART), kernel method (SVM), and ensemble learning algorithms (RF, AdaBoost, XGBoost and LightGBM). In this work, the experiments used a published dataset of lithofacies from Daniudi gas field (DGF) in Ordes Basin, China. Based on a series of comparisons between ML algorithms and their corresponding ensemble models using the ensemble strategy and principles, conclusions are drawn: (1) not only decision tree but also other single-classifiers and ensemble-learning-classifiers can be used as sub-classifiers of homogeneous ensemble learning and the ensemble can improve the accuracy of the original classifiers;(2) the ensemble principles for the introduced homogeneous and heterogeneous ensemble strategy are effective in promoting ML in lithofacies identification;(3) in practice, heterogeneous ensemble is more suitable for building a more powerful lithofacies identification model, though it is complex.

The Principles of Insulin Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Insulin therapy is an integral part of the pharmacological management of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Guidelines recommended insulin therapy for those patients with suboptimal glycaemic control despite optimal medical treatments. Studies show that insulin therapy with the human and regular insulins improve glycaemic control, reduce the chronic complications, and inevitably improve patient’s quality of life. The new analogue insulin has a better safety profile and efficacies, and has been shown to achieve better outcomes and patient’s acceptability compared with the human and regular insulins. The diabetic guidelines also recommend the intensity of insulin therapy in a personalised glycaemic control strategy based on the patient’s profiles and their preferences. However, the guidelines do not recommend any standardised approach to the principles of insulin initiation, titration, and monitoring. This review summarises the essential principles of insulin initiation, titration, and monitoring in Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Probability Distribution of SARS-Cov-2 (COVID) Infectivity Following Onset of Symptoms: Analysis from First Principles

The phasing out of protective measures by governments and public health agencies, despite continued seriousness of the coronavirus pandemic, leaves individuals who are concerned for their health with two basic options over which they have control: 1) minimize risk of infection by being vaccinated and by wearing a face mask when appropriate, and 2) minimize risk of transmission upon infection by self-isolating. For the latter to be effective, it is essential to have an accurate sense of the probability of infectivity as a function of time following the onset of symptoms. Epidemiological considerations suggest that the period of infectivity follows a lognormal distribution. This proposition is tested empirically by construction of the lognormal probability density function and cumulative distribution function based on quantiles of infectivity reported by several independent investigations. A comprehensive examination of a prototypical ideal clinical study, based on general statistical principles (the Principle of Maximum Entropy and the Central Limit Theorem) reveals that the probability of infectivity is a lognormal random variable. Subsequent evolution of new variants may change the parameters of the distribution, which can be updated by the methods in this paper, but the form of the probability function is expected to remain lognormal as this is the most probable distribution consistent with mathematical requirements and available information.

On the “Online and Offline Blended Teaching” Mode for Ideological and Political Theory Courses in Universities—A Case of “Introduction to Basic Principles of Marxism”

With the deepening development of educational informatization, online and offline blended teaching, as a new teaching mode, is increasingly receiving widespread attention from educators [1]. At present, the reform of the “online and offline blended teaching” of ideological and political education courses directly affects the quality of talent cultivation in universities. The article takes the course “Introduction to Basic Principles of Marxism” as an example to explore the reform mode of “online and offline blended teaching” in ideological and political theory courses in universities from the aspects of reasonable allocation of class hours, design of online teaching activities, how to deepen classroom teaching offline, and diversified assessment modes. Furthermore, the article summarizes the experience of mode reform and promotes the deep development of the people-oriented education concept in ideological and political courses in universities, so as to achieve the ultimate goal of moral education in ideological and political education in universities.

有效合规管理的基本原则

为有效地预防企业发生违法违规行为,避免企业遭受重大的系统性合规风险,需要确立一些基本的合规管理原则,使之成为指导企业建立有效合规管理体系的基本准则。企业无论是搭建日常性合规管理体系,还是在危机发生后进行合规整改,都应遵循“风险导向原则”“相称性原则”“高层承诺原则”“权威性原则”“业务流程渗透原则”“可持续性原则”等方面的要求。这是避免纸面合规、形式化合规或无效合规的制度保障,也是企业实现有效合规管理的最低要求。

强制与自愿二元定位下《证券法》ESG信息披露制度的体系完善

如何提升ESG信息披露的数量与质量,是当下ESG信息披露制度完善的首要目标。现有研究主要基于ESG强制性信息披露可以弥补自愿性监管不足之逻辑,认为应加强ESG信息披露的强制性;却忽略了自愿性信息披露的价值,以及在为何加强、如加强强制性方面论证不足。首先,理论研究发现,自愿性信息披露具有强制性信息披露不可替代的优势,其灵活性更契合ESG信息披露的个性化特征,形成更有效的市场信息;另一方面,自愿性与强制性信息披露是不可割裂的,在制度功能、披露内容与制度构建上具有关联性、互补性。完善的ESG信息披露制度需要强制性与自愿性的二元结合。其次,ESG的功能定位直接影响监管模式的选择。监管部门如将ESG定位为促进公司长期价值的工具,即属于公司自治范畴,采用自愿立场;如将ESG定位为社会治理的手段,往往会提升ESG信息披露的强制性以达到社会治理的目标。据此,我国现阶段基于“双碳”治理的目标提升环境信息披露的强制性,保留其余信息披露的自愿性具有理论与实践正当性。再次,虽然二元监管模式定位合理,但是在具体制度建设中仍存在环境强制性信息披露监管不足、自愿性ESG信息披露激励不足的内生冲突。当前环境强制性信息披露仍然采用单一重要性原则,可能造成ESG信息披露供给不足以及难以应对“漂绿”现象;在法定环境信息披露事项上,也存在标准不一的问题。自愿性信息披露则存在激励不足的现象。上市公司可能因为ESG信息披露承担监管风险,但却无细则与免责事由指引如何避免。最后,在制度优化上,监管强化存在引进双重重要性原则以及增列强制性信息披露事由两条路径。但考虑到双重重要性原则所代表的社会公共利益与证券法投资者保护利益的根本性冲突,现阶段统一法定环境信息披露标准较为合适。另一方面,证券法可以增列与环境有关的公司治理结构披露事项,以与环境法信息公开相区别。激励强化存在引进预测性信息安全港以及细化指引两条路径。但考虑到国内并无预测性信息安全港的相关规则,立法成本过高,因此现阶段细化自愿性ESG信息披露较为适宜。

经济修辞的基本原则

修辞是一种复杂的语言活动。修辞的过程,从本质上说,就是语言资源配置的过程,需要应合特定的题旨情境,朝着既定的修辞目标预期而努力。为此,修辞主体(表达者)在语言资源配置的过程中就必须遵循一定的原则。其中有三项最基本的原则,是修辞主体必须要始终牢记并遵循的,这就是:“增量达标”原则、“减量达标”原则和“调控适变”原则。

国际食品安全文化建设进展分析及对我国的启示

为探索建设适合我国国情的食品安全文化,本文收集整理全球食品安全倡议(GFSI)、世界卫生组织(WHO)、国际食品法典委员会(CAC)及欧盟、澳新、美国、英国等组织和国家开展的食品安全文化建设工作的资料,从食品安全文化的定义、出台的相关政策、建立食品安全文化的重要性、食品安全文化评价原则、应采取的有效措施和评估时使用的工具等方面进行了分析比较,并基于中国传统文化的积淀、传承、城乡食品安全现状,提出了构建中国特色食品安全文化相关建议,希望为构建符合我国国情的食品安全文化提供参考和借鉴。

化工原理课程教学方法改进与优化措施探讨

化工原理课程是化工相关专业的核心课程,由于化工原理讲授的是复杂的工程理论基础,在教学过程中存在课程难度大、理论与实践脱轨、学生学习动力不足等问题。本文针对这些问题结合多样化教学、生活/工程实际和多维度评价等手段,探讨化工原理课程教学改进与优化的方法,培养学生学习积极性,提高教学效果。

水资源保护利用“四水四定”的创新管理模式

系统识别了我国水资源保护利用“四水四定”管理中存在的问题,提出了以精准严格的管控指标、权威统一的监测系统、明确有力的管理体制、科学规范的管理制度以及协同高效的管理机制为五大核心体系,以水资源保护利用“四水四定”智慧水务管控平台为一个平台的水资源保护利用“四水四定”创新管理“5+1”模式;指出未来水资源保护利用“四水四定”管理的发展趋势包括统筹协调现有的水管理系统并实现升级,水量与水权结合面向“四水四定”激活交易市场,规范化建立“四水四定”的执行标准体系以及开展基于微观决策行为的水资源保护利用“四水四定”特定制度设计等方面。

智慧教学改革下大学物理课程思政教学设计——以“熵增加原理”为例

《大学物理》课程是面向理工科专业学生的一门重要公共基础必修课.为满足高水平应用型才培养需求与课程育人目标,本课程进行了智慧教学模式改革,并在此基础之上对大学物理课程思政进行了探索与尝试。本文以“熵增加原理”为例探索智慧教学改革下大学物理课程思政的教学设计。