In situ quantification of NO synthesis in a warm air glow discharge by WMS-based Mid-IR QCL absorption spectroscopy

Nitric oxide(NO)is one of the most crucial products in the plasma-based nitrogen fixation process.In this work,in situ measurements were performed for quantifying the NO synthesis spatially in a warm air glow discharge,through the method of Mid-infrared quantum cascade laser absorption spectroscopy(QCL-AS).Two ro-vibrational transitions at 1900.076 cm^(-1) and 1900.517 cm^(-1) of the ground-state NO(X)were probed sensitively by the help of the wavelength modulation spectroscopy(WMS)approach to increase the signal/noise(S/N)level.The results show a decline trend of NO synthesis rate along the discharge channel from the cathode to the anode.However,from the point of energy efficiency,the cathode region is of significantly low energy efficiency of NO production.Severe disproportionality was found for the high energy consumption but low NO production in the region of cathode area,compared to that in the positive column zone.Further analysis demonstrates the high energy cost of NO production in the cathode region,is ascribed to the extremely high reduced electric field E/N therein not selectively preferable for the processes of vibrational excitation or dissociation of N_(2) and O_(2) molecules.This drags down the overall energy efficiency of NO synthesis by this typical warm air glow discharge,particularly for the ones with short electrode gaps.Limitations of further improving the energy cost of NO synthesis by variations of the discharge operation conditions,such as discharge current or airflow rate,imply other effective manners able to tune the energy delivery selectively to the NO formation process,are sorely needed.

Prediction Analysis on the Transport Distance of Supply Air in Warm Air Heating Room with Impinging Jet Ventilation Systems

To overcome the disadvantages of displacement ventilation( DV) and traditional mixing ventilation( MV) system,a new ventilation system known as impinging jet ventilation system( IJVS)has been developing. The warm air can be supplied with impinging jet ventilation( IJV), while the DV is only used for cooling.However,the flow and temperature field of IJV under heating scenario has had few references. The paper is mainly focused on computational fluid dynamics( CFD) and developing an adequate correlation between the distance L that warm air can reach and different parameters in the warm IJVS by using response surface methodology( RSM). The results indicate that L decreases as the supply velocity υ decreases but increases as the supply temperature difference ΔT or the discharge height h decreases. In the variable air volume( VAV) system, it is necessary to determine supply parameters both under the maximum-heat-load condition and the small-heat-load condition. Unlike the VAV system,the constant air volume( CAV) system has no need to study the small-heat-load condition. Draught discomfort near the nozzle becomes the issue of concern in IJVS, thus the suitable discharge height is of great importance in design and can be calculated based on the predictive model.

Air Pollution, Global Warming and Difficulties to Replace Fossil Fuel with Renewable Energy

Since the Industrial Revolution, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have greatly increased with the increased use of fossil fuels, leading to air pollution and global warming. We present the researches on air pollution and the use of fossil fuels in north China, the economic zone of Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan and the economic zone of the Pearl River Delta region. Researches indicate that the use of fossil fuels has been the main source of air pollution in the three regions. We present researches on global mean surface temperature (GMST) with the rise of carbon dioxide concentration (CDC) and global fossil fuel consumption (GFFC);researches indicate that the rise in CDC can account for 91% of the rise in GMST, and GFFC can account for 90% of the rise in GMST. We analyse the factors that bring about air pollution and temperature rise, they are the use of fossil fuels and deforestation. It is critically important to replace fossil fuels with clean energy, but renewable energy has also disadvantages. The world faces difficulties in solving air pollution and global warming, so governments of the world should cooperate to solve the technologies of clean energy, and preserve the forests and the natural environment.

FORCED-AIR WARMING AND FLUID WARMING MINIMIZE CORE HYPOTHERMIA DURING ABDOMINAL SURGERY

Objective To evaluate the effect of intraoperative combined forced-air warming and fluid warming system on patient’s core temperature, blood loss, transfusion demand, extubation time, and incidence of postoperative shivering. Methods Forty patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I andⅡ, aged 18-70 years, scheduled for elective abdominal surgery were randomly assigned to receive intraoperative warming from a forced-air blanket and fluid warming system or conventional cotton blanket, 20 in each group. The core temperature was recorded every 20 minutes during the operation, as well as the blood loss, blood transfusion, extubation time, and incidence of postoperative shivering. Results The core temperature at the end of the surgery in the warming group was significantly different from that in the control group (36.4±0.4℃ vs. 35.3±0.5℃, P<0.001). Application of intraoperative warming significantly shortened the time between the end of the surgery and extubation (P<0.01). Postoperative shivering occurred in 30% of the patients in the control group compared to no patient in the warming group (P <0.01). Conclusion Active warming with air-forced blanket and fluid warming system provides sufficient heat to prevent hypothermia during abdominal surgery.

Variation of Air-Sea Heat Fluxes over the Western Pacific Warm Pool Area and Its Relationship with the South China Sea Summer Monsoon Onset

Based on oceanic and atmospheric parameters retrieved by satellite remote sensing using a neural network method, air-sea heat fluxes over the western Pacific warm pool area were calculated with the advanced the advanced Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment 3.0 (COARE3.0) bulk algorithm method. Then, the average annual and interannual characteristics of these fluxes were analyzed. The rela- tionship between the fluxes and the South China Sea (SCS) summer monsoon onset is highlighted. The results indicate that these fluxes have clear temporal and spatial characteristics. The sensible heat flux is at its maximum in the Kuroshio area, while the latent heat flux is at its maximum in the North Equatorial Current and Kuroshio area. The distribution of average annual air-sea heat fluxes shows that both sensible and latent heat fluxes are maximized in winter and minimized in summer. The air-sea heat fluxes have obvious interannual variations. Correlation analysis indicates a close lag-correlation between air-sea heat fluxes in the western Pacific warm pool area and at the SCS summer monsoon onset. The lagcorrelation can therefore predict the SCS summer monsoon onset, providing a reference for the study of precipitation related to the monsoon.

SEASONAL DEPENDENCE OF LOCAL AIR-SEA INTERACTION OVER THE TROPICAL WESTERN PACIFIC WARM POOL

Based on the air-sea interface heat fluxes and related meteorological variables datasets recently released by Objectively Analyzed Air-Sea Fluxes(OA Flux) Project of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,as well as the outgoing longwave radiation and surface wind datasets from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,the seasonal dependence of local air-sea interaction over the tropical western Pacific warm pool(referred to the region(1o-6oN,144o-154oE)) is revealed and the probable impacts of remote forcing on the air-sea interaction are examined.The results indicated the dominance of oceanic forcing with the significant impact of ENSO in March and that of atmospheric feedback without notable influence of remote forcing in June.While the interannual variability of sea surface temperature anomaly(SSTA) is larger than that of SSTA tendency when oceanic forcing is dominant,the opposite is true when atmospheric feedback is dominant.The magnitude of the oceanic forcing of the atmosphere tends to decrease in March with the occurrence of ENSO,though ENSO has little influence on the atmospheric feedback to the ocean in June.The local air-sea interaction is substantially the same before and after the removal of the effect of Indian Oceanic Dipole.The reduction of shortwave radiation fluxes into the western Pacific warm pool,due to the enhanced overlaying convection in March associated with ENSO,leads to the decline of SST tendency that will weaken the oceanic forcing of the atmosphere.

2021年11月7—9日辽宁省极端雨雪天气分析

选用常规气象观测资料、人工加密观测资料和NCEP/NCAR格点资料,对2021年11月7—9日辽宁省极端雨雪天气进行诊断分析。结果表明:东北冷涡和地面气旋为此次极端雨雪天气的主要影响系统,对流层中低层辐合、高层辐散以及强的冷暖气流交汇,是产生极端雨雪天气的主要原因;高低空急流耦合和高空辐散抽吸作用,配合东北冷涡动力抬升作用,暖湿低空急流沿冷垫爬升,进一步加强了上升运动。暖湿急流为此次极端雨雪天气提供了充沛的水汽条件,暖湿急流的增强对应水汽辐合作用增强,配合低层冷垫和东北冷涡的动力抬升作用,对降雪有明显增幅作用;地面辐合线沿地形分布,触发了此次极端强降雪天气。地形阻挡导致地面冷空气堆积形成冷垫,是极端降雪天气发生的重要原因。温度层结差异是鞍山、岫岩雨雪相态差异的主要原因。具有冻结层特征的低层冷垫,为鞍山极端暴雪提供了有利的温度层结条件;融化层厚度和地面温度是岫岩出现冻雨的关键因素。

热示踪法对广州城市化地下温度影响的辨识

浅层地温和近地表空气温度之间存在内在能量交换,随着时间推移,地表温度变化的信息会向下传播,并叠加到稳态地温场上。因此,可通过当前地温剖面,反过来重建地面温度变化的历史。为评估全球变暖和城市化对广州地下温度的综合影响,本文收集了广州站自1958—2022年的气温数据并对这段时期的气温数据进行回归分析和距平分析,获得了广州16个观测钻孔的温度-深度剖面;再利用温度-深度剖面下段进行回归分析,得到地温梯度以及偏离恒定地温梯度的深度;最后,结合气温数据得到开始增温时间和增温幅度,运用解析解方程得到广州地表增温下温度-深度剖面的理论曲线。结果显示广州气温在1958—2022年间的增温速率为0.33℃/10a,开始增温的时间为1987年,增温幅度为2.6℃。广州区域观测到的地温梯度值为0.036℃/m,而地温偏离恒定地温梯度的深度为54.8 m,与通过解析解计算得到的理论深度57.6 m基本一致。研究发现城市化导致的地表变暖开始时间越早,地下温度与恒定地温梯度偏离的深度越大,表明城市区域地温偏离恒定地温梯度的深度可作为描述城市化进程的一个指标。

充气式保温毯不同保温模式维持腹部手术患者核心体温有效性的Meta分析

目的系统评价身上型和身下全身型充气式保温毯维持腹部手术患者围手术期核心体温的有效性,为腹部手术患者选择合适、有效的主动保温方法提供临床依据。方法通过计算机检索PubMed、Cochrane Library、Web of Science、Scopus、Embase、CINAHL、中国知网以及万方数据库,收集身上型和身下全身型充气式保温毯对维持腹部手术患者核心体温有效性的随机对照试验,并追溯其参考文献,检索时限均为建库至2023年3月。2位研究者独立进行文献筛选、数据提取和质量评价后,采用Rev Man 5.4软件对纳入文献进行Meta分析。结果最终纳入5项随机对照试验,总样本量为373例患者。Meta分析结果显示,身下全身型充气式保温毯能升高患者术中核心体温[95%CI为0.13(0.02~0.29),P<0.001],降低围术期非计划低体温的发生率[95%CI为0.15(0.03~0.79),P=0.020],并减少术后寒战的发生[95%CI为0.17(0.05~0.63),P=0.008]。结论身下全身型充气式保温毯对维持腹部手术患者围手术期核心体温有效,可降低围术期非计划低体温和寒战的发生风险。

在线接触加热的高强钢板自由温折弯成形工艺研究

针对普通热成形工艺难以用于高强钢折弯等常见局部成形的现状,以NM450TP耐磨高强钢为研究对象,利用实验和数值模拟研究了基于局部在线接触加热的自由温折弯成形新方法,探讨了NM450TP材料的温成形特性、接触加热热传导行为以及温折弯变形等问题。结果表明,通过对坯料折弯变形区的局部、精确接触加热,NM450TP板自由温折弯性能得到了大幅提升,有效避免了自由温折弯的开裂。该方法具有模具结构简单、易于实现和加热效率高等优点,可为难变形材料的局部自由折弯温成形提供借鉴。

温室气体排放与番茄产量对水肥气耦合的响应机制研究

为探求温室番茄节水减排优产的灌溉模式,以番茄(金鹏8号)为研究对象,设置I1和I2(对应作物-皿系数kcp为0.8和1.0)2个灌水水平,F1和F2(对应施氮量180 kg/hm^(2)和240 kg/hm^(2))2个施氮水平,A1、A2和CK(1倍和2倍文丘里加气量,不加气CK作为对照处理)3个加气水平,采用3因素完全随机设计,共10个处理,每个处理重复3次,采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对番茄全生育期温室气体排放进行监测分析,探究土壤CO_(2)、N_(2)O、CH_(4)排放与番茄产量的变化规律;分析灌水水平、施氮水平和加气水平对温室番茄产量和温室气体排放的影响,综合全球净增温潜势(Net global warming potential,NGWP)和温室气体排放强度(Greenhouse gas intensity,GHGI),提出以节水减排高产为目标的温室番茄水肥气一体化滴灌管理模式。结果表明:灌溉水平和施氮水平增大均会增加土壤CO_(2)、N_(2)O排放通量,I2处理较I1处理平均增加24.8%(P<0.05)与14.8%(P>0.05),F2处理比F1处理平均增加8.6%(P>0.05)与34.9%(P<0.05);加气灌溉对土壤CO_(2)、N_(2)O排放通量有显著影响,与CK处理相比,A1和A2处理分别平均增加5.5%、10.0%(P>0.05)和20.9%、62.9%(P<0.05)。番茄全生育期内土壤CH4排放通量呈现土壤为CH4的汇,灌水水平增大会增加土壤CH4排放通量,而施氮水平增加则会减小CH4排放通量,I2处理比I1处理平均增加27.8%(P<0.05),F2处理比F1处理平均减少25.5%(P<0.05);加气、施氮和灌水会显著增加番茄产量(P<0.05)。综合考虑经济因素和生态因素,A1F2I1处理效益最佳,即加气水平A1、施氮水平F2、灌水水平I1的组合策略可以兼顾节水优产减排要求,为西北地区温室番茄较优灌溉模式。

Characteristics and spatial distribution of strong warming events in the central Arctic(2000-2019)

Arctic amplification in the context of global warming has received considerable attention,and mechanisms such as ice-albedo feedback and extratropical cyclone activity have been proposed to explain such abnormal warming.Since 2000,several short-term episodes of significant temperature rise have been observed in the Arctic;however,long-duration warming events in the central Arctic are less common and lack comprehensive research.Previous studies identified that amplified Rossbywaves could connect Arctic warming with extreme weather events in mid-latitude regions,and thus the recent increase in the frequency of mid-latitude extreme weather is also a subject of intensive research.With consideration of temperature anomalies,this study defined a continuous warming process as a warming event and selected strong warming events based on duration.Analysis of National Centers for Environmental Prediction Reanalysis-2 surface air temperature data found that nine strong warming events occurred during 2000-2019,which could be categorized into three types based on the area of warming.This study also investigated the relation between strong warming events and sea ice concentration reduction,sudden stratospheric warming,and extratropical cyclone activities.After full consideration and comparison,we believe that strong warming events in the central Arctic are induced primarily by continuous transport of warm air from mid-latitude ocean areas.

循环水保温垫和两种热空气暖风垫在犬剖腹手术中保温效果的比较

术中低体温会增加感染率、出血风险和死亡率,目前临床上常用外部主动加热系统提高保温效果。为了探究不同保温设备在麻醉诱导和手术过程中的保温效果,将18例进行剖腹手术的犬随机分成3组(n=6),即循环水保温垫组(W)、U形热空气暖风垫组(FU)和热空气暖风垫组(FM)。结果显示,3组犬的平均食道温度在麻醉20 min后均下降,40 min后FU组食道温度上升,FM组上升缓慢。W组食道温度在40、50、60 min均显著低于FU组,与FM组无显著差异。FM组犬的食道温度相较于W和FU组缓慢上升。结果表明,全身麻醉时,可重复使用、随身体压力分散的热空气暖风垫保温效果良好,能有效降低术中低体温的发生概率。

夏热冬暖地区冰球馆空调系统节能设计实践

以地处夏热冬暖地区的福州某学校冰球馆空气调节系统为例,从分析福州气候特征、冰球馆空调负荷特性着手,抓住温湿度控制要点,开展节能优化设计。该项目以传统冷冻除湿、再热的手段为基础,结合冷凝热回收技术、转轮除湿技术进行改良优化,有效降低运行能耗,为冰球馆控湿防雾、节能运行保驾护航。

Permafrost warming along the Mo'he-Jiagedaqi section of the China-Russia crude oil pipeline

The permafrost along the China-Russia Crude Oil Pipeline(CRCOP) is degrading since the pipeline operation in 2011. Heat dissipated from the pipeline, climate warming and anthropogenic activities leads to permafrost warming. The processes of permafrost warming along the CRCOP were studied based on the monitoring of air and soil temperatures, and electrical resistivity tomography(ERT) surveys. Results show that:(1) the mean annual air temperature(MAAT) in permafrost regions along the CRCOP increased with a rate of 0.21°C/10a–0.40°C/10 a during the past five decades;(2) the mean annual ground temperature(MAGT, at-15 m depth) of undisturbed permafrost increased by 0.2°C and the natural permafrost table remained unchanged due to the zero-curtain effect;(3) permafrost surrounding the uninsulated pipeline right-of-way warmed significantly compared with that in a natural site. During 2012–2017, the MAGT and the artificial permafrost table, 2 m away from the pipeline centerline, increased at rates of 0.063°C/a and 1.0 m/a. The thaw bulb developed around the pipe and exhibits a faster lateral expansion;(4) 80-mm-thick insulation could reduce the heat exchange between the pipeline and underlying permafrost and then keep the permafrost and pipe stable. The MAGT and the artificial permafrost table, 4.8 m away from the center line of the pipeline, increased by 0.3°C/a and 0.43 m/a, respectively. Due to the heat disturbance caused by warm oil, the degradation of wetland, controlled burn each autumn and climate warming, the permafrost extent reduced and warmed significantly along the CRCOP route. Field observations provide basic data to clarify the interactions between CRCOP and permafrost degradation and environmental effects in the context of climate change.

Temporal and spatial variation of annual mean air temperature in arid and semiarid region in northwest China over a recent 46 year period

We analyzed the 1961-2006 mean surface air temperature data of 138 stations in China’s northwest arid and semi-arid areas(CNASA),to measure climate change in terms of annual mean air temperature changes.We used methods of linear regression analysis,multinomial fitting,Empirical Or-thogonal Function(EOF),Rotated Empirical Orthogonal Function(REOF),Mann-Kendall,Glide T-examination,wavelet analysis and power spectrum analysis.The results show that(1) the warming rate of the annual mean air temperature in CNASA was 0.35oC/10a during the 1961-2006 study period.Some places in the west part of Xinjiang and east part of the Qinghai plateau,which is impacted by the terrain of leeward slope,exhibit smaller increasing trends.However,the majority of region has shown distinct warming in line with general global warming;(2) The standard deviation of the annual mean temperature distribution is non-uniform.The south Xinjiang and east Qinghai-south Gansu areas show relatively small standard deviations,but the inter-annual variation in annual mean air temperature in the greater part of the region is high;(3) Inner Mongolia,Shaanxi,Gansu,Ningxia and Tarim Basin are the areas where the temperature changes are most sensitive to the environment.The degree of uniformity in annual mean air temperature increase is higher in the arid and semi-arid area.From the early 1970s,the trend in tempera-ture changed from a decrease to an increase,and there was a marked increase in mean temperature in 1986.After that mean temperature went through a period of rapid increase.The entire area’s 10 hottest years all occurred in or since the 1990s,and 90% of various sub-districts’ hottest years also occurred after 1990.The process of temperature change appears to have a roughly 5-year and a 10-year cycle;(4) An-nual mean air temperature variation has regional differences.In Inner Mongolia-Xinjiang and Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia-Qinghai areas,the temperature variation in their northern areas was very different from that in their southern areas;(5) Using the REOF method we divided the region into 4 sub-regions:the Northern region,the Plateau region,the Southern Xinjiang region and the Eastern region.The region’s annual mean air temperature transition has regional differences.The Plateau and Southern Xinjiang re-gions got warmer steadily without any obvious acceleration in the rate of warming.The Northern region’s warming started about 5-years earlier than that of the low latitude Eastern region.The ’Startup region’ of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,appears to undergo temperature changes 3 to 10 years earlier than the other regions,and exhibits inter-decadal variations 1 to 2 years ahead of the other regions.

Skillful Seasonal Forecasts of Summer Surface Air Temperature in Western China by Global Seasonal Forecast System Version 5

Variations of surface air temperature （SAT） are key in affecting the hydrological cycle, ecosystems and agriculture in western China in summer. This study assesses the seasonal forecast skill and reliability of SAT in western China, using the GloSea5 operational forecast system from the UK Met Office. Useful predictions are demonstrated, with considerable skill over most regions of western China. The temporal correlation coefficients of SAT between model predictions and observations axe larger than 0.6, in both northwestern China and the Tibetan Plateau. There are two important sources of skill for these predictions in western China： interannual variation of SST in the western Pacific and the SST trend in the tropical Pacific. The tropical SST change in the recent two decades, with a warming in the western Pacific and cooling in the eastern Pacific, which is reproduced well by the forecast system, provides a large contribution to the skill of SAT in northwestern China. Additionally, the interannual variation of SST in the western Pacific gives rise to the reliable prediction of SAT around the Tibetan Plateau. It modulates convection around the Maritime Continent and further modulates the variation of SAT on the Tibetan Plateau via the surrounding circulation. This process is evident irrespective of detrending both in observations and the model predictions, and acts as a source of skill in predictions for the Tibetan Plateau. The predictability and reliability demonstrated in this study is potentially useful for climate services providing early warning of extreme climate events and could imply useful economic benefits.

Analysis of Surface Air Temperature Change in Macao During the Period 1901-2007

与在澳门的气候有关的变化在在整个的澳门的年度吝啬的表面空气温度每 10 年与大约 0.066 的温暖的率升起了在的 period1901-2007.The 结果表演上根据每日的温度观察被学习最近 107 years.The 大多数明显的温暖发生在春天和 winter.The interdecadal 在夏天和冬季的季节的吝啬的温度的变化与大约 30 年和 60 年的时间规模作为一系列波浪出现了， respectively.The

广州某大型医院冷热源方案选型及水系统设计分析

介绍了广州市某大型综合医院空调系统设计,基于对综合医院所处位置及实际需求的深入分析,探讨非净化区与净化区空调冷热源系统的方案选型。另外,通过一级泵变流量系统与二级泵变流量系统方案的对比,根据实际情况探索该大型医疗综合楼空调水系统的最佳方案。

Comparative Analysis of China Surface Air Temperature Series for the Past 100 Years

温度变化在全球变化科学起一个关键作用。在过去的几十年，全面调查结果在中国在温度变化上被完成过去的 100 年了。几个次系列被创造了为这个国家说明平均表面空气温度。这些的关联从 0.73 ～ 0.97 的系列范围。它也在更好的数据质量，更宽的空间数据范围，时间系列的改进同质，和调查结果的提高的可靠性被完成。结果由 0.78 摮爠獥潰獮獥琠? 汣浩瑡 ? 档湡敧 ? 湩汦敵据獥漠 ? 牣潹灳敨楲? 档湡敧 ? 愠摮愠慤瑰瑡潩 ?