Changes of heating and cooling degree days over China in response toglobal warming of 1.5℃, 2℃, 3℃ and 4℃

Future changes of heating degree days （HDD） and cooling degree days （CDD） in the 21st century with and without considering populationfactor are investigated based on four sets of climate change simulations over East Asia using the regional climate model version 4.4 （RegCM4.4）driven by the global models of CSIRO-Mk3-6-0, EC-EARTH, HadGEM2-ES, and MPI-ESM-MR. Under global warming of 1.5℃, 2℃, 3℃,and 4℃, significant decrease of HDD can be found over China without considering population factor, with greater decrease over high elevationand high latitude regions, including the Tibetan Plateau, the northern part of Northeast China, and Northwest China; while population-weightedHDD increased in areas where population will increase in the future, such as Beijing, Tianjin, parts of southern Hebei, northern Shandong andHenan provinces. Similarly, the CDD projections with and without considering population factor are largely different. Specifically, withoutconsidering population, increase of CDD were observed over most parts of China except the Tibetan Plateau where the CDD remained zerobecause of the cold climate even under global warming; while considering population factor, the future CDD decreases in South China andincreases in North China, the Sichuan Basin, and the southeastern coastal areas, which is directly related to the population changes. The differentfuture changes of HDD and CDD when considering and disregarding the effects of population show that population distribution plays animportant role in energy consumption, which should be considered in future research.

Asymmetric response of the eastern tropical Indian SST to climate warming and cooling

The response of the eastern tropical Indian Ocean(ETIO) to heat fluxes of equal amplitude but opposite sign is investigated using the Community Earth System Model(CESM). A significant positive asymmetry in sea surface temperature(SST) is found over the ETIO—the warming responses to the positive forcing exceeds the cooling to the negative forcing. A mixed layer heat budget analysis is carried out to identify the mechanisms responsible for the SST asymmetry. Results show that it is mainly ascribed to the ocean dynamical processes, including vertical advections and diffusion. The net surface heat flux, on the contrary, works to reduce the asymmetry through its shortwave radiation and latent heat flux components. The former is due to the nonlinear relationship between SST and cloud, while the latter is resulted mainly from Newtonian damping and air-sea stability effects. Changes in the SST skewness are also evaluated, with more enhanced negative SST skewness over the ETIO found for the cooling than heating scenarios due to the asymmetric thermocline-SST feedback.

基于四川地域特色探讨寻常性银屑病的中医治疗

银屑病是常见的慢性炎症性皮肤病,中医又称白疕。历代中医医家非常重视地域因素对疾病造成的影响,强调气候、饮食、体质等因素在患病过程中所发挥的重要作用。结合四川地区独特的地理位置和气候环境,经过长期的临床实践与总结,本文提出寻常性银屑病以脾虚为本,湿热内蕴为因,皮肤红斑鳞屑为果,提倡以寒温并调、清热利湿、健脾疏肝为治法,以标本兼治、扶正祛邪为目的治疗银屑病,临床常取得较为满意的疗效。本文介绍了川派皮科对银屑病的中医认识及治疗经验,以期为中医治疗寻常性银屑病的提供思路。

金银花在温病各阶段的运用探析——以“银翘散”“银翘白虎汤”“清营汤”为例

通过以《温热论》、《温病条辨》等温病学著作为基础,以银翘散、银翘白虎汤、清营汤三个经典方剂为例,探讨金银花在温病各阶段治疗用药规律,其在不同方剂中具有不同作用与配伍意义.金银花具有疏散风热、清热解毒的功效,在温病临床发展各阶段均展现其特有特点.银翘散在卫分证治疗中体现金银花疏透外表之邪、易于解肌的功效.银翘白虎汤在气分证治疗中发挥金银花清脏腑热,尤其是清心肺之热的作用.清营汤在营血分证治疗中发挥了其清热凉血的作用.初步总结金银花在温病各阶段的运用规律,以期指导临床用药,开拓临床思路,助力中医药“传承精华,守正创新”.

滨海高速公路改扩建温拌沥青混合料综合性能评价

评价不同温拌剂对沥青混合料性能影响规律,为工程应用中温拌剂的选择提供技术依据。分别选取Sasobit、Aspha-min、Evotherm 3种温拌剂制备温拌沥青混合料,基于车辙、低温弯曲、冻融劈裂、汉堡轮辙和动态模量试验,分析3种温拌剂对沥青混合料路用性能和动态模量的综合影响。研究表明,Evotherm温拌剂对混合料的降温效果最佳,Aspha-min温拌剂与Sasobit温拌剂对沥青混合料的降温效果相当;Sasobit温拌剂能够提高混合料的高温性能,Evotherm温拌剂能够提高混合料的水稳定性,Aspha-min温拌剂的水热性能较差;中温条件下添加Evotherm温拌剂混合料模量最高,高温条件下添加Sasobit温拌剂混合料模量最高;构建混合料动态模量主曲线,Sasobit和Evotherm温拌剂均能够改善混合料的高温性能,Sasobit温拌剂造成混合料低温性能降低,Evotherm和Aspha-min温拌剂对混合料的低温不产生影响。

采用水冷冷凝器的电动汽车热泵系统制热和抗结霜性能试验研究

热泵技术由于具有比电加热显著提升的制热效率,近年来逐渐应用于电动汽车以期提高冬季续航里程。文章设计了一套电动汽车热泵系统,该系统取消了传统热泵的车外冷凝器,而以低温散热器作为主要的散热和吸热部件。根据实车的零部件部件要求搭建了该热泵系统的测试台架,台架试验结果表明该热泵系统在-7℃环境下,纯热泵工况下的制热能力可以达到5.4kW,COP可以达到2.4。通过模拟电机电控的余热回收效果,试验发现低于30%的余热可以被该系统吸收用于制热。试验也表明这种类型的热泵系统在湿度较高的情况下同样存在结霜的问题,且结霜开始的时间与环境湿度和压缩机转速关系紧密。

The Effect of Warm Water and Its Weak Negative Feedback on the Rapid Intensification of Typhoon Hato(2017)

Typhoon Hato (2017) went through a rapid intensification (RI) process before making landfall in Zhuhai,Guangdong Province, as the observational data shows. Within 24 hours, its minimum sea level pressure deepened by35hPa and its maximum sustained wind speed increased by 20m s-1. According to satellite observations, Hato encountered a large area of warm water and two warm core rings before the RI process, and the average sea surface temperature cooling (SSTC) induced by Hato was only around 0.73℃. Air-sea coupled simulations were implemented to investigate the specific impact of the warm water on its RI process. The results showed that the warm water played an important role by facilitating the RI process by around 20%. Sea surface temperature budget analysis showed that the SSTC induced by mixing mechanism was not obvious due to the warm water. Besides, the cold advection hardly caused any SSTC, either. Therefore, the SSTC induced by Hato was much weaker compared with that in general cases. The negative feedback between ocean and Hato was restrained and abundant heat and moisture were sufficiently supplied to Hato. The warm water helped heat flux increase by around 20%, too. Therefore, the warm water influenced the structure and the intensity of Hato. Although there might be other factors that also participated in the RI process, this study focused on air-sea interaction in tropical cyclone forecast and discussed the impact of warm water on the intensity and structure of a tropical cyclone.

SOME FEATURES OF SEVERE TROPICAL CYCLONE CHANGE IN THE COOL AND WANM SUMMER OVER EAST CHINA SEA

Based on the definition of cool summer and warm summer, statistical characteristics of severe tropical cyclones are studied over East China Sea using 1951-1994 typhoon and temperature data. It is foundthat the frequency, tracks, intensity and moving speed 0f the tropical cyclone between c0ld summer andwarm summer were much different. The backgtound features 0f the difference were also discussed incontrast.

A Loop Thermosyphon Type Cooling System for High Heat Flux

With rapid development of the semiconductor technology, more efficient cooling systems for electronic devices are needed. In this situation, in the present study, a loop thermosyphon type cooling system, which is composed mainly of a heating block, an evaporator and an air-cooled condenser, is investigated experimentally in order to evaluate the cooling performance. At first, it is examined that the optimum volume filling rate of this cooling system is approximately 40%. Next, four kinds of working fluids, R1234ze(E), R1234ze(Z), R134a and ethanol, are tested using a blasted heat transfer surface of the evaporator. In cases of R1234ze(E), R1234ze(Z), R134a and ethanol, the effective heat flux, at which the heating block surface temperature reaches 70°C, is 116 W/cm2, 106 W/cm2, 104 W/cm2 and 60 W/cm2, respectively. This result indicates that R1234ze(E) is the most suitable for the present cooling system. The minimum boiling thermal resistance of R1234ze(E) is 0.05 (cm2·K)/W around the effective heat flux of 100 W/cm2. Finally, four kinds of heat transfer surfaces of the evaporator, smooth, blasted, copper-plated and finned surfaces, are tested using R1234ze(E) as working fluid. The boiling thermal resistance of the blasted surface is the smallest among tested heat transfer surfaces up to 116 W/cm2 in effective heat flux. However, it increases drastically due to the appearance of dry-patch if the effective heat flux exceeds 116 W/cm2. On the other hand, in cases of copper-plated and finned surfaces, the dry-patch does not appear up to 150 W/cm2 in effective heat flux, and the boiling thermal resistances of those surfaces keep 0.1 (cm2·K)/W.

Linear Global Temperature Correlation to Carbon Dioxide Level, Sea Level, and Innovative Solutions to a Projected 6°C Warming by 2100

Too many climate committees, conferences, articles and publications continue to suggest a one and a half (1.5°C) to two degrees (2°C) Celsius as an achievable global limit to climate changes without establishment of any causal link to the proposed anti-warming mechanism. A comprehensive review has found instead that observationally informed projections of climate science underlying climate change offer a different outlook of five to six-degree (5°C - 6°C) increase as “most accurate” with regard to present trends, climate history and models, yielding the most likely outcome for 2100. The most causative triad for the present warming trend from 1950 to the present is identified in this paper: 1) the tripling (3×) of world population;2) the quadrupling (4×) of carbon emissions;and 3) the quintupling (5×) of the world energy consumption. This paper presents a quantitative, linear global temperature correlation to carbon dioxide levels that has great predictive value, a short temporal feedback loop, and the finding that it is also reversible. The Vostok ice core temperature and CO2 values for the past 400,000 years, with past sea level estimates have produced the sufficiently evidential “Hansen’s Graph”. Detailed analysis results in an equation for global average temperature change and an indebted, long-term sea level rise, from even a 20 ppm of CO2 change above 290 ppm, commonly taken as a baseline for levels before 1950. Comparison to the well-known 800,000 year old Dome C ice core is also performed. The best-performing climate change models and observational analysis are seen to project more warming than the average model often relied upon. World atmosphere, temperature, and sea level trends for 2100 and beyond are analyzed. A laboratory experiment proves the dramatic heat-entrapment capability of CO2 compared to pure air, which yields insights into the future global atmospheric system. Policy-relevant climate remediation, including gigaton carbon capture, zero and negative emissions and positive individual action, are reviewed and updated, with recommendations.

基于“传承”理念的温病血分证“凉血散血”再认识

温病血分证热瘀胶结的病机认识及叶桂提出的“凉血散血”是温病经典理论智慧和中医治疗特色的体现。结合现代研究对经典深入理解,从而将凉血、解毒、养阴、化瘀治法所体现的“凉血散血”恰当的辨证应用,不仅可在急性外感热病治疗中发挥疗效,也可拓展应用于内伤疾病的治疗。对中医经典的准确理解是使其服务于当代临床的根本,也是传承经典,守正创新的本质。

从寒热并用法探析侯氏黑散治疗缺血性中风的理论

本文通过对侯氏黑散的源流、配伍特点、方证内涵进行探析,可知此方是张仲景博采众方所得,其“寒热温凉熔于一炉,清散补泄集于一方”的组方特点体现了中医“寒热并用”的方剂配伍理论。全方具有温阳益气养血、祛风清热化痰,内外风同治之功,主治以气血亏虚,运行不畅,复感外邪,痰湿郁热,引动肝风,痹阻经脉为主要病机的“大风”。侯氏黑散治寒、热、虚、实各有所为,治风、痰、气、血、瘀、热面面俱到,是中医治疗中风的“第一方”,其方证内涵与气虚血瘀型缺血性中风的病因病机相合,故分析总结侯氏黑散与缺血性中风的关系及其治疗缺血性中风的特点和理论,以期为侯氏黑散的运用提供新思路。

郑氏传统针法治疗五官科疾病之特色浅析

目的:介绍甘肃郑氏传统针法治疗五官科疾病的机理及特色,促进中医针灸学术流派的繁荣与发展。方法:通过从针技、补泻手法、现代研究3方面在五官科疾病中的应用进行论述。结果:于特定穴施行郑氏手法治疗眼、耳、鼻等病临床疗效显著,且具有操作简便,疗程短等优点。结论:郑氏针法是郑魁山教授精研经典结合毕生临床经验留给世人的瑰宝,对指导现代疾病的研究具有广阔的前景,临床值得进一步推广和传承。

气候变暖背景下青海省夏季空调需求分析

利用1961―2019年青海省6城市逐时气温资料,结合2000—2019年各城市社会经济资料,评估了气候变化及城市化对各城市空调度时数的影响,研究气候变暖背景下青海高原地区的空调需求。受气候变暖影响,各城市空调度时数均显著增多,升幅为1.1(℃·h)/10a(玉树)~124.2(℃·h)/10a(乐都),且随海拔升高而减小。除祁连和玉树外,格尔木、共和、西宁和乐都空调度时集中出现在午后11~18时,近10 a显著增多。祁连、玉树、共和气温超过26℃的日持续时长偏短,多为1~2 h,而西宁、格尔木、乐都则偏长,可达11~14 h。空调度时数与城市发展规模有一定联系,人口多的地区,空调度时数大,反之亦然。本研究证实,气候变暖导致青海高原部分城市空调度时数不同程度地增多,对夏季空调有一定需求,气候特征及城市发展均影响青海高原地区夏季空调。

华南前汛期一次锋前暖区暴雨成因及中尺度对流系统分析

2020年3月27日华南地区发生一次典型的锋前暖区暴雨过程,过程持续超过15 h,出现中尺度对流系统MCS-A、MCS-B与MCS-C并产生多次分裂与重组。利用地面自动站数据、多普勒天气雷达资料、ECMWF-ERA5地面和高空再分析场资料,结合中尺度CMA-GD模式对此次暖区暴雨过程环流形势与中尺度对流系统组织特征和触发条件等方面进行分析。结果表明:(1)高低空环流包括500 hPa高空槽、200 hPa西风急流与锋前低槽等系统的有利配置且稳定少动是暖区暴雨长时间维持的重要原因。持续维持的低空急流为对流发生发展提供了有利的条件性不稳定和对流有效位能。(2)伴随自由对流高度降低与CIN抑制能量减小,贺州至怀集一带的关键区域1处对流在地面得以触发,而距离1处南向约80 km的关键区域2中1500 m高度处风速辐合与冷池作用使得对流发生。(3)MCS-A与MCS-B在关键区域1处触发,呈现前向与后向传播,MCS-C在关键区域2处触发后以后向传播为主。此外,MCS-B与MCS-C表现为多条平行排列的南北向短雨带并产生向东移动的“列车带效应”,而MCS-A与MCS-B则表现为多次分裂与重组后形成向东南移动的“列车带效应”。(4)中β尺度次级环流的上升支抬升西南暖湿气流,使其倾斜上升凝结潜热释放,造成后向传播对流系统的发生发展。同时由于强降水拖曳作用,850 hPa以下转下沉气流造成一定厚度的冷池后与暖湿入流叠加,触发新对流单体,也影响后向传播。(5)上游MCSs发生后在地面形成冷池出流,与暖湿气流辐合抬升,造成前端对流触发。

中医凉血破瘀养血法治疗脓毒症相关肝损伤思路探讨

脓毒症相关肝损伤(SALD)是脓毒症常见的高病死率并发症,中医对此研究较少。笔者基于叶天士温病卫气营血辨证理论,提出SALD属于“血分证,热入血分”辨证范畴,以血热耗血为病机特征,以瘀血为关键病理因素,以此指导中医治疗SALD应在泄热凉血之余,配合破瘀养血,以期恢复肝之生理功能,及时“截断”血分证进一步发展。文章将结合文献查阅及前期临证研究探讨SALD中医病因病机,分析并论证以“凉血破瘀养血法”治疗SALD的中医思路,细化脓毒症相关器官功能障碍的中医内涵,提供中医药治疗SALD的新思路。

大风低温环境下热拌温铺技术降温特性研究

为解决大风低温环境下沥青路面施工压实度不足的工程问题,依托德昌至会理高速工程,采用热拌温铺技术并通过延长有效压实时间来保证压实度。先介绍了大风低温环境下热拌温铺技术,后通过室内马歇尔变温击实试验、车辙试验、浸水马歇尔试验及小梁弯曲试验探究了热拌温铺沥青混合料的碾压温度和路用性能,再通过现场试验分析了热拌温铺沥青混合料的降温规律并对路面检测结果作出评价。研究结果表明:1)热拌温铺沥青混合料具有更低的可压实温度,同时其综合路用性能可以得到保证;2)相较普通热拌沥青混合料,热拌温铺沥青混合料具有更为缓慢的降温速率,可获得更长的有效压实时间;3)路面检测结果显示,大风低温环境下热拌温铺沥青混合料铺筑效果良好;4)热拌温铺技术拓宽了混合料的碾压温度范围,可有效解决大风低温环境下沥青路面施工压实度不足的难题。

二维动画人物运动场景中冷暖色调运用分析

二维动画中的冷暖色调调节对动画的呈现有至关重要的作用,对此提出二维动画人物运动场景中冷暖色调运用分析。首先对冷暖色调的含义以及冷暖色调的特点进行解析,其次对冷暖色调应用现状进行分析,其中包括冷暖色调的选取错误、冷暖色调的使用不协调以及冷暖色调调节不均。最后结合二维动画中场景的冷暖色调运用进行分析,其中包括根据动画场景风格设定主色调、根据动画故事背景调节冷暖色调、根据人物心理学调节冷暖色调,基于此完成对冷暖色调运用的分析。

AH-1温拌剂对SBS改性沥青路用性能的影响

为了研究与比较自行研发的AH-1温拌剂对SBS改性沥青路用性能的影响,对比不同掺量的AH-1与Sasobit的路用性能差异,应用常规的沥青性能试验对针入度、延度和软化点进行测试,通过沥青旋转黏度试验和变温击实马歇尔试验确定最佳成型温度,根据规范对SMA-13型混合料按照最佳拌合及成型温度制作马歇尔试件,测定各项指标。结果显示:掺入AH-1和Sasobit均增加了SBS改性沥青的软化点,减小了延度和针入度;4%的AH-1比普通热拌沥青混合料的拌合温度降低25℃,且降温效果比Sasobit要好;AH-1增加了沥青混合料的高温性能,降低了混合料的低温和水稳性能,但仍然满足规范要求。

四管制风冷热泵在夏热冬暖地区恒温泳池的设计应用探讨

以地处夏热冬暖地区的福州某学校文体馆为例,从分析福州市的气候特征、游泳池空调负荷特性及池水恒温需求等方面着手,抓住温湿度控制要点,结合冷凝热回收技术,以四管制风冷热泵为基础构建了高效节能的冷热源系统,并与传统的冷水机组加燃气热水锅炉所构建的冷热源系统进行了分析对比。分析结果表明:在夏热冬暖地区的室内恒温泳池项目中,采用四管制风冷热泵构建的冷热源系统在全年工况的能耗均低于传统的冷水机组加燃气热水锅炉构建的冷热源系统,夏季工况下节能30%以上、减排33.2%以上,冬季工况下节能28.2%以上、减排19.4%以上,该冷热源系统具有良好的推广应用价值。