Modification and characterization of natural zeolite under some various methods for hydrocracking catalyst of waste lubricant to gasoline and diesel fractions have been conducted. Natural zeolite from Klaten was activ...Modification and characterization of natural zeolite under some various methods for hydrocracking catalyst of waste lubricant to gasoline and diesel fractions have been conducted. Natural zeolite from Klaten was activated using hydrothermal treatment at temperature 500 ℃ for 6 h （produced ZAAHd）, the ZA sample was treated with hydrothermal followed by Microwave （produced ZAAHdM）, the ZA sample was treated with HCI 3 N at temperature of 90 ℃ for 30 min （produced ZAAH）, the ZAAH sample was heated in to microwave （produced ZAAHM）, the ZAAHM was treated hydrothermal （produced ZAAHMHd）, the ZAAHMHd sample was heated in to microwave （produced ZAAHMHdM）, soaking of natural zeolit activated by HCl-microwave-hydrothermal-microwave in NH4NO3 1 N which was stirred using stirer at room temperature for 24 h （produced ZAAHMHdMN） and the ZAAHMHdMN sample was heated into microwave （ZAAHMHdMNM）. The heating process by microwave was conducted at 550 watt for 15 rain. Catalyst characterization involved determination of the number of total acid sites using gravimetric method with vapour adsorption of NH3 and pyridine, catalyst crystallinity by XRD （X-ray diffraction） and TO4 （T= Si and AI） site by infra red spectrophotometer （IR）. Hydrocracking of waste lubricants oil was performed in a fixed bed reactor of stainless steel at temperature of 450 ℃, H2 flow rate of 15 mL/min., feed/catalyst ratio of 5. Liquid products of the hydrocracking were analyzed using GC （gas chromatography）. The characterization results showed that various modification of natural zeolite increased acidity and dealumination degree of the catalysts. Products of the hydrocracking were liquid, coke, and gas fractions. Liquid products consisted of gasoline fraction （C5-C12）, diesel fraction （C12-C20）, and heavy oil fraction （〉 C20）.Thc conversion of liquid products was increased with the increase of catalyst acidity. The greatest liquid product conversion was produced by the ZAAHMHdMNM catalyst, i.e., 56.80%, with selectivity towards gasoline, diesel, and heavy oil fractions was 88.37%, 8.61% and 3.02%, respectively. The increase of catalyst acidity increased the selectivity of gasoline fraction.展开更多
The global energy demand has continued to skyrocket, exacerbating the already severe energy problem and environmental pollution, prompting researchers to look for alternative energy sources. Exploration of waste lubri...The global energy demand has continued to skyrocket, exacerbating the already severe energy problem and environmental pollution, prompting researchers to look for alternative energy sources. Exploration of waste lubricating oil (WLO) as an alternative source of fuel has gained prominence among researchers due to its availability at low cost and the potential to generate energy while providing a safer means of disposal. The main challenge with WLO combustion is proper regulation of fuel and oxidizer during combustion to realize a near stoichiometric result. Additionally, WLO has high viscosity, hence preheating of the oil is necessary to lower the viscosity and enhance atomization, for a more efficient combustion process. This paper presents the optimization of flow parameters for combustion of WLO in a burner system by use of response surface methodology (RSM). The effects of air flow rate, injection pressure and fuel flow rate on combustion performance of a WLO burner were investigated. The highest flame temperature recorded was 1200°C at an air flow rate of 1 m3</sup>/min, fuel flow rate of 0.08 m3</sup>/hr and injection pressure of 20 bar. Tests on physical and chemical properties of WLO were conducted and characterized according to ASTM standard to ascertain its potential as an alternative fuel. The calorific values of WLO from petrol and diesel engines were found to be 41.23 MJ/kg and 42.65 MJ/kg respectively. Therefore, recycling of WLO by utilizing it as a fuel for burners has double benefits of mitigating environmental pollution and harnessing energy for process heating and power generation.展开更多
文摘Modification and characterization of natural zeolite under some various methods for hydrocracking catalyst of waste lubricant to gasoline and diesel fractions have been conducted. Natural zeolite from Klaten was activated using hydrothermal treatment at temperature 500 ℃ for 6 h （produced ZAAHd）, the ZA sample was treated with hydrothermal followed by Microwave （produced ZAAHdM）, the ZA sample was treated with HCI 3 N at temperature of 90 ℃ for 30 min （produced ZAAH）, the ZAAH sample was heated in to microwave （produced ZAAHM）, the ZAAHM was treated hydrothermal （produced ZAAHMHd）, the ZAAHMHd sample was heated in to microwave （produced ZAAHMHdM）, soaking of natural zeolit activated by HCl-microwave-hydrothermal-microwave in NH4NO3 1 N which was stirred using stirer at room temperature for 24 h （produced ZAAHMHdMN） and the ZAAHMHdMN sample was heated into microwave （ZAAHMHdMNM）. The heating process by microwave was conducted at 550 watt for 15 rain. Catalyst characterization involved determination of the number of total acid sites using gravimetric method with vapour adsorption of NH3 and pyridine, catalyst crystallinity by XRD （X-ray diffraction） and TO4 （T= Si and AI） site by infra red spectrophotometer （IR）. Hydrocracking of waste lubricants oil was performed in a fixed bed reactor of stainless steel at temperature of 450 ℃, H2 flow rate of 15 mL/min., feed/catalyst ratio of 5. Liquid products of the hydrocracking were analyzed using GC （gas chromatography）. The characterization results showed that various modification of natural zeolite increased acidity and dealumination degree of the catalysts. Products of the hydrocracking were liquid, coke, and gas fractions. Liquid products consisted of gasoline fraction （C5-C12）, diesel fraction （C12-C20）, and heavy oil fraction （〉 C20）.Thc conversion of liquid products was increased with the increase of catalyst acidity. The greatest liquid product conversion was produced by the ZAAHMHdMNM catalyst, i.e., 56.80%, with selectivity towards gasoline, diesel, and heavy oil fractions was 88.37%, 8.61% and 3.02%, respectively. The increase of catalyst acidity increased the selectivity of gasoline fraction.
文摘The global energy demand has continued to skyrocket, exacerbating the already severe energy problem and environmental pollution, prompting researchers to look for alternative energy sources. Exploration of waste lubricating oil (WLO) as an alternative source of fuel has gained prominence among researchers due to its availability at low cost and the potential to generate energy while providing a safer means of disposal. The main challenge with WLO combustion is proper regulation of fuel and oxidizer during combustion to realize a near stoichiometric result. Additionally, WLO has high viscosity, hence preheating of the oil is necessary to lower the viscosity and enhance atomization, for a more efficient combustion process. This paper presents the optimization of flow parameters for combustion of WLO in a burner system by use of response surface methodology (RSM). The effects of air flow rate, injection pressure and fuel flow rate on combustion performance of a WLO burner were investigated. The highest flame temperature recorded was 1200°C at an air flow rate of 1 m3</sup>/min, fuel flow rate of 0.08 m3</sup>/hr and injection pressure of 20 bar. Tests on physical and chemical properties of WLO were conducted and characterized according to ASTM standard to ascertain its potential as an alternative fuel. The calorific values of WLO from petrol and diesel engines were found to be 41.23 MJ/kg and 42.65 MJ/kg respectively. Therefore, recycling of WLO by utilizing it as a fuel for burners has double benefits of mitigating environmental pollution and harnessing energy for process heating and power generation.
