Controlled low-strength material incorporating recycled fine aggregate from urban red brick based construction waste

Sixteen controlled low-strength material( CLSM)mixtures with various cement-to-sand( C/Sa) ratios and water-to-solid( W/So) ratios were prepared using recycled fine aggregate from urban red brick based construction waste.The fluidity and bleeding of the fresh CLSM mixtures were measured via the modified test methods, and the hardened CLSM mixtures were then molded to evaluate their compressive strength and durability. The results showthat the fluidity of the fresh CLSM mixtures is 105 to 227 mm with the corresponding bleeding rate of 3. 7% to 15. 5%, which increases with the increase in fluidity. After aging for 28 d,the compressive strength of the hardened CLSM mixtures reaches 1. 15 to 13. 96 M Pa, and their strength can be further enhanced with longer curing ages. Additionally, the strength increases with the increase of the C/Sa ratio, and decreases with the increase of the W/So ratio under the same curing age. Based on the obtained compressive strength, a fitting model for accurately predicting the compressive strength of the CLSM mixtures was established, which takes into account the above two independent variables( C/Sa and W/So ratios).M oreover, the durability of the hardened CLSM mixtures is enhanced for samples with higher C/Sa ratios.

Mechanical and Frost-resistance Properties of Rural Area Building Waste Hollow Bricks

Serving as recycled coarse aggregate,the pretreated rural building waste was added into the concrete hollow bricks in the varying replacement of 0,20%,40%,60%,80% and 100%.By testing its compressive strength,flexural strength,mass and strength loss after freeze-thaw cycles,the impact of the different replacement on mechanical and frost-resistance properties of concrete hollow bricks was presented through SEM analysis.The experimental results show that,with the increase in recycled coarse aggregate replacement rate,the mechanical and frost-resistance properties show a downward trend;when the replacement rate is 40%,28 d compressive strength and flexural strength of concrete hollow brick demonstrate the good peak value which meet the requirement of the national standard for ordinary small concrete hollow bricks;the interfacial structures of the pretreated recycled concrete is more complicated than those of concrete made of natural aggregate,but the former enjoys better interface bonding and tight structure.

Feasibility Study on Fabrication of Geopolymer Bricks by Wasted Grinding Wheel at Room Temperature

In this study,the feasibility of producing eco-friendly bricks by using geopolymer technology and a waste grinding wheel(WGW)from the grinding wheel industries was investigated.Nowadays,in order to meet industrial needs,for instance,in Taiwan,approximately 500,000 grinding wheels are used annually.That is,a large number of“waste”grinding wheels are produced.Furthermore,few studies have been conducted on the use of WGWs as raw materials in geopolymer applications.The use of geopolymer technology to form bricks can avoid the utilization of clay and cement and even prevent the use of a high-temperature process in kilns.Moreover,it can decrease CO_(2) emission and energy consumption and thus,protect the environment.In this study,the following three major factors were considered:press-forming pressure(70 and 100 kgf/cm2),NaOH molar concentration(2 and 4M),and the ratio of binder fineaggregate(1:3,1:4,and 1:5).Under these conditions,the specimens were tested using the compressive strength test,water absorption test,microstructure analysis,a freezing–thawing test and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure test.The optimal formulation was composed of 1:4 binder fine-aggregate ratio,4M NaOH concentration,and 100-kgf/cm2 pressure.Furthermore,we used a WGW and achieved a compressive strength of 50.6 MPa after 28 days,which was greater than 32 MPa and conformed to the Grade A brick standard of National Standards of the Republic of China(13295).In conclusion,this brick fabrication method based on geopolymer technology was not only beneficial to the environment but also improved the efficiency of reutilizing WGW.

Investigation of the Effect of the Addition of Petroleum Waste to Interlocking Bricks Constituent

Incinerator ash was investigated for its potential use as a replacement for sand and cement in concrete interlocking bricks. The physical characteristics of the raw materials were examined. Two sets of mixes were prepared. For the first set, sand and water quantities were fixed while incinerator ash was used at 0% to 100% replacement by weight for cement in steps of 10%. In the second set, incinerator ash was used at 0% to 100% replacement by weight for sand while cement and water quantities was fixed. The mixing proportions for cement, sand and water were 1:3:0.7, respectively. Compressive strength and leachability tests were performed on the specimens. Results showed that the replacement of sand by incinerator ash up to 40% exhibited higher compressive strength than the control mix (0% incinerator ash) after 28 days curing. Maximum compressive strength of 33.33N/mm2 was obtained after 28 days curing using using 20% incinerator ash substitution for sand. Replacement of cement by incinerator ash up to 20% exhibited higher compressive strength than the control mix. Compressive strength of 28.2 N/mm2 was achieved after 28 days curing period using a 20% ash substitution for cement. Leaching of heavy metals (Pb and Cd ) present in the ash was observed in concentrated nitric acid.

Service Results and Analysis of Fully Co-clinkered Magnesite-Chrome Brick in Slagline Area of VOD Vessel

Operating condition and service results of several tested bricks in slagline area of the VOD vessel are described. It has been shown that the fully co-clinkered magnesite chrome brick is superior, followed by two-stage calcined magnesite-dolomite brick , prereacted magnesite-chrome brick and one-stage calcined magnesite-dolomite brick. Chemical and petrological examination were carried out by conventional analysis and optical microscope respectively. The reason of damage of the tested bricks are discussed and described as follows : (1) MgO in brick is erased and dissolved by slag to destroy structure of the direct bond ; (2) slag penetrating into the brick and then reacting with it to form various belts leading to spatting ; (3 ) reducing action of reducing agents ; (4) vaporization of some composition in the brick at high temperature under vacuum causes reducing weight and increasing porosity and (5 ) serious ma-chanic abrasion. Therefore, some opinions on increasing lining life of VOD vessels are suggested.

Properties of Geopolymers Made from Fired Clay Bricks Wastes and Rice Husk Ash (RHA)-Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) Activator

High cost has been pointed among factors that limit the promotion of geopolymers. To contribute to the reduction of the use of costly industrial sodium silicate in activators for geopolymers, a gel obtained with RHA and concentrated sodium hydroxide was used in the present study to develop an alkaline activator with 8 M NaOH and to produce geopolymers with crushed fired clay bricks wastes (FCBW). Characteristics of the gel were compared to that of commercial sodium silicate which was also mixed with 8 M NaOH in the ratio 1:1 to produce geopolymers. Chemical and mineralogical analyses were done on raw materials. Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was done on the gel, commercial sodium silicate and products. Biaxial four point flexural strength, bulk density, water absorption and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests were also done on products. Results showed that RHA-NaOH alkaline activator has good potential in consolidating FCBW powder through geopolymerization process which gave products that had characteristics not far from that when the commercial sodium silicate was used. The gel obtained by mixing RHA and NaOH can contribute to the reduction of the use of costly commercial sodium silicate in the production process of geopolymers. However, appropriate filtration process is needed for the RHA-NaOH gel to reduce its impurities as undissolved entities, which will consequently contribute to improve the flexural strength, the density and the microstructure of its products which were low compared to when commercial sodium silicate was used.

Properties of Rapid Hardening Controlled Low Strength Material Made of Recycled Fine Aggregate from Urban Red Brick Construction Waste

In some cases of emergency backfill engineering projects, traditional backfill materials cannot meet the requirements of fast construction due to their long curing time. This study presents a new kind of rapid hardening controlled low strength material, which utilizes both rapid hardening sulphoaluminate cement and recycled fine aggregate from urban red brick construction waste. Totally, sixteen mixtures were prepared for the experiment with different cement-to-sand ratios and water-to-solid ratios. The flowability and bleeding rate of fresh mixture were measured to evaluate its workability, and the compressive strength of hardened mixture was tested to evaluate its rapid hardening and mechanical properties. Test results indicate that rapid hardening controlled low strength material containing recycled fine aggregate from urban red brick construction waste can achieve the desirable flowability, but the bleeding rate increases with the increase of flowability. In addition, 2-hour compressive strength can reach 0.08 - 0.12 MPa, and 4-hour compressive strength is 0.32 - 1.54 MPa, which can meet the requirements of emergency backfill construction. At last, based on the derived compressive strength, a fitting model for predicting compressive strength evolution of this new rapid hardening backfill material is developed, which fits accurately with these experimental data.

Chemical Corrosion Mechanisms of Magnesite-chrome Bricks by Converter Slag

The corrosion resistance of four kinds magnesitechrome bricks against converter salg was investigated by static crucible slag tests. The microstructures of the asdelivered and tested refractories were analyzed by means of SEM and EDS. The results showed that： Different magnesite-chrome bricks have different slag resistances. Generally, the slag resiantance sequence is as follows： rebounded fused magnesite-chrome brick 〉 semi-reboun- ded magnesite-chrome brick 〉 direct-bonded magnesitechrome brick 〉 silicate bonded magnesite-chrome brick. Slag reacts with the periclase of magnesite-chrome refractories, which results in the dissoving of periclase in fayalite slag. However, the complex spinels have superior slag resistance.

Effect of Wood Waste on Acoustic and Magnetic Properties of Composite Bricks and Correlation between Sound Velocity and Magnetic Induction in These Bricks

In the present study, kambala (botanical name: Chlorophora excelsa and Chlorophora regia) wood wastes were incorporated into stabilized earth bricks in order to test their acoustic insulation capacity of the walls;leading to better waste management from the timber industry. Two methods have been applied to determine the influence of the wood waste content in the stabilized earth bricks, on the weakening of the level of noise reception coming from the environmental medium, in an apartment built with composite bricks (earth + wood chips + cement). This influence has also been analyzed on the magnetic field induced by these bricks. The results showed that the level of sound reception through these bricks decreases with increasing wood waste content regardless of the method used (from 110 dB to 68 dB, respectively for Φb = 0% and Φb = 8%). The kambala wood waste in cement-stabilized clay bricks induces a magnetic field that increases with the wood waste content;the high contents of the wood chips causing an increase in the magnetic permeability of the composite medium. The correlation between the noise level and the magnetic field of the bricks shows that the noise level declines with increasing magnetic induction of the bricks.

Direct-bonded Magnesite-Chrome Bricks for Kilns and Furnaces of Building Materials Industry

JC 497-92 (96)1 Contents and Applied ScopeThis standard specifies the classification, shapes and dimensions, technical requirements, test methods, inspection rules, marking, packing, transportation, storage and quality certificate of direct-bonded magnesite-chrome bricks for building materials industry. This standard is applicable to the direct-bonded magnesite-chrome bricks for cement kiln, glass melting tank and other industrial furnaces.2 Normative ReferencesGB 2997: Test method for the apparent porosity, water absorption, bulk density and true porosity of dense shaped refractory productsGB 5070: Chemical analysis method for magnesite-Chrome refractoriesGB 5072: Test method for cold crushing strength of dense shaped refractory productsGB 5989: Test method for refractoriness under load of dense shaped refractory products (Differential, with rising temperature)GB 7320: Test method for thermal expansion of refractory productsGB 7321: Sample preparation for testing of dense shaped refractory productsGB 10324: Type definition of refractory productsGB 10325: Piling, sampling, acceptance, storage and transportation of refractory products

Effect of Polyethylene Terephthalate Plastic Waste on the Physico-Mechanical and Thermal Characteristics of Stabilized Laterite Bricks

The present work investigated the effect of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic waste on the physico-mechanical and thermal properties of cement-stabilized laterite bricks to see the durability of the modified bricks (CSLB). Samples were formulated by mixing laterite, cement, and different percentages of PET (0%, 3%, 5%, and 7%) by volume. The bricks were produced using the M7MI Hydraform standard interlocking block and kept in the shade for a curing period of 28 days. The addition of 3% to 5% PET to the laterite stabilized with 10% cement results in a decrease in both dry and wet compressive strength, which is determined using the Controlab compression machine. However, the obtained results are in concordance with the standards. The thermal conductivity of CSLB, determined using the box method with the EI700 measurement cell, decreases as the PET content of the mixture increases. A decrease in bulk density from 1.67 to 1.58 g/cm3 was observed.

Recovery of Mining Wastes in Building Materials: A Review

The use of materials from waste in buildings compensates for the lack of natural resources, solves the problem of waste management and provides an alternative technique for protection of the environment. There are a large number of industrial wastes that are used for full or partial replacement of raw materials in some construction materials. This review assesses mining waste in concrete as a substitute for aggregates and cement;in fired bricks as a substitute for soil;and in road backfill as a substitute for soil. This paper reviews some mining tailings, mine waste rocks and some slags obtained in the exploitation and/or processing of some ores including iron, gold, lead, phosphate, copper, coal, etc. Different physical properties, mechanical properties, chemical properties, heavy metal content, mineralogic composition, geotechnical properties and environmental properties (leaching test) of the mine wastes were examined. The physical, mechanical and environmental properties of the materials obtained by substitution of raw materials by mine waste were examined and compared to reference materials. Mining waste in cementitious materials offers good compressive strengths, while the porosity of the concrete and/or mortar is a factor influencing its toxicity. As for the waste in fired bricks, fired at a temperature of 900°C or more, it offers convincing compressive and flexural strengths. The few research studies obtained on the use of mining waste in road embankments have shown that mining waste can be used as a sub-base layer and backfill as long as it is not toxic. In addition, several other mining wastes require special attention as substitutes for raw materials in construction materials, such as coltan, cobalt.

Fabrication of Baking-Free Bricks Using Gold Tailings and Cemented Materials with Low Alkalinity

The purpose of this paper was using gold mine tailings and cemented materials with low alkalinity to fabricate baking-free bricks.The obtained baking-free brick samples were evaluated by unconfined compressive strength(UCS),water absorption percentage,freezing-thawing cycle,and drying-wetting cycle.The microstructures of the baking-free brick samples were analyzed using X-ray diffraction(XRD)and scanning electron microscope(SEM)techniques.The baking-free brick specimens cured for 28 days with the addition of 10%mixing water consumption and 1:6 cement/tailing ratio tended to obtain favorable comprehensive properties such as a high compressive strength of 15.15 MPa,a low water absorption percentage of 11.8%,excellent freezing-thawing resistance with a 8.9%UCS loss rate after 15 freezing-thawing cycles and good drying-wetting resistance with a 11%UCS loss rate after 10 drying-wetting cycles.The XRD and SEM test results verified that different kinds of hydrate products including C-S-H and C-S-A-H gels,and ettringite were produced during hydration process,which were responsible for good physical,mechanical properties,and durability of the obtained baking-free bricks.Therefore,the experimental results showed that it was practical and reasonable to utilize the homemade cementitious materials in our laboratory to stabilize the gold tailings for production of baking-free bricks,which still met the requirements of major regional construction standards in some countries.

Effect of Andalusite Addition on Properties of Chrome-corundum Bricks

In order to improve the thermal shock resistance of chrome-corundum bricks,different amounts of andalusite were added to the formulation of chrome-corundum bricks to replace the equivalent white fused corundum with the same particle size.After mixing,shaping,drying and firing,the density,the cold strength,the cold wear resistance,the hot modulus of rupture and the thermal shock resistance were tested.XRD,SEM and elemental surface scanning were used to characterize the specimens.The results show that:(1)the volume expansion of andalusite mullitization reduces the apparent porosity of chrome-corundum bricks;(2)the density and the hardness of mullite are lower than those of corundum so the decrease of the corundum content in brick leads to the decrease of the bulk density,the strength and the cold wear resistance;(3)the cross-distributed columnar mullite in the matrix can effectively improve the hot modulus of rupture and the thermal shock resistance of the specimens;(4)considering comprehensively,the andalusite addition shall not exceed 18%.

Physico-Mechanical Characterizations of Sand Concrete: Prestressed Beams and Hollow Bricks

The use of the sand concrete makes it possible to carry out a concrete having physico-mechanical properties answering the structural exigences and having economic and environmental advantages compared to the classical concrete. The present study aims to connecting the parameters of a formulation based on an empirical formula of Caquot in order to optimize, on the one hand the couple compressive strength/absorption of water under various degrees of hygrometry, and on the other hand more precisely to use the concrete sand in the public works sector in the prefabrication of prestressed beams and hollow bricks. The results show the importance of the type of formulation used because it takes into account the percentages of fillers of sand which is a co-product (waste) of massive rock crushing. In addition, the use of fillerized sands, which are wastes of crushing basaltic rocks and containing a small percentage of fillers, is efficient in the manufacture of prestressed beams. As for the hollow bricks, a fillerized basalt sand, containing a high percentage of filler, as well as a sand dune, gives satisfactory results.

砖混建筑垃圾制备蒸压加气混凝土性能及水化机理

以砖混建筑垃圾为主要原料制备蒸压加气混凝土(AAC),考察了废弃混凝土(WC)、废弃黏土砖(CB)及其复配掺量对蒸压加气混凝土抗压强度和干体积密度的影响,并利用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析了不同砖混配比加气混凝土样品的物相组成和微观形貌。结果表明,当建筑垃圾的掺量为50%~60%(质量分数,下同)时,以废弃混凝土或废弃黏土砖为原料制备的蒸压加气混凝土的抗压强度和干体积密度均能达到《蒸压加气混凝土砌块》(GB11968-2020)中A5.0 B07级别的要求。复配能进一步提升样品性能,随着废弃混凝土、废黏土砖质量比(m(WC)∶m(CB))的降低,所得样品的抗压强度不断升高,而干体积密度先降低后上升,当质量配比为2∶3~3∶2时,试样性能达到《蒸压加气混凝土砌块》(GB11968-2020)中A5.0 B06级别的要求。蒸压养护过程中,坯体中的SiO_(2)、Al_(2)O_(3)、Ca(OH)2、长石、富钙型水化硅酸钙(α-C_(2)SH)共同作用,生成大量片状托贝莫来石、半结晶的CSH(I)、CSH凝胶和少量水化石榴石、硬石膏,与原料中残留的石英、方解石一起填充在孔壁中,相互交织成网状,提高样品强度的同时降低其密度。砖混复配的样品含有更多结晶完整的托贝莫来石、CSH(I)以及适量的CSH凝胶,形成良好的网状致密结构,使样品综合性能更优。

利用垃圾焚烧渣制备陶瓷透水路面砖的试验研究

垃圾焚烧渣是一种危险的固体废弃物,无害化利用垃圾焚烧渣具有重要意义。以垃圾焚烧渣为主要原料,通过高温烧结工艺制备了一种综合性能较佳的透水砖,研究了垃圾焚烧渣的添加量与烧成温度对样品结构与性能的影响规律。结果表明:添加适量的废玻璃及适当提高烧成温度能够改善试样的强度及环境安全性;当垃圾焚烧渣、废玻璃与煤粉(外加)的添加量分别为60%、40%、20%(质量分数)时,在1 200℃下烧成制品的透水系数、抗折强度与抗压强度分别为0.58 mm/s、6.23 MPa和18.58 MPa,其强度和透水系数分别达到了R_(f)4.5与B等级,且制品的Cu^(2+)、Pb^(3+)和Zn^(2+)浸出浓度满足GB 5085.3—2007《危险废物鉴别标准浸出毒性鉴别》要求。XRD与SEM-EDS分析结果表明,由废玻璃熔融而成的高温液相溶解了三氧化二铅、氧化锌和氧化铜,抑制了Cu^(2+)、Pb^(3+)和Zn^(2+)的浸出。提高烧成温度能够降低样品的气孔率,促进三氧化二铅、氧化锌与氧化铜的溶解,进而协同改善制品的环境安全性。莫来石与玻璃相相互胶结,连通气孔均匀分布,赋予了透水砖较高的强度与优良的透水性能。

废弃黏土砖骨料轻质混凝土正交试验研究

将废弃黏土砖骨料应用于轻质混凝土中,可实现建筑垃圾再利用,同步节省建筑材料,改善轻质混凝土性能。以废弃黏土砖颗粒为骨料,开展轻质混凝土制备试验,研究不同水灰比、泡沫掺量、纤维掺量对废弃黏土砖骨料轻质混凝土的物理力学性能影响。结果表明:水灰比对吸水率影响显著,随着水灰比的增大,吸水率增加了27.03%,泡沫掺量对干密度、抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度影响显著,随泡沫掺量的增加,干密度、抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度减小了17.78%、52.52%和34.83%,并建立了抗压强度与干密度、劈裂抗拉强度之间的对应关系式。

铁尾矿废石免烧透水砖制备及性能研究

以铁尾矿废石、水泥和铁尾矿粉为原材料,静压成型制备铁尾矿废石免烧透水砖,研究了成型压力、保压时间、养护时间、水胶比、孔隙率对透水砖抗压强度、透水系数的影响,通过SEM分析样品的微观形貌。结果表明:配合比设计参数为设计孔隙率20%,水泥10%,铁尾矿粉10%,铁尾矿废石80%,水胶比0.4,减水剂掺量为1.5%;透水砖的最佳工艺条件为成型压力8 MPa,保压时间50 s,标准养护28 d,在此条件下制得的透水砖抗压强度为10.4 MPa,透水系数为2.24×10^(-2) cm/s。

废黏土砖骨料轻质混凝土物理力学性能试验研究

将废弃黏土砖破碎成骨料用于制备轻质混凝土,可同步达到资源再利用、降低环境污染、节省天然骨料的目的。为揭示废弃黏土砖骨料轻质混凝土的性能,通过室内试验对废砖骨料级配、废砖骨料体积率、水灰比、泡沫掺量等因素影响轻质混凝土的干密度、吸水率、抗压强度性能进行试验研究,结果表明:泡沫掺量对干密度和抗压强度影响显著,泡沫掺量由2%增加到5%时,干密度由1407kg/m^(3)减小到1128kg/m^(3),抗压强度由13.39MPa减小到4.66MPa,废砖骨料级配对吸水率影响显著,骨料级配从A组到C组级配时,吸水率由11.3%减小到5.7%。