Companies’ E-waste Estimation Based on General Equilibrium The­ory Context and Random Forest Regression Algorithm in Cameroon: Case Study of SMEs Implementing ISO 14001:2015

Given the challenge of estimating or calculating quantities of waste electrical and electronic equipment(WEEE)in developing countries,this article focuses on predicting the WEEE generated by Cameroonian small and medium enterprises(SMEs)that are engaged in ISO 14001:2015 initiatives and consume electrical and electronic equipment(EEE)to enhance their performance and profitability.The methodology employed an exploratory approach involving the application of general equilibrium theory(GET)to contextualize the study and generate relevant parameters for deploying the random forest regression learning algorithm for predictions.Machine learning was applied to 80%of the samples for training,while simulation was conducted on the remaining 20%of samples based on quantities of EEE utilized over a specific period,utilization rates,repair rates,and average lifespans.The results demonstrate that the model’s predicted values are significantly close to the actual quantities of generated WEEE,and the model’s performance was evaluated using the mean squared error(MSE)and yielding satisfactory results.Based on this model,both companies and stakeholders can set realistic objectives for managing companies’WEEE,fostering sustainable socio-environmental practices.

Electrical and Electronic Waste in Northwest Mexico

The waste derived from Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) is of interest now worldwide, in some countries due to the rapid technological development and in others due to technological dependence through the acquisition of second hand equipment. Therefore it is necessary to implement strategies for the sustainable management of electrical and electronic equipment at the end of its useful life. This paper presents the results of an investigation that was conducted in a city located in the Northwest of Mexico, which seeks to understand the management practices of household WEEE generators. A survey was applied to a representative sample of the population with a confidence level of 90%. Six home appliances were quantified and it was found that approximately 21% of them are disposed directly as part of the household flow of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), while 79% are storage for a latter sale, repair or reuse. The results obtained support the need to develop evaluations and to implement possible scenarios for the sustainable management of Electrical and Electronic Waste.

Contamination and Remediation of Heavy Metals in Soils near E-waste Recycling Area

In order to assess heavy metals pollution in agricultural soil after renovation in typical e-waste recycling areas, 212 soil samples were col- lected and the mass fractions of 7 kinds of heavy metals （Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn） were analyzed. The results indicated that heavy metals pollution in agricultural soil was commonly existed in the study areas, and the soil was slightly contaminated by Pb but was moderately or critically polluted by Cd and Cu. However, the carcinogenic risk and non-carcinogenic risk status by heavy metals pollution were beyond acceptable levels, and soil remediation was quite necessary. After some investigations of bioremediation, we found that saponin as washing agent could highly strenqthen the behavior of heavy metals desorption from soil ,which had a good prospect of engineering practice.

Comparative studies on hydrometallurgical treatment of smelted low-grade electronic scraps for selective copper recovery

A comparison of three hydrometallurgical methods for selective recovery of copper from low-grade electric and electronic wastes was reported. Scraps were smelted to produce Cu？Zn？Sn？Ag alloy. Multiphase material was analyzed by SEM？EDS and XRD. The alloy was dissolved anodically with simultaneous metal electrodeposition using ammoniacal and sulfuric acid solutions or leached in ammonia？ammonium sulfate solution and then copper electrowinning was carried out. This resulted in the separation of metals, where lead, silver and tin accumulated mainly in the slimes, while copper was transferred to the electrolyte and then recovered on the cathode. The best conditions of the alloy treatment were obtained in the sulfuric acid, where the final product was metal of high purity （99% Cu） at the current efficiency of 90%. Ammoniacal leaching of the alloy led to the accumulation of copper ions in the electrolyte and further metal electrowinning, but the rate of the spontaneous dissolution was low. Anodic dissolution of the alloy in the ammonia？ammonium sulfate solution led to the unfavorable distribution of metals among the slime, electrolyte and cathodic deposit.

Managing economic and social profit of cooperative models in three-echelon reverse supply chain for waste electrical and electronic equipment

In addition to maximizing economic benefits, reverse supply chains should further seek to maximize social benefits by increasing the quantity of waste electrical and electronic equipment （WEEE）. The paper investigates cooperative models with different parties in a three-echelon reverse supply chain for WEEE consisting of a single collector, a single remanufacturer, and two retailers based on complete information. In acldition, the optimal decisions of four cooperative models and the effect of the market demand of remanufactured WEEE products and the market share of two retailers on the optimal decisions are discussed. The results indicate that optimal total channel profit and recycle quantity in a reverse supply chain are maximized in a centralized model. The optimal total channel profit and recycle quantity increase with an increase in the market demand of remanufactured WEEE products. The three-echelon reverse supply chain consisting of duopolistic retailers maximizes total channel profit and recycle quantity in a reverse supply chain fbr WEEE.

基于资源池视角的废弃电子产品逆向物流系统协同模型研究

废弃电子产品具有双重属性,其逆向物流网络分布范围广并且数量增长迅速。不同主体对废弃电子产品逆向物流的需求是不同的,单个的逆向物流节点很难同时满足不同需求,如何合理高效地协调各个逆向物流节点的资源,以满足各个逆向物流任务是亟待解决的重要问题。在数字技术的支持下,逆向物流信息协同领域得到丰富和完善,针对传统模式中废弃电子产品回收处理过程存在的资源利用率低、浪费严重等情况,将整个逆向物流网络看作资源池,采用智能体(Agent)处理功能网络的任务迁移模式代替传统方法中大量的数据迁移模式,构建了基于多智能体(Multi-Agent)的废弃电子产品逆向物流系统资源协同模型,最后仿真结果验证了所建模型的有效性和可行性,为废弃电子产品逆向物流系统的资源调度分配提供了新的解决方案。

废弃电器电子产品回收与处理体系研究及建议

随着全球电器电子产品的快速更新和迭代,电器电子产品呈现出生命周期缩短的新趋势。废弃电器电子产品(WEEE)对全球生态环境构成巨大威胁,解决这一问题势在必行,各国政府纷纷制定了相应的法律法规来应对这一挑战。首先,对世界各地区主要国家的法规建设情况进行了系统梳理;然后,对我国当前WEEE行业的发展现状进行分析并提出了发展中存在的问题;最后,从加快生产者责任延伸制度深化推广、提升正规回收企业的市场竞争力和加强WEEE相关技术能力3个方面提出了发展意见,以期为我国WEEE行业的发展提供一定的指导。

Recovery of Metals from Anodic Dissolution Slime of Waste from Electric and Electronic Equipment（WEEE） by Extraction in Ionic Liquids

The recovery of metals from a multi-component alloy obtained by crushing, melting and anodic dissolution of waste from electric and electronic equipment（WEEE） was investigated. The anodic dissolution of the alloy was carried out in an electrolysis cell with one copper cathode and a central cast anode, immersed in the electrolyte formed by choline chloride-ethylene glycol-iodine. The temperature of the electrolyte during the process was 343 K. Depending on the electrolysis parameters（current density and cell voltage）, cathodic deposits of Sn, Pb and Zn of 〉99% purity were obtained. Cyclic voltammetry was used in order to determine the deposition potentials of the studied metals. The obtained metallic deposits were subject of determination of XRD, SEM/EDX and AFM in order to evidence the deposits structure and morphology. The experiments performed demonstrated the possibility of separating/selective recovery of metals from the multi-component alloy resulted from the waste from electrical and electronic equipment by anodic dissolution in ionic liquids.

多主体参与的废弃电器电子产品回收治理演化博弈研究

当前私自拆解电子垃圾的事件并不鲜见,单一的政府治理模式难以实现有效治理废弃电器电子废弃物的目标,鉴于社会共治在诸多公共问题治理的成功实践,引入社会共治理念,对政府和公众共同参与废弃电器电子废弃物治理的治理模式进行研究。基于博弈论,构建政府、回收经营者、公众三方演化博弈模型,通过求解平衡点并分析平衡点的稳定状态,得出达到稳定点的稳定策略,并进行数值仿真分析参数变化对稳定策略的影响,据此给出强化企业声誉意识、完善奖惩机制、搭建便捷渠道降低公众成本等相关治理建议。

中国海关特殊监管区旧电器电子产品入境维修固体废物管理研究

随着全球经济一体化不断增强,中国正积极推广高附加值、高技术含量、符合环保要求的全球保税维修业务。目前中国入境维修行业存在业务管理部门划分不清晰、产生废物出口程序规定不明确、入境维修旧电器电子产品和固体废物鉴别标准模糊等问题。加强和完善海关特殊监管区入境维修固体废物管理,需加快海关特殊监管区相关法律法规体系建设,明晰危险废物出口规定,细化入境维修旧电器电子产品和固体废物鉴别标准等。

基于P640的船舶电气设备控制箱典型发热故障诊断及分析

简要介绍了P640红外热像仪的组成、温度量程,以及目前常用的红外监测诊断标准及适用范围。通过3起不同类型的电气设备异常发热故障,系统分析了故障隐患的排除方法和排除依据,总结了故障产生的原因,给出了处理建议,并就检测中遇到的问题给出了快速准确锁定异常点位置和正确判断内部缺陷的经验做法,提出评价电子元器件异常点发热的建议,对于配电箱及控制箱的电气设备检测诊断工作具有很好的指导作用和借鉴意义。

基于中等区域尺度家用电器电子产品废弃预测模型研究与实例分析

针对现有保有量废弃电器电子产品(waste electrical and electronic equipment,WEEE)预测模型的不足,给出了基于中等区域尺度下考虑梯次利用影响的WEEE预测模型,预测模型中家用电器电子产品(electrical and electronic equipment,EEE)的废弃规律采用Weilbull分布函数并按照实际修正,使得预测结果更加贴合实际。开展上海市“四机一脑”废弃量实证分析,采用现有模型验证,结果表明该WEEE预测模型可较好地预测中等区域尺度下WEEE的废弃量,为WEEE后续管理提供科学依据。

智能网联技术下机载电子电气设备检测系统设计

机载电子电气设备检测容易受到外界干扰,出现参数辨识不精准,导致检测结果不精准的情况。针对该问题,在智能网联技术下设计机载电子电气设备检测系统。使用嵌入式检测适配器,对输出信号进行放大、隔离、变换处理。结合防错插设计方式,确保检测装置安全连接。利用光耦合器实现信号的驱动与变换,使用智能网联技术聚集特征向量构建密度函数,获取聚类同期运行的峰值参数。归一化处理智能网联聚类参数,计算实际与理论辨识参数之间的差值,以此为依据判断设备运行状态。以报文ID数据标识为特征,计算时间窗口为1的信息熵值,实现固定时间窗口下的设备检测。由实验结果可知,该系统在三种场景下与实际熵值的最大误差为1.2,说明使用该系统检测结果较精准。

Bromination of Pd Compounds during Thermal Decomposition of Tetrabromobisphenol A

We conducted thermal tests using the reagent tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and various Pd compounds to study the chemical forms of Pd obtained during the pyrolytic and oxidative decomposition of TBBPA. Thermal testing was conducted in an electric furnace at temperatures of 280°C - 800°C in an Ar or Ar-O2 (5%) atmosphere for a heating period of 40 min. Scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy results revealed that Pd bromide was formed in the mixture of TBBPA and PdO after heating to 450°C in the Ar atmosphere. In addition, thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis showed that as the heating temperature was increased from 350°C to 730°C, weight loss occurred at a nearly constant rate, indicating that Pd bromide decomposed in this temperature range.

Importance of Life Cycle Analysis of the Printed Circuit Board Computer

It is estimated that there is a generation of 307,224 ton/year [1] of waste from electronic and electronic equipment (WEEE) in Mexico, of which 10% is recycled, 40% remains stored and 50% reaches landfills or uncontrolled dumps. In the practice, even the regulatory instruments are not consolidated and the adequate management of the use of WEEE management, so the aim of this study is an analysis of life cycle of printed circuit boards (TCI) to identify the management alternatives that represent the least impact to the environment. This assessment was carried out using software SIMAPRO to determine the environmental impact of each scenario, through the comparison of impacts and the proposed improvements to reduce it, following phases of this methodology by applying standards, ISO 14040/ISO 14044 [2], using data from the INE official reports since 2006 until 2010 which concentrate the information of the WEEE problem in Mexico. These data were pooled to carry out inventories according to the availability in the information, identifying the environmental impacts generated by processing. The conclusions of the LCA will serve to identify the stage with greater environmental impact, and thus propose ideas for improvement in order to minimize this impact.

WEEE处理商激励制造商环境自我规制的逆向供应链协调策略

针对报废的电子电器设备(WEEE)环境污染严重、拆解成本高、效率低的问题,考虑制造商和处理商均进行环境自我规制,探讨处理商向环境自我规制产生溢出效应的制造商提供成本分担契约的逆向供应链决策、协调及实施策略。研究发现,处理商如果无视制造商的环境自我规制成本改善溢出,其“敲竹杠”行为将影响制造商的规制努力以及双方的长期合作和污染减排。考虑制造商环境自我规制成本改善溢出的研究发现,再制造零部件批发价格契约无法实现逆向供应链成员利润的Pareto改进;一定条件下的成本分担契约可以双双提升制造商与处理商利润,减少单位WEEE的污染排放量;制造商并不希望处理商分担更高的规制成本,可以通过Nash均衡讨价还价控制成本分担比例。不同于再制造零部件批发价格契约,在集中决策或成本分担契约下,溢出效应增加时处理商的规制努力水平也在提高。

废旧电器电子产品可回收性评价研究

回收产品品质和回收价格是决定产品再流通性的主要因素。废旧电器电子产品可回收性评价定位于回收产品的品质鉴定和价格评估。基于成新率且面向回收现场的废旧电器电子产品可回收性评价方法包括两部分,一是基于部件鉴定法的废旧电器电子产品品质鉴定,二是基于市场比较法的回收价格评估。本文采用该方法,依据成新率范围划分产品品质等级,确定产品去向,并通过实例分析验证方法的有效性,使资源得到最大化利用。

电子设备模块电液同步盲插技术研究

为解决盲插电子设备模块插拔困难、可靠性低、冷却液泄漏危害严重等问题,设计一种新型的电子设备模块电液同步盲插技术。该技术通过引入盲插电连接器与液冷盲插水接头隔离防护、漏液监测、分级导向、电连接器浮动安装、不同品种电子设备模块防错插、插拔力分配、通电顺序逻辑控制技术,通过这些技术的综合应用提高电子设备模块盲插可靠性,并通过具体应用实例验证该技术的可行性和先进性。结果表明,所设计的电子设备模块电液同步盲插技术可以达到预期效果,具有较高的实际应用价值,优于同类型的设置。

电子电器实验室质控工作评价指标体系构建与实践

检测数据是实验室提供的最终"产品",确保检测数据结果有效性是实验室质控工作的重心.如何科学、合理、有效地开展质控活动,也是电子电器实验室共同关注的话题.本文通过客观评价与主观评价相结合的方法,构建了包括组织基本情况、内部质控情况、外部质控情况、应用及推广等具有实操性的实验室质控工作评价体系,为衡量电子电器实验室质控工作提供了一个评价方法,有利于激励引导电子电器检测行业不断提升质控工作质量,促进质控工作创新.

环境规制对企业出口行为的影响——来自欧盟WEEE指令和RoHS指令的实证分析

本文以2004年欧盟各成员国WEEE指令和RoHS指令的立法通过为准自然实验,考察欧盟环境规制对2004年之前进入欧盟电器电子产品市场的中国企业相关出口行为的影响。结果发现:欧盟双指令显著降低了样本企业向欧盟出口电器电子产品的规模,且企业的出口边际和集约边际均受到了负面冲击;样本企业中,加工贸易企业、外资企业和低劳动生产率企业受欧盟双指令的负面影响较大。机制分析发现,成本提升是欧盟双指令显著降低样本企业出口的重要途径;欧盟双指令虽然促进了企业创新,但并未因此对样本企业出口造成有利影响。另外,欧盟双指令显著降低了样本企业对欧盟电器电子产品市场的依赖程度,但企业并未表现出市场退出行为。