Differences between total amount of heavy metals and their occurrence form contents in the wastelands of a molybdenum mine area

In a single sample plot,the total amount of heavy metals in the soil could not necessarily reflect the contents of their effective states.This must be considered when attempting to determine the degree of soil heavy-metal pollution in an area.In the present study,the soil around the molybdenum mining area in Huludao,China,was surveyed and sampled to evaluate soil heavy-metal pollution using the Nemerow multifactor pollution index method.The Tessier continuous extraction method was used to analyze the distribution of heavy-metal forms'and their content changes in the soil of this area.Thus,the bioactivity of heavy metals in the soil,the absorption of heavy metals by plants,and the distribution of heavy metals in plants were explored to provide data supporting the use of phytoremediation technology to treat the heavy-metal pollution in the molybdenum mining area and develop ecological restoration strategies for the area's wastelands.The pollution index results indicate that heavy-metal pollution in the soil around the tailings pond is severe,mainly due to Pb and Zn heavy metals.Heavy-metal pollution in the surrounding land is mainly due to Cd and Zn.Content analysis of the heavy-metal forms/states in soils shows that exchangeable forms,which are most effective and toxic to plants,of the following metals are highest in the following areas:Cd,Cu,and Zn in the mountains around the stope;Zn,Mo,and Cu in the cultivated land around the dump;and Cd,Zn,and Mo in the cultivated land around the tailings pond.The pollution index analysis provides a basic overview of soil heavy-metal pollution across the entire mining area.However,content analysis of heavy-metal forms/states better reflects the relationship between the availability of heavy metals in the soil and the effectiveness of plants.Thus,the latter analysis can help ensure that phytoremediation strategies are adequately targeted,science-based,and effective.

Soil Environmental Quality Evaluation for Wasteland of Coalmine Tailing Polluted by Heavy Metals in Mingshan of Guangdong

ln order to appraise scientifical y the heavy metal contamination in waste-land of coalmine tailing in Mingshan of Guangdong, the 5 soil samples in wasteland of coalmine tailing were col ected in November 2010 to March 2011. The 7 heavy metals content in the contaminated soil was measured by atomic absorption spec-trophotometry. The results showed the pH of the wasteland soil ranged from 2.87 to 6.16, and the soil was relatively infertile. The soil was mainly pol uted by Cd and Mn. The Cd content in wasteland soil ranged from 0.759 mg/kg to 3.109 mg/kg with an average content of 2.052 mg/kg, which was much higher than the standard content. The Mn content ranged from 387.057 to 488.660 mg/kg with an average content of 421.215 mg/kg, which was much higher than the standard content. The Nemerow integrated pol ution indexes showed the sample 1, sample 4 and sample 5 were of heavy pol ution, and sample 2 and sample 3 were of moderate pol ution.

Application of Earth Art in Landscape Reconstruction of Urban Industrial Wasteland

The ecological environment of industrial wasteland has been severely damaged,and problems such as environmental pollution,sharp decline in biodiversity,and ecological damage frequently occur.Therefore,reasonable renovation of industrial wasteland has become an urgent issue to be resolved.Earth art originates from nature and integrates with industrial wasteland,which plays a guiding role in promoting the upgrading and transformation of industrial wasteland landscapes,and is of great significance for the healthy development of urban environment,improving urban human settlements,and other issues.The combination of land art and urban industrial wasteland landscape transformation can guide the healthy development of urban environment.

Restoration Planning of Mining Wastelands:A Case Study

Mining plays an important role in the economic development of a country.But the consequences of the mining can be seen in the form of degradation of soil,water,and native vegetation,which ultimately results in the disturbance of the local ecosystem.The ecological restoration of such disturbed ecosystems involves the reclamation of soil,conservation of water,erosion control,and re-vegetation of native vegetation.This can be achieved by improving the physical properties of soil,enhancing the nutrient status of soil,selecting appropriate plant species for re-vegetation,providing provision of irrigation facilities for re-vegetated mining wasteland,and so on.The present study was conducted in the Kota district of Rajasthan,where stone mining is one of the major industrial activities.The paper provides a scientific assessment of the existing vegetation of limestone mining wastelands through field surveys and physicochemical analysis of soil and water.Loss of natural vegetation and excessive stoniness of the substratum were major hurdles that restrict the easy recovery of vegetation on mining wastelands but there is almost no negative impact on the water quality.The study summarizes the holistic technology including the vegetational approach to the restoration of mining wastelands and puts forward some existing problems and their solutions.

Effects of Fertilization Type on Carbon Storage of Soil and Crops in Mine Wasteland

Taking a three-year fertilization trial in mine reclamation soil from Shanxi Province, China as an example, the effects of different fertilization treatments on soil carbon storage and carbon fixation by corn were studied in this paper. Four treatments were designed in the experiment, including fertilizer （ F）, organic manure （ M）, half organic manure plus half fertilizer （ FM） and control （CK）. The results showed that fertilization had certain roles in increasing organic carbon storage of mine reclamation soil, and the application of single or combined organic and inorganic fertilizers had the most remarkable influence. Meanwhile, the treatment of single or combined organic and inorganic fertilizers could improve the carbon fixation capacity of corn prominently, and increased soil organic matter input. Thus, the application of organic manure or combined organic and inorganic fertilizer has great contribution to enhancing soil carbon sink and sustainable development of agriculture. However, the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizer is the best choice for agricultural field based on economic consideration.

Application of Phytostabilization Technology in Remediation of Metal Mine Wasteland

The mining of metal mines has lead to serious environmental pollution and ecological damage, making remediation of mine wasteland urgent. Due to vegetation destruction, serious water and soil erosion and heavy metal migration and diffusion exist in the metal mine wasteland. Traditional physical and chemical treatment cannot solve these problems well. On the basis of analysis on status of metal mine wasteland, the application feasibility of phytostabilization technology in metal mine wasteland was analyzed. It was found that the phytostabilization could increase the vegetation coverage of metal mine wasteland in a relatively short time. In addition to solving the environmental problems, phytostabilization also created significant economic and ecological benefits.

Research on the Landscape Utilization and Renovation of Industrial Wasteland in Panzhihua Steel-casting Factory

Renovation design of wasteland on the original Quarter A of Panzhihua Nongnongping Steelcasting Factory was taken for example in this study, natural conditions and biological landscapes in the study area were investigated. Principles and theories of the renovation design were introduced, it was proposed that protection and landscape renovation of industrial heritage had to be insisted to make regular and unique overall spatial layouts. On this basis, design approaches for the wasteland landscape renovation of the steel-casting factory were proposed as "maintaining original images, realizing the functional substitution; optimizing spatial structure; updating seriously-damaged industrial facilities with insignificant functionality; improving and recovering landscape soil; recovering and reconstructing vegetation".

The Characteristics of Spatial Distribution of Saline-alkali Wasteland in Datong Basin, Northern China

[Objective] Saline-alkali wasteland is a kind of land use type that formed by soil salinization and secondary salinization. To study the causes of spatial distri- bution of saline-alkali wasteland could be used as reference for the amelioration and is significant for developing the reserved land with great potential. [Method] The re- search set a total of 1 729 sampling points in the study area of 34 433 hm2. Spa- tial analyses were used to find out the causes of saline-alkali wasteland in Datong basin from four factors： topography, geology, hydrology and soil. DEM and land use data were used to calculate distribution index of topography, and distribution of the total salinity （TS） and pH was analyzed by means of IDW interpolation. [Result] The results showed that saline-alkali wasteland was distributed on flat and low-lying ter- rains with poor drainage, which led to salt accumulation. 87% of saline-alkali wasteland was distributed on Quaternary Holocene alluvium whose performance of soil hydraulic conductivity was poor. TS value distribution was that in midstream re- gion was the highest, less in upstream region and the least in downstream region along the rivers, and TS value decreased when distance between saline-alkali wasteland and rivers increased. The major soil types in Datong basin were fluvo- aquic soil and saline soil. Both of the two soil types were of high TS value and pH value, and heavily salinized and strongly alkalized. [Conclusion] High groundwater table and the existence of two salt accumulation centers are the two causes of saline-alkali wasteland in Datong basin. The key to ameliorate saline-alkali waste- land is to descend the groundwater table and lessen salt accumulation.

Nitrification potentials of Chinese tea orchard soils and their adjacent wasteland and forest soils

To investigate the nitrifying activities of different soil types, soil samples collected from 8-, 50- and 90-year old tea orchards, the adjacent wasteland, and 90-year old forest were measured for their nitrification potentials using the conventional soil incubation and the liquid incubation method. Among different soil types, the nitrification potential of soil in tea orchards was higher than that of wasteland and forest soils. The slurry shaken liquid incubation method was confirmed to be more accurate and have reliable results than the soil incubation. Interestingly, experimental result revealed that the generally applied pH value of 7.2 for the liquid media was not the optimal pH for these acid soils with a strong buffer capacity. This suggested that tea orchard soils may have nitrifiers requiring pHneutral condition for the best activity. Our data also showed that treatment with the commonly used nitrogen fertilizer urea significantly improved nitrification potential of the soils; such enhancement effect was stronger on all of three tea orchard soils than on wasteland and forest soils, and also stronger on the younger （8- and 50-year old） tea orchard soils than on the older one （90-year old）.

Effect of heavy metals on soil microbial activity and diversity in a reclaimed mining wasteland of red soil area

The microbial biomass, basal respiration and substrate utilization pattern in copper mining wasteland of red soil area, southern China, were investigated. The results indicated that soil microflora were obviously different compared with that of the non-mine soil. Microbial biomass and basal respiration were negatively affected by the elevated heavy metal levels. Two important microbial ecophysiological parameters, namely, the ratio of microbial biomass C（ Cmic ）/organic C（ Corg ） and metabolic quotient（qCO2 ） were closely correlated to heavy metal stress. There was a significant decrease in the Cmic/Corg ratio and an increase in the metabolic quotient with increasing metal concentration. Multivariate analysis of Biolog data for sole carbon source utilization pattern demonstrated that heavy metal pollution had a significant impact on microbial community structure and functional diversity. All the results showed that soil microbiological parameters had great potential to become the early sensitive, effective and liable indicators of the stresses or perturbations in soils of mining ecosystems.

Evaluation of the Reclamation Suitability of Industrial and Mining Wasteland

To evaluate the reclamation suitability of industrial and mining wasteland is the premise of reclamation. The wasteland was firstly categorized according to land use status and damage types. Then the evaluation process of reclamation suitability was introduced, which involves two steps, the first step was to exclude those unsuitable wasteland by the limits conditions, while the second step was to evaluate the suitability degree of those suitable wasteland. From the perspectives of soil fertility, soil pollution, farmland water conservancy and land damage, twelve evaluation factors, including soil depth, gravel content, bulk density, organic material content, pollution index, gradient, flatness, irrigation and drainage condition, source of borrowed earth, distance from the residential settlement, erosion modulus and damage extent, were selected to establish an index system for evaluating the abandoned industrial and mining land, aiming to provide references for the future reclamation of industrial and mining wasteland.

Evaluation of soil pollution situation in urban industrial wasteland:A case study

Urban industrial wasteland might have been affected by toxic and hazardous substances emitted by the original production activities. Consequently, pollution survey analysis and environmental risk assessment should have been conducted before redevelopment. In the paper, by surveying soil sample from waste dump, tailing pond and surrounding area in Lead-Zinc Mine, fuzzy mathematics method was adopted to establish Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation model as to analyze conditions of soil pollution by heavy metal and soil nutrient. It would provide important scientific basis for pollution control and ecological restoration in the mining area and thus carry out comprehensive ecological restoration in Lead-Zinc Mine. Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation results indicated that soil pollution by heavy metal were severe. It could give priority to develop forestry. Most deficient soil nutrient elements were available P and N. Due to the lack of nitrogen and phosphorus, it was necessary to improve the soil before phytoremediation.

A model of suitability evaluation of tourism development for the suburban mining wasteland and its empirical research

The model of suitability evaluation of tourism development for suburban mining wasteland was established in Fengquan District of Xinxiang City, with measurable methods to provide the basis for its tourism development and landscape planning. The construction and evaluation of the model was conducted with AHP method.from the follow. ing four aspects： ecological importance, landscape importance, economic importance and social importance, vail. dated with the case. In the established evaluation system, weight values of six indexes are higher than 0.05, among which the weight of industrial characteristics is the highest, and the weight of area, pollution conditions, air quality conditions, landscape diversity and topography were also higher There are still seven indicators with weight values of higher than 0.02. including land price, transportation accessibility, geological conditions, water conditions, finan, cial security, distance to cities and similar competition. Weight values of five indexes are lower than 0.02, including government function, vegetation conditions, soil conditions, urban economic level and major tourism environment. We have tried to set a weighting set by AHP to avoid the shortcomings in ordinary weighting process, to perform the tourism evaluation with a maturely-developed method and solve the multi-indicator evaluation problems which involve the fuzziness and variability of scaling effectively. Our calendaring method is a simple, reasonable, quantitative and feasible one. with general significance to non-structuralized project as development of wasteland.

Mine Wasteland and Mine Slope Vegetation Restoration Techniques in Chenzhou Area

Characteristics of mine wastelands and mine slopes in Chenzhou area were analyzed, and it was proposed that mine wasteland and mine slope ecosystem can be restored by improving vegetation matrix, selecting scientifi c vegetation restoration techniques, and combining different plant species.

Dynamic Water and Salt Changes in Saline Wasteland on the Lower Edge of Plain Reservoirs in the Desert Oasis Region

In order to reveal the distribution characteristics of water and salt in the non-irrigated saline wasteland and the growth zone of the windbreaks surrounding the plain reservoir,the groundwater and soil monitoring points were set up around the south area of Duolang Reservoir in the desert oasis.Monthly groundwater depth monitoring and soil water content and salt content fixed-point sampling for a period of 2 years were conducted.The results showed that the groundwater depth of salt wasteland in the area around the reservoir area changed slightly during the monitoring period of 2 years,and the average is 1.28 m.The soil moisture content increased with the increase of soil depth,and soil water content of 60-100 cm was larger than that of other soil layers.The salt content of the soil in the salt wasteland varied between 0.48 g/kg and8.86 g/kg in the two years,and the total salt content of different soil decreased with the increase of soil depth.The soil salt content changed greatly in 0-40 cm soil layers,with significant salt accumulation phenomenon.The soil salt content of windbreaks was significantly lower than that of the natural ecological forest.

REMOTE SENSING ANALYSIS OF WASTELAND EXPLOITATICN OF SANJIANG PLAIN IN CHINA

1. Introduction Sanjiang Plain is situated in northeast part of Heilongjiang Province in China. The area is 108,900km^2. The mountain and hill make up 39% and the plain makes up 61% in the whole plain area. The marshland is a special landscape of the plain. After the People’s Republic founding, the wasteland has been reclaimed 27,440,000ha. through three times of large scale reclaimation. The farmland has been enlarged three times in 35 years, in which the exploitation speed of state farm system is much faster than county system. Its farmland has been increased from original 7,267ha. to current 1,644,700ha.. The farmland increasing brings about raising of grain production to a great extent.

An Analysis of the Wasteland Imagery in Ferryman from the Perspective of Symbolism

With the wasteland standing out as the setting stage of the story, the study attempts to analyze the symbolic meanings ofthis imagery in Claire Mcfall's novel Ferryman. By linking the wasteland imagery to that in T. S. Elliot's masterpiece The Waste Land, and through text analysis, the study analyzes the interactive relationship between the characters and the wasteland, and re-veals that the wasteland imagery in the novel is indeed a reflection of the ruthless social reality and the oppressive social system.

Images in Eliot's The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock

The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock is T.S. Eliot's masterpiece, which marked the beginning of Eliot's career as an influential poet. Prufrock is the image of an ineffectual, sorrowful and depressed western man in twentieth century. Eliot used a lot of images to reveal the city as a wasteland, the tedious life of the western modern people, and the bewildered and split personality of western people. Eliot succeeds in reflecting inner world and spiritual state of modern people with the long, fragmented images,which influence future writers.

Landscape Transformation in Mining Wastelands

Mining provides a wealth of mineral raw materials to human beings, while also causes serious damage to environment and ecology. For decades, landscape renovation in mining wastelands has become a multi-disciplinary research focus. However, compared with the developed countries, China has disadvantages of the relevant theoretical researches developing slowly with lacking supporting technology. According to the design principle of ＂reservation and utilization＂, we reviewed and summarized the methods of landscape transformation in mining wastelands, furthermore, using the way of researching successful cases at home and abroad. In lined with the specific circumstances in China, the target of landscape transformation and basic theories as methods of strategy was developed. Finally, the overall thinking and suggestions were put forward for the development of landscape transformation in mining wastelands.