Differences between total amount of heavy metals and their occurrence form contents in the wastelands of a molybdenum mine area

In a single sample plot,the total amount of heavy metals in the soil could not necessarily reflect the contents of their effective states.This must be considered when attempting to determine the degree of soil heavy-metal pollution in an area.In the present study,the soil around the molybdenum mining area in Huludao,China,was surveyed and sampled to evaluate soil heavy-metal pollution using the Nemerow multifactor pollution index method.The Tessier continuous extraction method was used to analyze the distribution of heavy-metal forms'and their content changes in the soil of this area.Thus,the bioactivity of heavy metals in the soil,the absorption of heavy metals by plants,and the distribution of heavy metals in plants were explored to provide data supporting the use of phytoremediation technology to treat the heavy-metal pollution in the molybdenum mining area and develop ecological restoration strategies for the area's wastelands.The pollution index results indicate that heavy-metal pollution in the soil around the tailings pond is severe,mainly due to Pb and Zn heavy metals.Heavy-metal pollution in the surrounding land is mainly due to Cd and Zn.Content analysis of the heavy-metal forms/states in soils shows that exchangeable forms,which are most effective and toxic to plants,of the following metals are highest in the following areas:Cd,Cu,and Zn in the mountains around the stope;Zn,Mo,and Cu in the cultivated land around the dump;and Cd,Zn,and Mo in the cultivated land around the tailings pond.The pollution index analysis provides a basic overview of soil heavy-metal pollution across the entire mining area.However,content analysis of heavy-metal forms/states better reflects the relationship between the availability of heavy metals in the soil and the effectiveness of plants.Thus,the latter analysis can help ensure that phytoremediation strategies are adequately targeted,science-based,and effective.

Application of Earth Art in Landscape Reconstruction of Urban Industrial Wasteland

The ecological environment of industrial wasteland has been severely damaged,and problems such as environmental pollution,sharp decline in biodiversity,and ecological damage frequently occur.Therefore,reasonable renovation of industrial wasteland has become an urgent issue to be resolved.Earth art originates from nature and integrates with industrial wasteland,which plays a guiding role in promoting the upgrading and transformation of industrial wasteland landscapes,and is of great significance for the healthy development of urban environment,improving urban human settlements,and other issues.The combination of land art and urban industrial wasteland landscape transformation can guide the healthy development of urban environment.

Restoration Planning of Mining Wastelands:A Case Study

Mining plays an important role in the economic development of a country.But the consequences of the mining can be seen in the form of degradation of soil,water,and native vegetation,which ultimately results in the disturbance of the local ecosystem.The ecological restoration of such disturbed ecosystems involves the reclamation of soil,conservation of water,erosion control,and re-vegetation of native vegetation.This can be achieved by improving the physical properties of soil,enhancing the nutrient status of soil,selecting appropriate plant species for re-vegetation,providing provision of irrigation facilities for re-vegetated mining wasteland,and so on.The present study was conducted in the Kota district of Rajasthan,where stone mining is one of the major industrial activities.The paper provides a scientific assessment of the existing vegetation of limestone mining wastelands through field surveys and physicochemical analysis of soil and water.Loss of natural vegetation and excessive stoniness of the substratum were major hurdles that restrict the easy recovery of vegetation on mining wastelands but there is almost no negative impact on the water quality.The study summarizes the holistic technology including the vegetational approach to the restoration of mining wastelands and puts forward some existing problems and their solutions.

哈尔滨城市工业废弃地自生植物多样性与分布特征

【目的】当今城市化进程伴随大量废弃地的出现和消失,这些废弃地由于缺少管理和使用,为自生植物提供了重要生存空间。探索工业废弃地自生植物保护和创造可持续、低维护景观的潜力,具有理论和实践意义。【方法】2020年9—10月和2021年5—6月,对哈尔滨主城区7处工业废弃地进行调研,记录875个样方中自生植物物种名称、高度、盖度、生境类型、演替阶段、干扰强度、地表类型等信息。采用Kruskal-Wallis检验比较不同生境类型、演替阶段、干扰强度和地表类型的自生植物多样性差异,采用典型相关分析法(canonical correlation analysis,CCA)研究4类环境条件因素与自生植物物种分布的关系。【结果】结果表明:1)哈尔滨工业废弃地自生植物物种丰富,共记录43科、120属、168种;2)路缘和林缘自生植物多样性高于其他类型生境,演替中间阶段自生植物多样性高于其他阶段,中等强度干扰对自生植物多样性有积极影响,不同地表类型的3个多样性指数没有显著差异;3)4类环境条件因素对自生植物分布变化的解释量为1.79%,演替阶段和生境类型对物种分布起主要作用。【结论】工业废弃地保护和更新实践中应注重保护林缘和墙缘生境,保护和提升具有丰富生境和不同演替阶段的废弃地。

成都四环路内工业废弃地自生植物生境及物种多样性

【目的】城市工业废弃地是自生植物重要的栖息地之一。揭示此类特殊生境中自生植物的物种组成和多样性特征,可以指导低维护植物景观的营建。【方法】采用网格布样法结合典型样点方法,选取成都市四环路内不同方位的10个重工业和轻工业废弃地,共584个样方展开自生植物调研,根据场地特征将工业废弃地生境分为荒置生境、半硬质生境、水湿生境和建筑生境四大类,在此基础上,细分出自生草地、砖石地、洼地等14种微生境,并分析不同生境和微生境中的自生植物物种组成和多样性特征。【结果】共记录到237种自生植物,隶属69科、186属。自生植物的生活型以多年生草本为主,占总物种数的30.80%。在自生植物群落多样性上,不同废弃年限和不同面积废弃地中的物种频度存在显著性差异,生境与微生境的物种丰富度差异不显著,但各生境间和微生境间的群落多样性呈极显著差异。【结论】为未来工业废弃地再利用的低维护植物规划提供了新思路,通过科学保留和利用自生植物,形成规划—“自然”设计—再规划的过程,激发工业废弃地自然恢复能力与潜力,并能最大化发挥再野化对工业废弃地生态修复和自然景观营造的作用。

暗沟排盐对西辽河平原苏打盐碱荒地改良效果的研究

为探究暗沟排盐技术对西辽河平原苏打盐碱荒地改良效果的影响,在科左中旗胜利乡盐碱荒地,通过设置暗沟并应用不同的改良措施,暗沟间距分别设置5 m(L1)、10 m(L2)和15 m(L3),以及无暗沟(CK)处理,在此基础上施入脱硫石膏30 t/hm^(2),腐殖酸4.5 t/hm^(2)(F1)和9 t/hm^(2)(F2),共8个处理,对暗沟排盐工程结合化学改良措施对苏打盐碱荒地土壤的脱盐效果进行研究。研究结果表明,暗沟排盐技术对降低苏打盐碱荒地的土壤盐分有显著效果,0~40 cm深度土壤全盐量平均降低1.74 g/kg,暗沟间距越小,脱盐效果越显著。此外,施入腐殖酸对降低土壤盐碱度也有显著影响,平均降低了5.7%,其中间距5 m,施用量4.5 t/hm^(2)处理的降低幅度最大,达到了8.2%。从试验结果来看,暗沟间距10 m和施用4.5 t/hm^(2)腐殖酸的组合是最佳的改良效果。研究结果可为西辽河平原盐碱荒地的合理开发利用提供了理论依据。

清代前期山西省的荒地数字与垦荒进程新探

清初确定以万历原额为准的定赋原则后,各地田赋重整中通过“剔荒征熟”形成大量荒地数字。通过对清初山西省的考察可见,这些数字主要指土地原额中的除豁荒地,受除豁政策影响,其中包含部分明中期以后形成的不堪耕种荒地,但不含大量明末清初形成的易垦抛荒地,在无主有主的分类处理和前后相继的清查除豁中,形成了滞后性、层累性和系统性缺失特征。清前期垦荒进程中,这些荒地数字是统治者判断垦荒情形的重要依据,报垦也以荒地数字为基础展开。因此,尽管雍正以前山西报垦情形不佳,实际的荒地垦复进程应比报垦数字反映的情况开始更早、规模更大、完成更快,其空间发展过程也与报垦反映情况有所差异。

清代黄淮地区的官方治水与地权转移

在清代,对官员而言,治河带来的土地利益的回报,不低于对国帑的贪污。在淮黄运交汇的水患区,土地价值取决于能否避水之害。无权平民被洪水逼迫大量弃耕弃田,与官权有关的强势集团则大肆占地,导致大地产极为普遍,土地在权力加持下大量增值。晚清黄淮地区发生的山东湖团(客民)在徐州与当地民众(土民)的争田事件中,被朝廷及后世史家视为非常“公允”的曾国藩处理方案,实质上融入很大的政治考量,把官府的责任转嫁给了受害的土客双方,并用冠冕堂皇的官场套话打压了民间规范,留下了无尽的土地纠纷后患。

富硫化矿业废弃地污染生物控制策略研究

【目的】基于人工干预的酸性矿山废水(AMD)污染生物控制策略,为同类矿山的污染修复提供解决方案。【方法】通过对矿山生态复垦工程实践的长期跟踪,结合AMD产生的“闭环式”反应条件,分析其污染演化规律和基于人工干预的污染生物控制策略。【结果】AMD污染演化及人工干预修复过程主要分为污染潜伏期、严重污染期、工程修复期、植被恢复窗口期、持续恶化期5个阶段。污染潜伏期内坚持动态整治并及时复垦覆绿是生物控制潜在污染的关键;严重污染期借助工程措施快速修复存量污染并全面重构土壤环境是植被能够恢复的关键;而植被恢复窗口期内快速重建乔灌木为主的立体植被群落系统以强化土壤功能修复,是遏制增量污染并确保植被系统可持续恢复的关键。【结论】以生物策略控制矿山污染的效费比更高、效果更可持续且环境更友好。

从太空边疆到废土奇观——美国科幻电影中的西部地理

西部景观作为表述美国身份的图像志,是一种凝聚着自然的、历史的、社会的交流媒介。西部地理景观作为一种高度象征化的视觉符码,可在另一种叙事空间中被赋予新的内涵。在美国科幻电影中,西部地理景观叙事中蕴含着的拓荒和扩张精神以视觉转喻的方式进入外太空边疆、西部村镇、废土世界等科幻风景中,为观众提供了一种熟悉的文化地理学认同符码,作用于观众的情感体验和文化认同,同时也践行着文化意识形态作用。

消费主义时代下废土风格服装的审美演变与色彩表达

本论文旨在探讨废土风和废墟美学在当代服装设计中的发展与应用,特别关注其与消费主义和色彩心理学的关系。通过深入分析废土风和废墟美学在服装设计中的体现方式,以及色彩在其中的运用,探讨消费主义对废土设计风格的塑造作用。论文将运用色彩理论,结合时代背景研究废土风和废墟美学所选择的色彩对消费者心理和情感的影响,为当前时尚设计领域的文化和审美提供新的视角和理解,剖析色彩表达在服装设计中的应用价值。

景观多功能性视角下的滨海废弃地生态修复模式——以青岛胶州湾为例

随着城市的发展,许多海岸带在无限制开发后随之荒废,成为滨海废弃地,其生态环境日益恶化。故以青岛胶州湾洋河入海口为例,结合景观生态学的相关内容,从景观多功能性的视角研究滨海废弃地的生态修复模式,提出生态修复、文化修复和生产修复三个策略,并结合风景园林工程,提出4种生态修复设计,包括地形-地质复合设计、生境梯度设计、动物-植物协同设计、可持续性设计,形成一套完整的生态修复模式。研究结果可为具有类似特征的海岸带修复提供参考。

基于案例分析的工业废弃地转型为公共空间路径探寻

随着国家对于城市有机更新理念的贯彻落实,国家层面与城市层面对工业废弃地的去留逐渐从“全盘拆除”演变为“有机更迭”。国内部分工业废弃地也从原本承担国家工业生产任务逐渐转型为满足市民游憩、传播工业文化的公共空间场地。文章通过对合肥柴油机厂场地活化、深圳东部工业区区域活化、粤中造船厂场地活化、北京718厂区域活化四个工业废弃地场地活化案例进行分析,挖掘四个案例中的转型策略,寻找转型更新经验,为探寻工业废弃地转型为公共空间的相关路径提供理论基础。

大地艺术在城市工业废弃地景观改造中的应用

工业文明快速发展,出现大量工业废弃地,这些场地生态环境遭受严重破坏,环境污染、生物多样性锐减、生态破坏等问题频发,合理进行工业废弃地更新改造成为亟待解决的问题。大地艺术源于自然,与工业废弃地相融合,对推动工业废弃地景观提升改造具有指导作用,对城市环境的健康发展、改善城市人居环境等具有重要意义。文章旨在将大地艺术与城市工业废弃地景观改造结合起来,以指导城市环境良性发展。

Nitrification potentials of Chinese tea orchard soils and their adjacent wasteland and forest soils

To investigate the nitrifying activities of different soil types, soil samples collected from 8-, 50- and 90-year old tea orchards, the adjacent wasteland, and 90-year old forest were measured for their nitrification potentials using the conventional soil incubation and the liquid incubation method. Among different soil types, the nitrification potential of soil in tea orchards was higher than that of wasteland and forest soils. The slurry shaken liquid incubation method was confirmed to be more accurate and have reliable results than the soil incubation. Interestingly, experimental result revealed that the generally applied pH value of 7.2 for the liquid media was not the optimal pH for these acid soils with a strong buffer capacity. This suggested that tea orchard soils may have nitrifiers requiring pHneutral condition for the best activity. Our data also showed that treatment with the commonly used nitrogen fertilizer urea significantly improved nitrification potential of the soils; such enhancement effect was stronger on all of three tea orchard soils than on wasteland and forest soils, and also stronger on the younger （8- and 50-year old） tea orchard soils than on the older one （90-year old）.

Effect of heavy metals on soil microbial activity and diversity in a reclaimed mining wasteland of red soil area

The microbial biomass, basal respiration and substrate utilization pattern in copper mining wasteland of red soil area, southern China, were investigated. The results indicated that soil microflora were obviously different compared with that of the non-mine soil. Microbial biomass and basal respiration were negatively affected by the elevated heavy metal levels. Two important microbial ecophysiological parameters, namely, the ratio of microbial biomass C（ Cmic ）/organic C（ Corg ） and metabolic quotient（qCO2 ） were closely correlated to heavy metal stress. There was a significant decrease in the Cmic/Corg ratio and an increase in the metabolic quotient with increasing metal concentration. Multivariate analysis of Biolog data for sole carbon source utilization pattern demonstrated that heavy metal pollution had a significant impact on microbial community structure and functional diversity. All the results showed that soil microbiological parameters had great potential to become the early sensitive, effective and liable indicators of the stresses or perturbations in soils of mining ecosystems.

Evaluation of the Reclamation Suitability of Industrial and Mining Wasteland

To evaluate the reclamation suitability of industrial and mining wasteland is the premise of reclamation. The wasteland was firstly categorized according to land use status and damage types. Then the evaluation process of reclamation suitability was introduced, which involves two steps, the first step was to exclude those unsuitable wasteland by the limits conditions, while the second step was to evaluate the suitability degree of those suitable wasteland. From the perspectives of soil fertility, soil pollution, farmland water conservancy and land damage, twelve evaluation factors, including soil depth, gravel content, bulk density, organic material content, pollution index, gradient, flatness, irrigation and drainage condition, source of borrowed earth, distance from the residential settlement, erosion modulus and damage extent, were selected to establish an index system for evaluating the abandoned industrial and mining land, aiming to provide references for the future reclamation of industrial and mining wasteland.

Evaluation of soil pollution situation in urban industrial wasteland:A case study

Urban industrial wasteland might have been affected by toxic and hazardous substances emitted by the original production activities. Consequently, pollution survey analysis and environmental risk assessment should have been conducted before redevelopment. In the paper, by surveying soil sample from waste dump, tailing pond and surrounding area in Lead-Zinc Mine, fuzzy mathematics method was adopted to establish Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation model as to analyze conditions of soil pollution by heavy metal and soil nutrient. It would provide important scientific basis for pollution control and ecological restoration in the mining area and thus carry out comprehensive ecological restoration in Lead-Zinc Mine. Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation results indicated that soil pollution by heavy metal were severe. It could give priority to develop forestry. Most deficient soil nutrient elements were available P and N. Due to the lack of nitrogen and phosphorus, it was necessary to improve the soil before phytoremediation.

A model of suitability evaluation of tourism development for the suburban mining wasteland and its empirical research

The model of suitability evaluation of tourism development for suburban mining wasteland was established in Fengquan District of Xinxiang City, with measurable methods to provide the basis for its tourism development and landscape planning. The construction and evaluation of the model was conducted with AHP method from the follow-ing four aspects: ecological importance, landscape importance, economic importance and social importance, vali-dated with the case. In the established evaluation system, weight values of six indexes are higher than 0.05, among which the weight of industrial characteristics is the highest, and the weight of area, pollution conditions, air quality conditions, landscape diversity and topography were also higher. There are still seven indicators with weight values of higher than 0.02, including land price, transportation accessibility, geological conditions, water conditions, finan-cial security, distance to cities and similar competition. Weight values of five indexes are lower than 0.02, including government function, vegetation conditions, soil conditions, urban economic level and major tourism environment. We have tried to set a weighting set by AHP to avoid the shortcomings in ordinary weighting process, to perform the tourism evaluation with a maturely-developed method and solve the multi-indicator evaluation problems which in-volve the fuzziness and variability of scaling effectively. Our calculating method is a simple, reasonable, quantitative and feasible one, with general signif icance to non-structuralized project as development of wasteland.

Landscape Transformation in Mining Wastelands

Mining provides a wealth of mineral raw materials to human beings, while also causes serious damage to environment and ecology. For decades, landscape renovation in mining wastelands has become a multi-disciplinary research focus. However, compared with the developed countries, China has disadvantages of the relevant theoretical researches developing slowly with lacking supporting technology. According to the design principle of ＂reservation and utilization＂, we reviewed and summarized the methods of landscape transformation in mining wastelands, furthermore, using the way of researching successful cases at home and abroad. In lined with the specific circumstances in China, the target of landscape transformation and basic theories as methods of strategy was developed. Finally, the overall thinking and suggestions were put forward for the development of landscape transformation in mining wastelands.