Soil water resources use limit in the loess plateau of China

Soil water is a key factor limiting plant growth in water-limited regions. Without limit of soil water used by plants, soil degradation in the form of soil desiccation is easy to take place in the perennial forestland and grassland with too higher density or productivity. Soil water resources use limit (SWRUL) is the lowest control limit of soil water resources which is used by plants in those regions. It can be defined as soil water storage within the maximum infiltration depth in which all of soil layers belong to dried soil layers. In this paper, after detailed discussion of characteristics of water resources and the relationship between soil water and plant growth in the Loess Plateau, the definition, quantitative method, and practical applications of SWRUL are introduced. Henceforth, we should strengthen the study of SWRUL and have a better understanding of soil water resources. All those are of great importance for designing effective restoration project and sustainable management of soil water resources in water- limited regions in the future.

Humble View on Soil Water Resources

Soil water is one of renewable water resources.Some properties of soil water concerning with its availability to plant are briefly described.An equation for estimating the amount of soil water resource is presented.Based on the evaporation demand of atmosphere,the evaluation coefficient for soil water resource is suggested.

Assessment and utilization of soil water resources

Based on the analyses of water interactions and water balance, this paper discusses the issues on the assessment and regulation of soil water resources, which lays the scientific basis for limited irrigation and water-saving agriculture.

A STUDY ON THE BALANCE OF WATER AND SOIL RESOURCES IN THE HEXI CORRIDOR,GANSU PROVINCE

1. Actual water resources In the Hexi Corridor, annual precipitation is only 35-200mm, showing semi-desertand desert landscape. But in the Qilian Mountains which are in the south of the Hexi Corri-dor, there is more precipitation. In the Shiyanghe, Heihe, Shulehe River basins average an-nual precipitation is respectively 2.3, 2.7, 3.6 times larger than that of the Hexi

Soil and Water Resources and Land Sustainable Productivity in the Catchment Area with Intensive Management in Hilly Red Soil Regions,China

Taking an example of Majiayu Catchment Area (14.15 ha) in Taoyuan County of HunanProvince, the soil and water resources dynamics, fertility evolution characteristics andland productivity changing situation were studied. Fixed observation results from 1993to 2002 showed that pools covering about 15% of total area could store up 10% of surfacerunoff, keep 78.1% of eroded soil and 65.4% of lost nutrients. The yearly ratio ofinterception and evapotranspiration in land, storage in pools and drainage was 7:2:1,which ensured the resources and nutrients equilibrium and a benign recycle in thecatchment area system, and benefited the aquatic culture and helped to resist seasonaldrought. Moreover, the results showed that soil erosion modulus decreased significantly,equal to or lower than soil loss tolerance (≤500 tkm-2) in reddish yellow soil regions.Soil organic matter, total and available N content in sloping land, dryland and paddyfield increased steadily (>10%); water storage enhanced by more than 20% in sloping landand dryland in drought season; crop production increased by more than 20%; and productionof trees, fruits, tea and fish as well as land productivity increased yearly.

Effect of Polyacrylamide Application on Water and Nutrient Movements in Soils

An understanding of nutrient movement in soil is important for developing management strategies to minimize nutrient leaching and surface movement, thus improving nutrient uptake by plants, maintaining a sustainable soil system, and even protecting groundwater quality. Polyacrylamide (PAM) is known as one of soil conditioner that functions to stabilize soil structure, increase infiltration, and reduce surface runoff. This study assesses the effects of PAM on the vertical movement of soil-water and major/minor nutrients (NO3-N, NH3-N, T-N, PO4-P, T-P, K, Ca, Mg, and Fe) in soils. Saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) increases with increasing PAM concen- trations up to 10 mg·L-1 for sand and 20 mg·L-1 for a mixture of sand and clay. Decreases in the loss of soluble nutrients, particularly NH3-N, PO4-P and T-P, are observed as PAM concentrations increase. In contrast, PAM concentration has no effect on nitrate and minor nutrient levels. These results indicate that the application of PAM may be a viable method for protecting water bodies from excessive nutrients and improving nutrient availability for plants.

Biocrust-induced partitioning of soil water between grass and shrub in a desert steppe of Northwest China

Maintaining the stability of exotic sand-binding shrub has become a large challenge in arid and semi-arid grassland ecosystems in northern China.We investigated two kinds of shrublands with different BSCs(biological soil crusts)cover in desert steppe in Northwest China to characterize the water sources of shrub(Caragana intermedia Kuang et H.C.Fu)and grass(Artemisia scoparia Waldst.et Kit.)by stable 18O isotopic.Our results showed that both shrublands were subject to persistent soil water deficiency from 2012 to 2017,the minimum soil depth with CV(coefficient of variation)<15% and SWC(soil water content)<6% was 1.4 m in shrubland with open areas lacking obvious BSC cover,and 0.8 m in shrubland covered by mature BSCs.For C.intermedia,a considerable proportion of water sources pointed to the surface soil.Water from BSCs contributed to averages 22.9%and 17.6%of the total for C.intermedia and A.scoparia,respectively.C.intermedia might use more water from BSCs in rainy season than dry season,in contrast to A.scoparia.The relationship between shrub(or grass)and soil water by δ^(18)O shown significant differences in months,which partly verified the potential trends and relations covered by the high variability of the water source at seasonal scale.More fine roots at 0-5 cm soil layer could be found in the surface soil layer covered by BSCs(8000 cm/m^(3))than without BSCs(3200 cm/m^(3)),which ensured the possibility of using the surface soil water by C.intermedia.The result implies that even under serious soil water deficiency,C.intermedia can use the surface soil water,leading to the coexistence between C.intermedia and A.scoparia.Different with the result from BSCs in desert areas,the natural withdrawal of artificial C.intermedia from desert steppe will be a long-term process,and the highly competitive relationship between shrubs and grasses also determines that its habitat will be maintained in serious drought state for a long time.

Roles of Science and Technology in Soil and Water Conservation in the New Era

Firstly,current situation and main problems of science and technology development of soil and water conservation were analyzed,and then roles of science and technology in soil and water conservation were studied. At last,exploration ways of roles of science and technology in soil and water conservation were proposed.

Reducing water and nitrogen inputs combined with plastic mulched ridge-furrow irrigation improves soil water and salt status in arid saline areas,China

Plastic mulched ridge-furrow irrigation is a useful method to improve crop productivity and decrease salt accumulation in arid saline areas.However,inappropriate irrigation and fertilizer practices may result in ecological and environmental problems.In order to improve the resource use efficiency in these areas,we investigated the effects of different irrigation amounts(400(I1),300(I2)and 200(I3)mm)and nitrogen application rates(300(F1)and 150(F2)kg N/hm^(2))on water consumption,salt variation and resource use efficiency of spring maize(Zea mays L.)in the Hetao Irrigation District(HID)of Northwest China in 2017 and 2018.Result showed that soil water contents were 0.2%-8.9%and 13.9%-18.1%lower for I2 and I3 than for I1,respectively,but that was slightly higher for F2 than for F1.Soil salt contents were 7.8%-23.5%and 48.5%-48.9%lower for I2 than for I1 and I3,but that was 1.6%-5.5%higher for F1 than for F2.Less salt leaching at the early growth stage(from sowing to six-leaf stage)and higher salt accumulation at the peak growth stage(from six-leaf to tasseling stage and from grain-filling to maturity stage)resulted in a higher soil salt content for I3 than for I1 and I2.Grain yields for I1 and I2 were significantly higher than that for I3 and irrigation water use efficiency for I2 was 14.7%-34.0%higher than that for I1.Compared with F1,F2 increased the partial factor productivity(PFP)of nitrogen fertilizer by more than 80%.PFP was not significantly different between I1F2 and I2F2,but significantly higher than those of other treatments.Considering the goal of saving water and nitrogen resources,and ensuring food security,we recommended the combination of I2F2 to ensure the sustainable development of agriculture in the HID and other similar arid saline areas.

Spatial Availability of Nitrogen and Pesticides in the Surface Layers of Agricultural Soils of Tropical Hydrosystems in the Wet Season: Case of the BéréWatershed in Côte d’Ivoire (West Africa)

The objective of this study was to assess the contribution of the spatial organization of cropping systems and the physicochemical properties of surface layers of the agricultural zones soils in tropical hydrosystems to the spatial availability of nitrogen and pesticides during the wet season, such as the Béré watershed (BW) in C?te d’Ivoire. For this purpose, after mapping the spatial distribution of the BW cropping systems based on the likelihood classification methodology of satellite images of the study area, 27 samples from the 0 - 20 cm horizon of the soil surface layers of the agricultural areas were taken during the wet and agricultural season of the year 2016. The Kjeldahl method has been used to evaluate the total nitrogen concentration and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) chain made it possible for the analysis of pesticide residues in the soil solutions. Geostatistical analysis and processing of spatial data and physicochemical and agrochemical soil parameters revealed that two major agricultural areas stand out in the BW, namely the Béré upstream watershed (BUW) dominated at 32.65% by annual croppings (maize, cotton, rainfed or lowland rice, market gardening, etc.) and the Béré downstream watershed (BDW) by large areas of perennial croppings (cashew nuts, cocoa, etc.), i.e. 21.47%. Agricultural soils in BW are usually of the moderately desaturated ferralitic type with a low acid pH and a quite strong temperature, such as those of tropical soils’ characteristics. However, agricultural soils in the BUW are characterized by higher proportions of sand and coarse sand. The parameters such as total porosity, cation exchange capacity, clay, organic matter, silt, fine silt, coarse silt, and potassium ions, are higher in the soils of the agricultural area of the BDW. Moreover, soils in the agricultural areas of the BUW are less rich in total nitrogen (0.84 g·kg-1) in contrast to those of the BDW (1.2 g·kg-1). On the other hand, the median concentrations of total pesticides remain very high in the BUW (193.80 μg·kg-1) in front of those of the BDW (94.81 μg·kg-1). In addition, the biological family of herbicides was the most notable in BW. The chemical families of triazines (100% detection;79.37 μg·kg-1) are the most important in the agricultural area of the BUW with the very significant presence of active molecules of pesticides such as simazine (92.86% detection;13.17 μg·kg-1). However, in the BDW, urea substitute (100% detection;44.02 μg·kg-1) dominate, including the active substance chlortoluron (84.62% detection;10.12 μg·kg-1). The presence and abundance of nitrogen and pesticides in the soils of the agricultural areas of BW are strongly linked to the intensive use of these agrochemicals in cropping systems in recent decades in West African countries, even though most of the active molecules found are forbidden in several countries, especially in European countries. These are applied to tropical agricultural soils with physicochemical characteristics favorable to their retention in wet weather, as confirmed by the case of BW’s agricultural soils. Therefore, the BW’s water resources present worrying risks of contamination during rainy events that deserve to be assessed and monitored. Hence the need to take mitigating measures to this effect in order to preserve the quality of the environment.

California Simulation of Evapotranspiration of Applied Water and Agricultural Energy Use in California

The California Simulation of Evapotranspiration of Applied Water （CaI-SIMETAW） model is a new tool developed by the California Department of Water Resources and the University of California, Davis to perform daily soil water balance and determine crop evapotranspiration （ETo）, evapotranspiration of applied water （ETaw）, and applied water （AW） for use in California water resources planning. ETaw is a seasonal estimate of the water needed to irrigate a crop assuming 100% irrigation efficiency. The model accounts for soils, crop coefficients, rooting depths, seepage, etc. that influence crop water balance. It provides spatial soil and climate information and it uses historical crop and land-use category information to provide seasonal water balance estimates by combinations of detailed analysis unit and county （DAU/County） over Califomia. The result is a large data base of ETc and ETaw that will be used to update information in the new California Water Plan （CWP）. The application uses the daily climate data, i.e., maximum （Tx） and minimum （Tn） temperature and precipitation （Pcp）, which were derived from monthly USDA-NRCS PRISM data （PRISM Group 2011） and daily US National Climate Data Center （NCDC） climate station data to cover California on a 4 kmx4 km change grid spacing. The application uses daily weather data to determine reference evapotranspiration （ETo）, using the Hargreaves-Samani （HS） equation （Hargreaves and Samani 1982, 1985）. Because the HS equation is based on temperature only, ETo from the HS equation were compared with CIMIS ETo at the same locations using available CIMIS data to determine correction factors to estimate CIMIS ETo from the HS ETo to account for spatial climate differences. CaI-SIMETAW also employs near real-time reference evapotranspiration （ETo） information from Spatial CIMIS, which is a model that combines weather station data and remote sensing to provide a grid of ETo information. A second database containing the available soil water holding capacity and soil depth information for all of California was also developed from the USDA-NRCS SSURGO database. The Cal-SIMETAW program also has the ability to generate daily weather data from monthly mean values for use in studying climate change scenarios and their possible impacts on water demand in the state. The key objective of this project is to improve the accuracy of water use estimates for the California Water Plan （CWP）, which provides a comprehensive report on water supply, demand, and management in California. In this paper, we will discuss the model and how it determines ETaw for use in water resources planning.

盐碱地肥沃耕层构建水肥盐综合调控机理与技术研究进展

盐碱地是我国重要的后备耕地资源,我国历来高度重视盐碱地的改良和利用工作,但目前盐碱区淡水资源短缺严重制约了盐碱地的改良利用。如何在水资源约束下,优化调控土壤水肥盐动态是当前盐碱地可持续利用中亟待解决的关键科学问题。近年来,大量研究利用有机培肥、耕作、节水灌溉、田间覆盖、咸水利用等农艺措施,在盐碱地建立“控盐、保肥、保水”的肥沃耕作层,显著改变了水肥盐在土壤-植物-大气连续体中的运移过程,实现了盐碱地质量和产能快速提升,上述内容也日益成为盐碱地改良利用中的重要研究方向。本文系统总结了盐碱地改良和肥沃耕层构建等方面的研究进展,并针对盐碱地肥沃耕层构建下土壤水肥盐综合调控及其与植物生长的协同关系等进行了展望,以期为盐碱地可持续改良利用提供参考。

水-土资源有效利用视角下我国粮食生产区域布局优化研究

多年来,我国粮食生产取得巨大成就,然而随着粮食生产格局的演变,我国水-土资源配置效率低下,威胁到长期粮食安全与生态安全。从我国资源条件来看,粮食生产面临着耕地数量不足、质量不高,水-土资源在“非农化”“非粮化”趋势中不断被挤占,水-土资源分布不均存在时空错配等资源刚性约束,而粮食生产布局演变又进一步激化了粮食生产水-土资源供给与需求之间的矛盾。为此,发挥资源利用的比较优势,合理布局粮食生产,提高水-土资源有效利用水平,是保障粮食生产可持续发展的关键。

交口灌区农业水土资源承载力评价及障碍因子诊断

【目的】评价交口灌区农业水土资源承载力及其障碍因子。【方法】以交口灌区为研究对象,构建包括水土资源、社会、经济、生态环境4个准则层的水土资源承载力评价指标体系,采用组合赋权的TOPSIS模型对交口灌区水土资源承载力进行综合评价,采用障碍度模型诊断制约灌区农业水土资源承载力的主要障碍因子。【结果】2016—2020年,交口灌区水土资源承载力呈稳步提升态势,各区、县的水土资源承载力差距逐渐缩小;灌区不同区、县的水土资源承载力水平差异显著,灌区北部承载力水平高于灌区南部,各区、县承载力指数介于0.257~0.621;水土资源和生态环境系统中的单位耕地农药施用量、水土资源匹配系数、单位耕地施肥量、垦殖率、生态环境用水率、水资源开发利用率是制约交口灌区水土资源承载力提升的主要障碍因子。【结论】水土资源和生态环境是影响灌区水土资源承载力的关键要素,灌区应以可持续发展理论为导向,注重农业发展与生态保护并重,综合提升灌区承载力。

基于GPR探测的长江源地区冰川与冻土厚度研究

长江源地区的冰川变化揭示了青藏高原气候变化趋势。冰下地形探测作为冰川发育和运动过程研究的基础,对长江地区水土保持和淡水资源储量研究具有指导意义。长江科学院在长达10 a的江源科考基础上,分别于2022年、2023年采用探地雷达(GPR)技术对长江正源沱沱河发源地格拉丹东主峰的冰川厚度进行精准探测,并对查旦湿地冻土厚度上限进行了探测研究。结合多种冰川和冻土地质模型的GPR波场模拟结果,提高了GPR技术在长江源地区冰川和冻土探测的有效性和精准度。探测结果表明,格拉丹东主峰冰川厚度和查旦湿地冻土厚度上限均有不同程度降低,冰川厚度和冻土厚度上限观测是一个常年积累的结果,后续仍需持续进行观测,积累更多数据,分析变化趋势,以估算探测区域内冰储量,研究气候变化对冰川的影响效果。

中卫市退砂土地农作物复垦的可行性分析研究

本研究旨在分析宁夏中卫市沙坡头区退砂地的土壤质量提升及农作物种植适宜性。通过连续3年的田间试验,收集并分析了8种宁夏地区广泛栽培的耐旱作物对土壤理化性质的影响及其经济效益。分析了退砂耕地适生农作物对当地土壤质量的影响及经济效益。结果表明,朝天椒和红葱在退砂地上表现出较高的产量和产值,且投入产出比大,是退砂地优先选择的作物。此外,玉米和小杂粮等作物轮作种植也显示出改良土壤结构和提高肥力的潜力。本研究为退砂地的科学利用提供了理论依据和实践指导,有助于推动中卫市经济社会可持续发展。

中国农业水土资源时空匹配特征及影响因素研究

分析农业水土资源的时空匹配特征与影响因素,可为农业水土资源优化配置提供科学依据。以中国除港澳台的31个省(自治区、直辖市)为研究对象,运用基尼系数法和农业水土资源匹配系数法对2009~2019年的农业水土资源时空匹配特征进行评价分析,并利用Sen+Mann-Kendall法分析农业水土资源匹配系数的变化趋势,最后运用面板回归模型探究变化的主要影响因素。研究结果表明:①2019年与2009年相比,中国水资源总量增加4860.90亿m^(3),耕地面积总量减少75295 km^(2),农业水土资源匹配系数由0.6018升高到0.6652,整体仍高度不匹配且呈不显著变差的趋势。②中国各省(自治区、直辖市)农业水土资源匹配整体呈现“西南优于东北,边缘优于腹地,林区优于农区,山丘优于平原”的空间格局。③北京农业水土资源匹配系数显著下降,上海、广西、重庆、贵州、云南以及宁夏显著上升。④农业用水量和人均水资源量是影响农业水土资源匹配的主要因子。中国农业水土资源匹配协调度仍处于高度不平衡状态,依据匹配系数划分不同等级的调控区并制定差异化的调控措施是缓解农业水土资源匹配不协调的有效途径。

塔里木河流域农业水土资源时空匹配关系研究

农业水土资源可持续利用是推进塔里木河流域生态文明建设、协调兵团向南发展战略部署以及促进各产业融合发展的重要基础。本研究基于2005-2020年塔里木河流域5个地区的农业水土资源匹配现状,运用基尼系数法、农业水土资源匹配系数以及农业水土资源当量系数,结合ArcGIS软件对塔里木河流域水土资源时空匹配状况进行分析。结果表明:从地理分布上来看,塔里木河流域耕地资源主要集中在喀什地区、阿克苏地区,耕地资源分布和水资源有密切关系。在研究时间跨度内,水土资源基尼系数在0.05~0.12之间,整体表现为波动变化,但是变化幅度不大,处于绝对均衡水平。农业水土资源匹配系数在研究期内呈现出先下降后升高再下降的特征,5个地区的农业水土资源匹配系数逐渐趋于一致,并稳定在1~2之间。结合当量系数分析,虽然塔里木河流域5个地区的农业水土资源均衡程度较好,但是5个地区仍处于极度缺水状态,且地区差异大。研究表明,塔里木河流域水土资源分布一致,整体处于缺水状态,随着节水力度的增大农用水占比呈下降趋势。

基于生态足迹法的农业水土资源承载力分析——以三江平原友谊农场为例

本文以三江平原“黑土粮仓”——友谊农场为例,应用生态足迹法对当地的水土资源承载力进行定量评估。结果表明:(1)人均农业水资源生态足迹多年平均值为5.26 hm^(2)/人,生态承载力多年平均值为1.97 hm^(2)/人,水资源生态赤字,生态压力指数平均值为2.82,水资源利用处于不安全状态;人均耕地资源生态足迹小于生态承载力,耕地资源生态盈余,生态压力指数平均值为0.69,耕地资源利用处于安全状态;(2)友谊农场农业水土资源生态足迹和水土资源生态承载力的耦合协调度总体处于一般协调状态;(3)虽然农场土地资源丰富,但水资源稀缺,该地区的水土资源承载力协调水平还有很大的提升空间。研究结果对于黑土地保护,实现农业水土资源可持续发展有重要意义。

9种介电类水分传感器对风沙土含水率的测定精度及校准模型比较

【目的】比较不同水分传感器对风沙土含水率的测定精度,并建立校准模型,为旱区农业水土资源的高效利用提供理论依据。【方法】以METER、Acclima和Truebners三大制造商生产的9种介电类水分传感器为对象,以典型风沙土为供试土壤,通过室内校准试验比较各种传感器对土壤含水率的测定精度,评估其在风沙土上的适用范围、准确度、精密度及其影响因素,并构建不同传感器测定风沙土含水率的校准模型,比较不同校准模型的精度。【结果】(1)默认模型下,与其他传感器相比,MAS-1和EC-5的测定精度较高,其均方根误差(RMSE)分别为0.020和0.027,平均偏差误差(MBE)分别为0.016和0.024,斜率(k值)分别为0.9433和0.9403,决定系数(R^(2))分别为0.926和0.938。(2)土壤含水率范围影响传感器的测定精度。各传感器在低含水率下的RMSE平均值比中、高含水率分别减小了40.9%和42.6%,MBE平均值减小了61.8%和59.9%,而R2平均值提高了0.7%和11.3%。其中,低含水率时EC-5和TDR-315H的精度较高,而中、高含水率下MAS-1的精度均较高。对于含水率相同的土壤,各传感器的测定结果差异较大,且含水率越高差异越大。(3)与默认模型相比,校准模型的RMSE和MBE平均减小了48.8%和72.6%,纳什系数(NSE)和R2提高了70.7%和4.5%。经模型校准后,5TE和TEROS-12测定精度的增幅最大,而TDR-315H的测定精度相对最高。此外,传感器测定的风沙土含水率默认值与校准值具有较高的拟合精度,通过模型转换可实现对默认值的二次校准。【结论】综合评估测定精度、使用寿命和售价,MAS-1、EC-5和TDR-315H可作为风沙土含水率监测的优先传感器备选,且利用风沙土的校准模型对传感器进行标定十分重要。