Effect of droplet characteristics on liquid-phase distribution in spray zone of internal mixing air-mist nozzle

In continuous casting production,droplet characteristics are important parameters for evaluating the nozzle atomization quality,and have a significant impact on the secondary cooling effect and the slab quality.In order to study the behavior of atomized droplets after reaching the slab surface and to optimize the spray cooling effect,the influence of droplet diameter and droplet velocity on the migration behavior of droplets in the secondary cooling zone was analyzed by FLUENT software.Results show that the droplets in the spray zone and on the slab surface are mainly concentrated in the center,thus,the liquid volume fraction in the center is higher than that of either side.As the droplet diameter increases,the region of high liquid volume fraction on the slab surface becomes wider,and the liquid phase distribution in the slab width direction becomes uneven.Although increasing the droplet velocity at the nozzle exit has little effect on droplet diffusion in the spray zone,the distribution becomes more uneven due to more liquid reaches the slab surface per unit time.A prediction formula of the maximum water flow rate on the slab surface for specific droplet characteristics was proposed based on dimensionless analysis and validated by simulated data.A nozzle spacing of 210 mm was recommended under the working conditions in this study,which ensures effective coverage of the spray water over the slab surface and enhances the distribution uniformity of water flow rate in the transverse direction.

Calculation of the Water Distribution Networks Based on the Theory of Slow Transient Flow

Urban water supply network is a modern urban survival and development of the infrastructure of a city,and its normal running conditions have important significance. The actual hydraulic process in the variableload water distribution networks can be treated as the slow transient flow which belongs to the unsteady flow. This paper analyzes the multi-loops network slow transient model based on graph theory,and the link flow matrix is treated as the variables of the discrete solution model to simulate the process of the slow transient flow in the network. With the simulation of hydraulic regime in an actual pipe network,the changing laws of the flow in the pipes,nodal hydraulic heads and other hydraulic factors with the passage of time are obtained. Since the transient processes offer much more information than a steady process,the slow transient theory is not only practical on analyzing the hydraulic condition of the network,but also on identifying hydraulic resistance coefficients of pipes and detecting the leakage in networks.

Modeling of residual chlorine in water distribution system

Water quality within water distribution system may vary with both location and time. Water quality models are used to predict the spatial and temporal variation of water quality throughout water system. A model of residual chlorine decay in water pipe has been developed, given the consumption of chlorine in reactions with chemicals in bulk water, bio films on pipe wall, in corrosion process, and the mass transport of chlorine from bulk water to pipe wall. Analytical methods of the flow path from water sources to the observed point and the water age of every observed node were proposed. Model is used to predict the decay of residual chlorine in an actual distribution system. Good agreement between calculated and measured values was obtained.

Distribution Regularity of Debris Flow and Its Hazard in Upper Reaches of Yangtze River and Other Rivers of Southwestern China

In the upper reaches of Yangtze River and other rivers of southwestern China, the debris flows develop and lead to most serious disasters because of the various landforms, complex geological structures and abundant rainfall. The distribution of debris flows has regularity in the regions with different landform, geological structure, and precipitation. The regularities of distribution of debris flows are as following： （1） distributed in transition belts of different morphologic regions; （2） distributed in the area with strong stream trenching; （3） distributed along fracture zones and seismic belts： （4） distributed in the area with abundant precipitation; （5） distribution of debris flow is azonal. The activity of abundant debris flows not only brings harm to Towns, Villages and Farmlands, Main Lines of Communication, Water-Power Engineering, Stream Channels etc., but also induces strong water and soil loss. According to the present status of debris flow prevention, the problems in disasters mitigation and soil conservancy are found out, and the key works are brought up for the future disasters prevention and soil conservancy.

Water invasion and remaining gas distribution in carbonate gas reservoirs using core displacement and NMR

Water invasion is a common phenomenon in gas reservoirs with active edge-and-bottom aquifers.Due to high reservoir heterogeneity and production parameters,carbonate gas reservoirs feature exploitation obstacles and low recovery factors.In this study,combined core displacement and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)experiments explored the reservoir gas−water two-phase flow and remaining microscopic gas distribution during water invasion and gas injection.Consequently,for fracture core,the water-phase relative permeability is higher and the co-seepage interval is narrower than that of three pore cores during water invasion,whereas the water-drive recovery efficiency at different invasion rates is the lowest among all cores.Gas injection is beneficial for reducing water saturation and partially restoring the gas-phase relative permeability,especially for fracture core.The remaining gas distribution and the content are related to the core properties.Compared with pore cores,the water invasion rate strongly influences the residual gas distribution in fracture core.The results enhance the understanding of the water invasion mechanism,gas injection to resume production and the remaining gas distribution,so as to improve the recovery factors of carbonate gas reservoirs.

Study on hydrodynamics associated with quality of water in water distribution system

The quality of water in water distribution system may vary with both location and time. Water quality models were used to predict spatial and temporal variation of water quality throughout the water system. Before analyzing the variations of water quality, it is necessary to determine the hydrodynamics in water distribution system. Analytical methods for the flow path from water sources to the observed point and water age of every observed node are proposed. This paper makes a further study on water supply route of multi-sources water supply network system. These studies have been applied to an actual water distribution system.

基于Flow-3D的多阶明渠工程数学模型研究

[目的]研究灌区多级阶梯明渠水流的水动力特性及泥沙淤积问题,并评价其对多阶明渠工程的影响.[方法]基于VOF方法,在Flow-3D平台上建立了山东省德州市牛角店输水工程的三维数学模型,通过模拟不同工况下的三维多阶明渠水流,对比分析水流流速分布、水面线变化及渠底泥沙淤积情况.[结果]水流流态平稳后,最大流速出现在第二级阶梯上,挟沙水流流速较清水流速大0.50~0.86 m/s;在挑坎及第二级阶梯上,水面线变化幅度较大;随着时间推移,泥沙主要淤积于挑坎前及第三级阶梯底部,200 s时淤积厚度最高达0.143 mm.[结论]在牛角店输水工程施工及后期运行中,适当加固第二级阶梯渠底,提升第二级侧墙高度,并通过调控下游水位以保证灌渠的安全运行.

基于Flow-3D的汴西湖水沙数值模拟

采用开封市汴西湖引水源——黑岗口水库的引流量数据,结合汴西湖地形条件,依据插值和拟合数学理论,利用Flow-3D软件进行建模并计算,综合分析引沙量与时间、流量的关系,得到总的引沙量及空间分布,最终预测汴西湖未来的水沙分布及趋势分析。

Three-dimensional hydrodynamic model of Xiamen waters

A semi-implicit and Eulerian - Lagrangian finite difference method for three-dimensionalshallow flow has been extended to a more complete system of equations incorporating second-moment turbulence closure model and transport equations of salinity and temperature. The simulation for flooding and drying of mudflats has been improved. The model is applied to Xiamen waters. Based on extensive survey data, water level elevation, temperature and salinity field along the eastern open boundary and at the Jiulong River inlets and runoffs are analyzed, specified and calibrated. The computed results show good agreement with the measured data, reproduce flooding, emergence of large and complex mudflat region.

Layer regrouping for water-flooded commingled reservoirs at a high water-cut stage

Layer regrouping is to divide all the layers into several sets of production series according to the physical properties and recovery percent of layers at high water-cut stage, which is an important technique to improve oil recovery for high water-cut multilayered reservoirs. Dif- ferent regroup scenarios may lead to different production performances. Based on unstable oil-water flow theory, a multilayer commingled reservoir simulator is established by modifying the production split method. Taking into account the differences of layer properties, including per- meability, oil viscosity, and remaining oil saturation, the pseudo flow resistance contrast is proposed to serve as a characteristic index of layer regrouping for high water-cut multilayered reservoirs. The production indices of multi- layered reservoirs with different pseudo flow resistances are predicted with the established model in which the data are taken from the Shengtuo Oilfield. Simulation results show that the pseudo flow resistance contrast should be less than 4 when the layer regrouping is implemented. The K-means clustering method, which is based on the objec- tive function, is used to automatically carry out the layer regrouping process according to pseudo flow resistances. The research result is applied to the IV-VI sand groups of the second member of the Shahejie Formation in the Shengtuo Oilfield, a favorable development performance is obtained, and the oil recovery is enhanced by 6.08 %.

Reaction thrust characteristics of high-pressure submerged water jet of cylinder nozzles

The shapes and geometrical parameters of nozzles are key factors for fluidics. The relationship among the reaction thrust, flow rate pressure, diameter do and length L of a cylinder nozzle is analyzed theoretically. The simulation of the flow field characteristics was conducted via the FLUENT computational fluid dynamics package. Effects of the inlet conditions and the nozzle dimensions on the reaction thrust of a water jet were addressed particularly. The reaction thrust experiments were performed on a custom-designed test apparatus. The experimental results reveal that a） the nozzle diameter and the inlet conditions exert great influence on the water jet reaction thrust; and b） for L≤4d0, where the nozzle is treated as a thin plate-orifice, the reaction thrust is independent of nozzle length; for L〉4d0, where the nozzle is treated as a long orifice, the reaction thrust can reach maximum under the condition of a certain flow rate. These findings lay a theoretical foundation for the design of nozzles and have significant value, especially for the future development of high-oressure water-let orooulsion technology.

泵站-水库原水调水系统经济运行方式优化

为提高泵站-水库原水调水系统中泵站的运行效益,最大限度降低输水系统的运行成本.通过分析该类输水系统特性以及供水方式,基于遗传算法构建泵站机组流量分配模型,优化分配泵站运行流量.在此基础上,考虑泵站时间维度上的运行方式,结合亳州加压泵站的工程状况和区域分时电价,以单位提水费用最小为优化目标,构建经济运行模型.将该方法应用于亳州供水工程,结果表明模型效果显著,并对历史运行区间内周期输水量进行离散计算,拟合得出周期内单位提水费用最低工况,进而对拟合结果进行分析.结果表明:所构建经济运行模型具有较好的适用性,可降低工程运行费用,为工程优化调度提供指导;受到泵站运行效率和分时电价的影响,泵站单位提水费用随调水量增加先降低后升高.

Mathematical model of flow characteristic in multi-strand continuous casting tundishes

In this paper, the subject of mathematical model is a series of math expressions, which is used to calculate different regions＇ volume fraction and analyze flow characterization in multi-strand tundish. But research about mathematical model for multi-strand tundish is few, and so far, there has been no acknowledged math model for multi- strand tundish to describe its flow characteristic. If Sahai＇s model, which is originally proposed for the case of single-strand tundish （proposed in reference, and this model is widely used in the world）, is applied to describe flow feature in multi-strand tundish, the calculation results would be unreasonable. Based on the data of watermodel experiment results, the sum of each strand＇s dead region＇s volume fraction is bigger than 100%, and this obviously doesn＇T agree with reality; and the value of dead region＇s volume fraction is calculated to be minus according to mathematical simulation results data in another case. What＇s more, Sahai＇s model does not propose the standard of plotting the RTD-curve, and this makes scholars around the world can＇t achieve consensus of views about plotting RTD-curve. And the model doesn＇t consider the bypass flow and can＇t calculate its volume fraction, but bypass flow is critical to tundish metallurgy. And through Sahai＇s model, the calculation result of plug flow region＇s volume fraction is also not reasonable, because the model doesn＇t well describe the essence of plug flow. So these suggest that it is not reliable to apply Sahai＇s single-strand tundish model to multi-strand tundish case. Then a new model is attempted to propose in this paper for your discussion. In the new model, the standard of plotting RTD curve is definitely proposed, and relative calculation method is also proposed; and the feature of dead region is carefully studied and the model proposes a new method to calculate its volume fraction, and the calculation formula about its volume fraction can be adjustable according the actual demand; what＇s more, the new model considers the bypass flow and proposes a method to calculate its volume fraction for the first time, and then volume fraction of plug flow region, backmix flow region, dead region and bypass flow can be calculated and obtained at the same time; and this new model can better capture the deviation of reality flow pattern from ideal plug flow pattern, and reflects the feature of plug flow.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF 3-D TURBULENT FLOWS OVER DREDGED TRENCHES

A 3- D free surface flow in open channels based on the Reynolds equations with the k-ε turbulence closure model is presented in this paper. Insted of the 'rigid lid' approximation, the solution of the free surface equation is implemented in the velocity-pressure iterative procedure on the basis of the conventional SIMPLE method. This model was used to compute the flow in rectangular channels with trenches dredged across the bottom. The velocity, eddy viscosity coefficient, turbulent shear stress, turbulent kinetic energy and elevation of the free surface can be obtained. The computed results are in good agreement with previous experimental data.

Empowering Conditions for Good Water Governance-a Sustainable Model： Vilanculos Case Study （Mozambique）

This article shows the results of the project Empowering conditions for good water governance-a sustainable model： Vilanculos case study （Mozambique）, co-financed by the European Community. This project had the aim of improving sanitary conditions and increasing economic and financial sustainability of water services for the population of Vilanculos. The project has been developed and deployed with cooperation between Acque del Chiampo （an Italian water utility, near Vicenza）, the University of Brescia and the Vilanculos public water service utility, Empresa Mo^ambicana de Agua （EMA）. The paper reports analytical praxis for water distribution measurements, capable of providing essential data about the water network performances, to assess the eventual need for actions in order to solve possible and effective problems of the water service. These practices involve flow and pressure analyses, pinpointing of the network＇s criticalities and leakages by in-situ inspections along the network, managing the valves together with water service utility, as well as the use of a water distribution model to simulate the effects of the proposed interventions and specific software to automatically register bills and payments.

基于CE-QUAL-W2模型的三峡水库神农溪库湾水流水温特性分析

三峡水库蓄水以来,库区干、支流水文水动力变化显著。通过现场观测和构建三峡水库神农溪支流库湾立面二维水动力模型(CE-QUAL-W2),对比研究了三峡水库不同时期水流、水温时空分布特征。研究结果表明:神农溪库湾水体整体流速缓慢,不同时期均存在不同强度的异重流现象,包括干流倒灌异重流和上游入流底部顺坡异重流;枯水运行期和汛前消落期干流水体从表层潜入库湾,强度较弱;汛期和汛末蓄水期存在中层倒灌并且强度较大,影响整个库湾;上游入流处由于来流水温一般低于库湾,存在入流底部顺坡异重流现象。库湾水温呈春夏升温、秋冬降温的变化趋势,一年四季均存在水温分层现象;但冬季分层相对较弱,其它季节水温分层明显;水温分层模式因异重流的存在,明显不同于一般水库的水温分层。对比分析表明,CE-QUAL-W2模型可较为准确地反映神农溪库湾水流及水温时空分布特性。研究可为更细化分析三峡水库神农溪库湾水流水温特性、开展水华预报提供技术支撑。

含水层参数识别的Monte-Carlo方法

采用 Monte- Carlo随机模拟方法模拟观测数据 ,根据水头和流量观测数据识别含水层的导水系数。通过对经典最小二乘法目标函数的修正 ,添加了流量残差平方和最小一项 ,保证参数识别结果的唯一性。研究表明 ,当观测误差为正态分布时 ,参数识别结果也为正态分布。采用本文所提出的含水层参数识别方法 ,即使水头观测标准差达到 1m,参数识别结果的平均值与理论值的相对误差小于 1%。

面向区域综合能源服务的电-水联合潮流

现有关于综合能源系统潮流的研究大多以电力、热力、燃气系统耦合形成的多能系统为研究主体,而少量关于电-水联合系统潮流的研究又存在耦合方式单一、模型适应性差等问题。为此面向区域供电、供水综合服务商,提出配电网、配水网耦合形成的区域电-水联合系统的潮流模型和计算方法。提出2种用户级电-水能源集线器模型以描述终端用户综合用能行为产生的电-水关联关系;在此基础上,考虑电-水之间的泵站耦合和用户级能源集线器2种耦合方式,以及水负荷的水压特性,提出区域电-水联合潮流模型及计算方法;用2个不同规模的区域电-水联合系统验证了所提潮流计算方法的有效性,并对比分析了用户级电-水能源集线器及水负荷水压特性对联合潮流的影响。

超临界压力变压运行水冷壁中间集箱汽-水两相流分配特性的实验研究

超临界变压运行直流锅炉在启动和低负荷运行时，汽-液两相混合物通过水冷壁中间分配集箱后，在垂直水冷壁中要进行流量和相的再分配，存在着流量偏差较大和水冷壁出口汽温偏差较大的可能性，影响锅炉的安全运行．针对这一问题，以600Mw超临界锅炉过渡段水冷壁中间分配集箱及垂直水冷壁为研究对象，在压力10～21MPa、分配集箱引入管质量流速400～1200kg／（m^2·s）、干度0．7～1．0范围内，对垂直水冷壁管的分配特性进行了深入的实验研究．结果表明：影响分配集箱并联支管相分配和汽液两相流流量分配的主要因素为引入管质量流速、干度及分配集箱压力．随着分配集箱引入管质量流速的增加，相分配及流量分配的均匀性增强．当分配集箱的工作压力增加时，分配集箱并联支管间干度分配及流量分配的均匀性增加．并联支管间干度分配的不均匀性随着分配集箱入口干度的增加而减小，而入口干度对流量分配的影响规律较复杂，没有明显的变化规律．研究结果不但对保证超临界锅炉安全、高效运行具有重要的工程意义，而且为我国发展具有自主产权的超临界锅炉提供设计依据．

Particle dynamics in dense shear granular flow

The particle dynamics in an annular shear granular flow is studied using the discrete element method, and the influences of packing fraction, shear rate and friction coefficient are analyzed. We demonstrate the existence of a critical packing fraction exists in the shear granular flow. When the packing fraction is lower than this critical value, the mean tangential velocity profile exhibits a rate-independent feature. However, when the packing fraction exceeds this critical value, the tangential velocity profile becomes rate-dependent and varies gradually from linear to nonlinear with increasing shear rate. Furthermore, we find a continuous transition from the unjammed state to the jammed state in a shear granular flow as the packing fraction increases. In this transforming process, the force distribution varies distinctly and the contact force network also exhibits different features.