A study was conducted with the objective of improvement of water use efficiency (WUE) and yield of winter wheat for Lowland Dryland Farming systems through a breeding approach. Various genotypes were screened in 1988 ...A study was conducted with the objective of improvement of water use efficiency (WUE) and yield of winter wheat for Lowland Dryland Farming systems through a breeding approach. Various genotypes were screened in 1988 for rate of water loss of excised leaves (RWL) , followed by inter-crossing of diverse parents in 1993. Analysis of the relationship between RWL and yield components and plant traits demonstrated significant differences in RWL among genotypes. Under most circumstances, RWL was correlated negatively with yield and grain weight, and positively with plant height. The results demonstrated a basis for simultaneous selection for high yield and low RWL. It was found that genotypic rank varied with the duration of water loss. Correlation between RWL and yield was reduced by extended water loss duration. Analysis of the genetic variation and segregation of RWL of progenies and the effect of simultaneous screening for RWL and agronomic traits showed that good lines with improved yield and water use performance could be obtained.展开更多
To better understand the physiological characteristics of the silky starling（Sturnus sericeus）, its body temperature（Tb）, basal metabolic rate（BMR）, evaporative water loss（EWL） and thermal conductance（C） eli...To better understand the physiological characteristics of the silky starling（Sturnus sericeus）, its body temperature（Tb）, basal metabolic rate（BMR）, evaporative water loss（EWL） and thermal conductance（C） elicited by different ambient temperatures（Ta）（5-30 ℃） were determined in the present study. Our results showed that they have a high Tb（41.6±0.1 ℃）, a wide thermal neutral zone（TNZ）（20-27.5 ℃） and a relatively low BMR within the TNZ（3.37±0.17 mL O2/g·h）. The EWL was nearly stable below the TNZ（0.91±0.07 mg H2O/g·h） but increased remarkably within and above the TNZ. The C was constant below the TNZ, with a minimum value of 0.14±0.01 mL O2/g·h·℃. These findings indicate that the BMR, Tb and EWL of the silky starling were all affected by Ta, especially when Ta was below 20℃ and the EWL plays an important role in thermal regulation.展开更多
The development of NCZ-1 dust-sticking agent was first intreduced in china. The speed of water absorption of dust-stick-ing agent was measured and studied on mining site and in laboratory, and then the law of water ab...The development of NCZ-1 dust-sticking agent was first intreduced in china. The speed of water absorption of dust-stick-ing agent was measured and studied on mining site and in laboratory, and then the law of water absorption of dust-sticking agent was analyzed. In addition, the mathematical model of the loss rate of dust-sticking agent was established by the application of fluid mechanics theory, and the method of determining the sprinkle parameters of dust-sticking agent was obtained. Through practical verifi-cation, it is found that the error of this mathematical model is less than 10%. So it can be used in the field.展开更多
Background: Evaporation is of significant ecological interest.Evaporation from an animal always results in a decrease in the temperature of the surface from which the evaporation occurs.Therefore,evaporation is a one-...Background: Evaporation is of significant ecological interest.Evaporation from an animal always results in a decrease in the temperature of the surface from which the evaporation occurs.Therefore,evaporation is a one-way transfer which causes heat loss from the organism.Biological evaporation always involves the loss of water which is a vital resource for nearly all biochemical processes.Evaporation is loss of heat via loss of body mass.Methods: The simultaneous determination of energy expenditure and loss of body mass in resting birds allows us to estimate evaporative heat loss.This method includes direct measurements of the energetic equivalent of the loss of body mass as the ratio between heat production,determined by the rate of oxygen consumption and the loss of body mass at various ambient temperatures.Results: The data indicate that evaporation was minimal at lower critical temperature and that the rate of evaporation increased at lower or higher temperatures.Obtained results indicate that passerine and non-passerine species have the ability to change their non-evaporative heat conductance the same number of times(approximately fourfold),and that their abilities in this respect are similar.Conclusions: The novelty of the study resides in the stoichiometric approach to determination of total evaporative water loss.The analysis shows that determinations by stoichiometric approach of total evaporative water loss yielded the values,which fit into the confidence intervals of all equations from literatures.The basal metabolic rate and nonevaporative thermal conductance are fundamental parameters of energetics and determine the level of physiological organization of an endothermic animal.展开更多
The Chinese government has raised great attention on water resources and environment over the past several years. In dealing with the issues of water pollution, water management, and the imbalance of water resources, ...The Chinese government has raised great attention on water resources and environment over the past several years. In dealing with the issues of water pollution, water management, and the imbalance of water resources, China’s state council released “Water Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan” in 2015. This policy has become a guideline to promote water sustainability in the long run. Since then, a number of regulatory policies were released to increase the focus on water conservation. Among those actions, water loss control associated with distribution systems is regarded as a key solution to improve water supply efficiency. This paper provided a comprehensive introduction to the framework of water loss control policy in China.展开更多
The water-lubricated conical bearing has attracted attentions of researchers for its simple structure, easily adjusted gap （fdm thickness ）, lower friction loss, and less pollution in application. A mathematic model...The water-lubricated conical bearing has attracted attentions of researchers for its simple structure, easily adjusted gap （fdm thickness ）, lower friction loss, and less pollution in application. A mathematic model with consideration of the effects of turbulence, two-phase flow, and temperature on the pressure field at bearing surface is proposed here. Using this model, the Reynolds＇ equation and energy equation are solved in which the thermo- physical properties of the water as lubricant are taken into account. The dependency of characteristics of bearing, such as load-earrying capacity, flow rate （pumping losses ）, and frictional losses, on angular velocity, conical angle, and radial eccentricities, is presented. The research results are beneficial to the improvement of the efficiency of conical bearing and the environmental protection.展开更多
文摘A study was conducted with the objective of improvement of water use efficiency (WUE) and yield of winter wheat for Lowland Dryland Farming systems through a breeding approach. Various genotypes were screened in 1988 for rate of water loss of excised leaves (RWL) , followed by inter-crossing of diverse parents in 1993. Analysis of the relationship between RWL and yield components and plant traits demonstrated significant differences in RWL among genotypes. Under most circumstances, RWL was correlated negatively with yield and grain weight, and positively with plant height. The results demonstrated a basis for simultaneous selection for high yield and low RWL. It was found that genotypic rank varied with the duration of water loss. Correlation between RWL and yield was reduced by extended water loss duration. Analysis of the genetic variation and segregation of RWL of progenies and the effect of simultaneous screening for RWL and agronomic traits showed that good lines with improved yield and water use performance could be obtained.
基金This study was financially supported the National Natural Science Foundation of China （31070366）, the Natural Science Foundation （LY13C030005） in Zhejiang Province and the Zhejiang Province ＇Xinmiao＇ Project.
文摘To better understand the physiological characteristics of the silky starling（Sturnus sericeus）, its body temperature（Tb）, basal metabolic rate（BMR）, evaporative water loss（EWL） and thermal conductance（C） elicited by different ambient temperatures（Ta）（5-30 ℃） were determined in the present study. Our results showed that they have a high Tb（41.6±0.1 ℃）, a wide thermal neutral zone（TNZ）（20-27.5 ℃） and a relatively low BMR within the TNZ（3.37±0.17 mL O2/g·h）. The EWL was nearly stable below the TNZ（0.91±0.07 mg H2O/g·h） but increased remarkably within and above the TNZ. The C was constant below the TNZ, with a minimum value of 0.14±0.01 mL O2/g·h·℃. These findings indicate that the BMR, Tb and EWL of the silky starling were all affected by Ta, especially when Ta was below 20℃ and the EWL plays an important role in thermal regulation.
文摘The development of NCZ-1 dust-sticking agent was first intreduced in china. The speed of water absorption of dust-stick-ing agent was measured and studied on mining site and in laboratory, and then the law of water absorption of dust-sticking agent was analyzed. In addition, the mathematical model of the loss rate of dust-sticking agent was established by the application of fluid mechanics theory, and the method of determining the sprinkle parameters of dust-sticking agent was obtained. Through practical verifi-cation, it is found that the error of this mathematical model is less than 10%. So it can be used in the field.
基金the Russian Foundation for Basic Research for longterm support of my research (grants # 12-04-01288 and 16-04-00643)
文摘Background: Evaporation is of significant ecological interest.Evaporation from an animal always results in a decrease in the temperature of the surface from which the evaporation occurs.Therefore,evaporation is a one-way transfer which causes heat loss from the organism.Biological evaporation always involves the loss of water which is a vital resource for nearly all biochemical processes.Evaporation is loss of heat via loss of body mass.Methods: The simultaneous determination of energy expenditure and loss of body mass in resting birds allows us to estimate evaporative heat loss.This method includes direct measurements of the energetic equivalent of the loss of body mass as the ratio between heat production,determined by the rate of oxygen consumption and the loss of body mass at various ambient temperatures.Results: The data indicate that evaporation was minimal at lower critical temperature and that the rate of evaporation increased at lower or higher temperatures.Obtained results indicate that passerine and non-passerine species have the ability to change their non-evaporative heat conductance the same number of times(approximately fourfold),and that their abilities in this respect are similar.Conclusions: The novelty of the study resides in the stoichiometric approach to determination of total evaporative water loss.The analysis shows that determinations by stoichiometric approach of total evaporative water loss yielded the values,which fit into the confidence intervals of all equations from literatures.The basal metabolic rate and nonevaporative thermal conductance are fundamental parameters of energetics and determine the level of physiological organization of an endothermic animal.
文摘The Chinese government has raised great attention on water resources and environment over the past several years. In dealing with the issues of water pollution, water management, and the imbalance of water resources, China’s state council released “Water Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan” in 2015. This policy has become a guideline to promote water sustainability in the long run. Since then, a number of regulatory policies were released to increase the focus on water conservation. Among those actions, water loss control associated with distribution systems is regarded as a key solution to improve water supply efficiency. This paper provided a comprehensive introduction to the framework of water loss control policy in China.
基金Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province of China (No.LC2009C05)
文摘The water-lubricated conical bearing has attracted attentions of researchers for its simple structure, easily adjusted gap （fdm thickness ）, lower friction loss, and less pollution in application. A mathematic model with consideration of the effects of turbulence, two-phase flow, and temperature on the pressure field at bearing surface is proposed here. Using this model, the Reynolds＇ equation and energy equation are solved in which the thermo- physical properties of the water as lubricant are taken into account. The dependency of characteristics of bearing, such as load-earrying capacity, flow rate （pumping losses ）, and frictional losses, on angular velocity, conical angle, and radial eccentricities, is presented. The research results are beneficial to the improvement of the efficiency of conical bearing and the environmental protection.
