The Potential Contribution of Subsurface Drip Irrigation to Water-Saving Agriculture in the Western USA

Water shortages within the western USA are resulting in the adoption of water-saving agricultural practices within this region. Among the many possible methods for saving water in agriculture, the adoption of subsurface drip irrigation （SDI） provides a potential solution to the problem of low water use efficiency. Other advantages of SDI include reduced NO3 leaching compared to surface irrigation, higher yields, a dry soil surface for improved weed control, better crop health, and harvest flexibility for many specialty crops. The use of SDI also allows the virtual elimination of crop water stress, the ability to apply water and nutrients to the most active part of the root zone, protection of drip lines from damage due to cultivation and tillage, and the ability to irrigate with wastewater while preventing human contact. Yet, SDI is used only on a minority of cropland in the arid western USA. Reasons for the limited adoption of SDI include the high initial capital investment required, the need for intensive management, and the urbanization that is rapidly consuming farmland in parts of the western USA. The contributions of SDI to increasing yield, quality, and water use efficiency have been demonstrated. The two major barriers to SDI sustainability in arid regions are economics （i.e., paying for the SDI system）, including the high cost of installation; and salt accumulation, which requires periodic leaching, specialized tillage methods, or transplanting of seedlings rather than direct-seeding. We will review advances in irrigation management with SDI.

A Review on Development Water-Saving Agriculture in Asia

The development of water-saving agriculture is of great significance not only for increasing farmers’ production and income, but also for protecting water resources. The purpose of this paper is to learn from the experience of Israel, Japan, Korea and Singapore, improve the low efficiency of agricultural water use in China, and solve the problem of water shortage, promote the development of agriculture. This article concludes that the experience of water-saving agriculture in Israel is advanced irrigation technology, sound laws and regulations, and emphasis on science and technology. Japan’s water-saving agriculture is characterized by an efficient irrigation program and a strict agricultural water management policy. Korea’s experience in water-saving agriculture is that it has a strict water management system, with the government subsidizing the cost of irrigation projects and integrating water into agricultural development planning. Singapore’s experience in water-saving agriculture is to raise awareness of water conservation and to use step water prices. In order to promote the sustainable development of water-saving agriculture in China, the research on water-saving agriculture in the future can be carried out from the aspects of agricultural production or related agricultural technology.

A Review on Water-Saving Agriculture in Europe

This paper aims to analyze the research on the current situation of water-saving agriculture development in Europe. Water-saving agriculture in Europe started early, governments and farmers in various countries have a strong awareness of water-saving in agriculture and have achieved certain results. Due to the global spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, the lack of up-to-date field research, the complexity of various agricultural disciplines and categories, and the lack of information sharing, the current cognition of recent progress in the development of water-saving agriculture in Europe is not comprehensive enough. This paper selects four representative European countries: Spain, Germany, Italy, and Denmark as the research objects. Based on the existing research of Chinese and Western scholars, this paper analyzes and studies the current situation of water-saving agriculture in Europe. It has far-reaching significance for other countries in the world to have further development in water-saving agriculture and to protect water resources.

Problems and Development Countermeasures of Agricultural Water-Saving Irrigation

Agriculture is the biggest water user in China,and the development of agricultural water-saving has great significance to the national economy and social development. In this paper,the present situation of water used in agriculture irrigation and water-saving potential were analyzed,and the ＂ bottleneck＂ and main problems existing in water-saving irrigation in China were discussed. From the aspects of engineering investment channels,agricultural water-saving policies and management system,reform of agricultural water price and water right transfer,improvement of farmers＇ water-saving consciousness,and promotion of rural land transfer,suggestions were proposed for the development of China＇s agricultural water-saving in future,which will provide a technical support for the sustainable use of agricultural water resources in China.

Determinants of agricultural water saving technology adoption:an empirical study of 10 provinces of China

In recent years,China has been faced by an increasingly severe water shortage due to the continual growth of demand on water resources.Although the Chinese government has been actively promoting the agricul-tural water-saving technology adoption,it is ill-informed of the adoption degree of the current agricultural water-saving technologies as well as the function of the governmental policies.Therefore,this paper analyzes the aforesaid problems based on investigative data of 10 provinces in China.The results demonstrate that although there is a rapid increase of adopted agricultural water-saving technologies,the actual adoption area is rather limited.Moreover,the governmental policies and scarcity of water resources are the determinants of agricultural water-saving technology adoption.Ultimately,the paper proposes some policy suggestions.

Analysis on the Water-saving Irrigation Technique Based on the Perspective of Food Safety

The paper analyzed the important role of water saving in protecting the food safety,introduced the present development of agricultural water-saving technique,pointed out the potential risks of water resources,and proposed the future development of water-saving irrigation.

Implications of Israeli Agricultural Water Price Sharing System to China

This paper introduces Israeli agricultural water price sharing system. According to Israeli agricultural water cost composition,water price sharing by farmers as well as government subsidy and its forms,the financial subsidy-based agricultural water price system has been established on the basis of the farmers' income in our country and reasonable water price sharing,thus to promote the development of water-saving agriculture in China.

基于层次分析-熵权法的内蒙古农牧交错带农业用水水平综合评价

在我国北方干旱半干旱地区,农业灌溉是水资源消耗的主要途径,农业水资源利用效率的高低,直接决定着区域可利用水资源量。为探究我国北方农牧交错带农业用水水平,以内蒙古农牧交错带农业灌溉用水为研究对象,在综合分析用水现状的基础上,通过层次分析—熵权法和模糊综合评价相结合的方法,选取体现农牧交错带农业用水特征的代表性指标,构建农牧交错的农业用水水平综合评价体系,对2020年内蒙古农牧交错带农业用水进行综合评价。结果表明:内蒙古农牧交错带各旗县间农业灌溉用水量相差较大,整体呈现东高西低趋势,灌溉水量为582.41~4905.86 m^(3)/hm^(2),灌溉水利用效率为51%~84%;各旗县农业用水综合评价得分为2.26~3.67,农业用水水平整体处于中等偏上,29个旗县中较高水平占比44.80%,中等水平占比55.20%;与作物水分利用效率(WUE)对比,构建的综合评价体系可以更真实地反映出农牧交错带农业用水实际情况,对于农牧交错带中农业用水水平处于中等偏下水平的旗县地区,需加大力度发展农业节水措施,提升农业水资源利用效率。

基于物联网农业灌溉系统精准控制模型的研究

为进一步提升我国农业灌溉系统的综合作业效率,体现灌溉的先进性与科学性,提出以精准控制模型为切入点,以物联网技术为主体支撑平台,针对其作业系统展开设计与优化。通过引入物联网强大的系统性架构,规范与强化各网络节点的部署与协作关系,科学搭建用于实现精准灌溉控制的数学模型,同时导入合理的系统软件设计程序与硬件功能组件配置,形成完整集成式的农业智能灌溉系统。结果表明:基于物联网平台技术的精准控制模型应用后,整体的作业效率得到显著提升,系统精准度、系统响应率分别相对提高了6.25%和7.68%,动作延迟率相对降低了2.72%,灌溉节水效率提升至91.50%。物联网平台下的精准控制模型应用效果良好,设计理念正确,可为灌溉领域实施节能降耗提供参考。

基于物联网农业灌溉系统的参数检测方法研究

为提升农业灌溉系统检测环节准确性及整体作业效率为目标,基于物联网灌溉及参数检测方法应用展开设计。以当前灌溉作业机理及通信结构布局为出发点,通过建立合理正确的参数检测架构,选定高效适应的参数检测方法,实现整体灌溉系统功能优化。进行灌溉系统作业监测试验,结果表明:参数数据通信监测准确率及系统执行效率分别提升至93.70%与95.89%,系统丢包率相对降低至0.79%,平均节水效率相对提升了6.39%。基于物联网平台进行参数检测的有效性与适应性改进,较好地满足了智能灌溉的发展趋势,其方法研究理念对于灌溉系统及类似农机培育系统开发应用具有参考价值。

中国农业节水十年:成就、挑战及对策

水是农业的命脉。在水资源紧缺形势下,保障国家食物安全和农产品有效供给,必须实施农业节水,发展高水效农业。在系统总结过去10年我国农业节水在保障国家食物安全和农产品有效供给、促进区域农业可持续发展和生态环境改善、促进现代农业转型升级和提质增效以及带动农业节水产业发展等方面取得的巨大成就基础上,分析了当前我国农业节水与国际先进水平的差距,以及在农业节水相关基础数据观测和长期积累、节水评价指标体系和考核标准、灌溉面积盲目扩张与农业适水发展、灌区续建配套节水改造和高标准农田建设衔接、高效节水灌溉与农艺技术配套、农业水价综合改革与节水灌溉工程设施可持续运行机制和政策、农业节水科技创新与节水产业发展等方面面临的问题和挑战,提出了促进农业节水高质量发展的建议。

社会资本参与农业水价综合改革的理论与实践研究

社会资本是水利基础设施建设重要的资金筹措渠道。建立社会资本参与农业水价综合改革机制,鼓励和引导社会资本参与到农田水利基础设施的投资建设、运营管理和维修养护等方面,能够扩大农田水利设施建设有效投资、提高农田水利基础设施和相关公共服务的供给能力,发挥“两手发力”的要素资源配置优势、提升水资源管理能力、优化水资源配置格局,促进农业用水方式由粗放向节约集约转变,提高水资源整体承载能力。文章从理论层面研究提出了社会资本参与农业水价综合改革的总体思路,梳理了社会资本参与农业水价综合改革的方式与内容;并以陆良县恨虎坝项目区为例,从实践层面总结归纳社会资本参与恨虎坝项目区农业水价综合改革的做法及成效,以期为相关地区推进农业水价综合改革提供参考。

新疆灌区农业节水发展现状与对策建议

水是新疆可持续发展的生命线,也是新疆农业发展的瓶颈。农业是新疆用水大户,占经济社会总用水量的90%以上,南疆农业用水占比更高。新疆节水潜力重点在农业,农业节水是新疆经济社会可持续发展的根本出路。为提高新疆农业水资源利用效率,促进农业高质量发展,本文梳理回顾了新疆灌区农业节水发展历程,分析了农业节水发展现状及存在问题,结合新时期国家对新疆农业发展的新定位、新要求,提出了大力发展适水型现代农业、加大高效节水工程建设、持续推进降盐节水、加强数字化灌区建设、加强农业节水宣传培训、健全农业节水服务体系等对策建议,以期为新疆现代农业可持续发展和保障国家粮棉油安全提供有力支撑。

冬小麦-夏玉米两熟农田节水效应的可行性

2001-2003年在中国科学院禹城综合试验站研究了冬小麦一夏玉米两熟农Kt节水效应的可行性。结果表明，本地区降雨量主要集中在夏玉米生育时期，月蒸散量呈“M”型变化，双峰一般出现在冬小麦与夏玉米的抽穗开花时期，而且两年的蒸散积累趋势纵向比较均显示出其一致性的特点，这是研究耗水规律的基础环节。土壤水分从时间分布来看，在灌溉降雨的水分供应下，冬小麦期间土壤水分呈下降的趋势，而夏玉米期间土壤水分却有所升高。土壤水分从空间分布来看，土壤水分变化趋势较一致，呈“Z”型变化，0～60cm层次的土壤水分动态变化幅度较大。实验证明夏玉米产量与前季冬小麦产量有一定的互补作用，全年WUE与灌水量成负相关。冬小麦-夏玉米两熟农田实行冬小麦灌溉而夏玉米不灌的灌水措施可行。

2BMFS-3型穴灌半精量玉米播种机的设计

为了适合保护性耕作的需要、解决旱田旱期播种出苗保苗的问题,达到节水、免耕、侧深施肥和半精量播种的目的,研制了与小四轮拖拉机配套的节水型免耕施肥播种机。该机能够一次性完成破茬松土、侧深施肥、穴灌、半精量播种、覆土镇压等多项作业,对麦茬地按时复播玉米等作物具有重要的意义。

山东省灌溉农业节水潜力计算分析——以02-04年为例

山东属严重缺水省份,农业用水量约占了总用水量的74%,其它行业用水缺口大。农业灌溉用水的利用率较低,尚有较大节水潜力。本文从山东灌溉农业的作物需水量出发,综合考虑了有效降水、地下水补给、输水损失、田间损失等因素,计算出了山东省的灌溉农业整体需水量,与02年-04年实际灌溉用水量相比得出了山东农业此三年平均理论节水潜力为33.63×108m3。继而利用现实调节因子,得出了山东02年-04年农业实际平均节水潜力为30.27×108m3。为山东水资源宏观调控利用及节水规划提供理论依据。

水位-流量关系曲线在山区无量水设施渠道水量测量中的运用

贵州省灌区渠道兴建较早,渠系量水设施不配套,导致农业灌溉用水量长期以来不能准确测定。因此,探索简单易操作的农业灌溉用水量测定方法,对制定合理的水量分配制度具有重要意义。通过选取贵州省黔西县民乐灌区总干渠作为试点,采用流速仪测定该干渠不同水位下的流量,绘制水位流量关系曲线,并归纳该渠道水位流量关系经验公式,为落后山区无量水设施灌区的农业灌溉用水量探索一种简单实用的测定方法。

绿色转型背景下农业节水的政策演进、发展困境及破解对策

加强水资源节约集约利用,是保障国家粮食安全、促进农业可持续发展、推动农业强国建设的必然选择,是深入贯彻落实习近平生态文明思想和实施全面节约战略的重要内容。新发展阶段更加强调高质量发展,注重生产生活方式绿色转型,对水资源利用提出了新的更高要求,而农业节水仍然面临一些发展困境。这些困境主要来自不同政策目标之间的冲突、不同主体的利益目标不够一致、小农户与高效节水灌溉技术衔接不畅,以及智慧灌溉技术的推广和应用水平较低等方面。据此,要针对性地寻求摆脱农业节水发展困境的有效途径,进一步完善农业水价政策,建立健全以用水者为交易主体并在政府宏观调控下的水权交易制度,将灌区的人头费和维修养护经费纳入财政预算并建立相应的激励机制,加大对末级渠系的投资力度,因地制宜积极探索灌溉社会化服务模式,以落实全面节约战略,提升水资源节约集约利用能力。

基于层次-集对分析方法的区域农业节水技术选择方法

基于自然地理、社会经济和生态环境3方面构建了农业节水技术与区域适宜性评价的指标体系。运用层次分析法对集对分析法进行改进,构建了区域节水技术选择的层次-集对分析方法,并运用于松花江流域水田和旱地种植的典型区域。结果表明,在典型水田区输水过程最适宜的节水技术为混凝土衬砌,田间节水最适宜的节水技术为控制灌溉。在典型旱作区,最适宜的田间工程节水技术为微灌技术,最适宜的田间农艺节水技术为选择抗旱品种。

智慧农业中节水灌溉技术应用——以河南省为例

河南省作为农业强国的核心构成单元,其农业可持续发展面对的主要障碍是水资源短缺的问题,因此推广节水灌溉技术将有效提高粮食的供给保障能力,保障国家粮食安全。笔者以农业大省河南省为例,探讨其智慧农业进程中节水灌溉技术在推广过程中存在的问题及路径选择。通过对2018—2023年河南省委一号文件中有关节水灌溉的政策的梳理与分析,指出河南省在节水灌溉推广过程中存在政策公众参与度偏低、灌溉设备投入不足以及专业人员岗位配置失衡的问题。未来农业的发展方向势必以农业变革为主导,由过度依赖人工向“以机器为主的智能化”转变,在此机遇下研究节水灌溉技术的推广具有理论与实践的双重价值,河南省应健全政策传导机制、加大财政扶持力度、强化人才选培,“三管齐下”破解节水灌溉技术推广的现实阻碍。