In this study, the period that corresponds to the threshold of a 1.5℃ rise (relative to 1861e1880) in surface temperature is validated using a multi-model ensemble mean from 17 global climate models in the Coupled Mo...In this study, the period that corresponds to the threshold of a 1.5℃ rise (relative to 1861e1880) in surface temperature is validated using a multi-model ensemble mean from 17 global climate models in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). On this basis, the changes in permafrost and snow cover in the Northern Hemisphere are investigated under a scenario in which the global surface temperature has risen by 1.5℃, and the uncertainties of the results are further discussed. The results show that the threshold of 1.5℃ warming will be reached in 2027, 2026, and 2023 under RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP8.5, respectively. When the global average surface temperature rises by 1.5℃, the southern boundary of the permafrost will move 1e3.5 northward (relative to 1986e2005), particularly in the southern Central Siberian Plateau. The permafrost area will be reduced by 3.43x106 km2 (21.12%), 3.91x106 km2 (24.1%) and 4.15x106 km2 (25.55%) relative to 1986e2005 in RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively. The snow water equivalent will decrease in over half of the regions in the Northern Hemisphere but increase only slightly in the Central Siberian Plateau. The snow water equivalent will decrease significantly (more than 40% relative to 1986e2005) in central North America, western Europe, and northwestern Russia. The permafrost area in the QinghaieTibet Plateau will decrease by 0.15x106 km2 (7.28%), 0.18x 106 km2 (8.74%), and 0.17x106 km2 (8.25%), respectively, in RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP8.5. The snow water equivalent in winter (DJF) and spring (MAM) over the QinghaieTibet Plateau will decrease by 14.9% and 13.8%, respectively.展开更多
An acid catalyzed oxa-Pictet-Spengler reaction‘on water leading to the synthesis of a variety of l-aryl-6,7-dimethoxyisochro-mans is described.The aqueous chemistry is a much cleaner,efficient,cheaper and simple meth...An acid catalyzed oxa-Pictet-Spengler reaction‘on water leading to the synthesis of a variety of l-aryl-6,7-dimethoxyisochro-mans is described.The aqueous chemistry is a much cleaner,efficient,cheaper and simple method for synthesis.The scope of reactions was extended to thia-Pictet-Spengler reaction to afford the some isothiochromans.展开更多
Recently there are signs of water quality impairment in Lake Tana, the largest fresh water in Ethiopia. The lake is the growth corridor of the government and supports millions of livelihood around. In order to sustain...Recently there are signs of water quality impairment in Lake Tana, the largest fresh water in Ethiopia. The lake is the growth corridor of the government and supports millions of livelihood around. In order to sustain the benefit and maintain the ecosystem of the lake, the lake health has to be kept safe. Therefore monitoring and evaluation of the water quality of lake is very vital. This study focuses on current and previous trends water quality of the lake through measurements and Landsat Images near entry of Gumera River. Statistical analysis of the physical (Turbidity and STD and biological (Cha-a,) and chemical (DPC) water quality parameters were done. Linear and non-linear regression models between water quality parameter and reflectance of Landsat 7 ETM+ images were fitted based on band combinations. Pervious trend in turbidity was analyzed based on the regression models. The results showed that reflectance and turbidity satisfactorily result with an R2 ranging from 0.61 - 0.68. Form 1999-2014 the turbidity of the lake has indicated an increasing trend. Delta development near the entry of Gumera River has been enlarged by 48% because of an increase sediment inflow. The sign in the decreasing water quality of the lake was attributed to the non-point source sediment and nutrient inflow to the lake with high erosion rate from the watersheds. Measures to reduce the non-point source sediment and nutrient inflow by targeting the source areas (hot spots) in the agricultural watersheds need to be priority for stakeholders working on the soil and water conservation. Moreover, reducing the recession agriculture around the lake and wetland management could be crucial for improving lake water quality.展开更多
The aim of this work is the study of the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) unsteady free convective flow of water near 4℃ past an infinitely vertical plate moving with constant velocity. The influence of constant uniform suc...The aim of this work is the study of the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) unsteady free convective flow of water near 4℃ past an infinitely vertical plate moving with constant velocity. The influence of constant uniform suction was also considered. The partial differential equations (PDEs) and their initial and boundary conditions, describing the problem under consideration, are dimensionalized and the numerical solution is obtained by using the finite volume discretization methodology which is suitable for Fluid Mechanics applications. The numerical results for the velocity and temperature fields are shown in figures for different dimensionless parameters entering in the problem under consideration, such as the magnetic parameter, M and the Grashof number, Gr. This study predicts the effects of a constant magnetic field and uniform suction on the free convective flow of water near 4℃, when the water is electrically conductive. Analysis of the results showed that the velocity and temperature profiles are noticeably influenced by these parameters.展开更多
To improve the corrosion resistance of Cf/SiC composites in a water vapor oxygen coupled environment,the bilayer Yb_(2)Si_(2)O_(7)/SiC and tri-layer Yb2Si2O7/(SiCw-Mullite,SM)/SiC environment barrier coatings were des...To improve the corrosion resistance of Cf/SiC composites in a water vapor oxygen coupled environment,the bilayer Yb_(2)Si_(2)O_(7)/SiC and tri-layer Yb2Si2O7/(SiCw-Mullite,SM)/SiC environment barrier coatings were designed and prepared on the surface of Cf/SiC composites by chemical vapor deposition and sol-gel method united with air spraying.Results show that the mass loss of bi-layer Yb_(2)Si_(2)O_(7)/SiC coating coated samples was 17.24×10^(-3) g cm^(-2) after 200 h oxidation at 1673 K,and the average compression strength retention rate was only 79.44% due to the formation of wide penetrating cracks.Comparatively,SiC whiskers in SM middle coating can not only increase the crack propagation resistance of mullite middle coating,but also alleviate the difference of coefficient of thermal expansion between Yb_(2)Si_(2)O_(7) outer coating and mullite middle coating.Therefore,the mass loss of trilayer Yb_(2)Si_(2)O_(7)/SM/SiC coating coated samples was only 2.93×10^(-3) g cm^(-2) after 200 h oxidation at 1673 K,and the average compression strength retention rate was up to 98.79%.展开更多
7A52 aluminum alloy was cut with an integrated equipment for welding and cutting using water vapor plasma arc. Various cutting mediums were tested. The arc force, electron density and cutting speed in each medium were...7A52 aluminum alloy was cut with an integrated equipment for welding and cutting using water vapor plasma arc. Various cutting mediums were tested. The arc force, electron density and cutting speed in each medium were tested and calculated. The fractography and microstructure of the cuts were also analyzed. Results show that the arc force, electron density and cutting speed #wreased with increasing acetone concentration. However, above a certain value （40%）, higher acetone concentrations contribute little to the arc force and cutting speed. The microstrueture of material near the cut was greatly influenced by the water vapor plasma arc. While the microstructure of the material beyond 10 mm from the cut was hardly influenced by the cutting heat. It was demonstrated that the water vapor plasma arc can be used for cutting of aluminum alloys in open field or emergency situations.展开更多
Coconut water has several uses that are beneficial to humans, mainly because of its nutritional and medicinal properties. In this study coconut water samples were collected from the fresh mature coconuts and from pack...Coconut water has several uses that are beneficial to humans, mainly because of its nutritional and medicinal properties. In this study coconut water samples were collected from the fresh mature coconuts and from packaged processed coconut water to measure the radon concentrations in them. The results were used to estimate the annual effective radiation dose to the general adult population from ingestion of coconut water. The samples were analyzed for radon concentrations using the Durridge RAD-7 radon detector. The results of measured radon concentrations for the fresh mature coconut were ranged from 381.10 Bq·m<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Tahoma, sans-serif;"><sup>-3</sup></span> to 1716.80 Bq·m<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Tahoma, sans-serif;"><sup>-3</sup></span>. The results for packaged processed coconut samples ranged from 68.08 Bq·m<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Tahoma, sans-serif;"><sup>-3</sup></span> to 556.85 Bq·m<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Tahoma, sans-serif;"><sup>-3</sup></span>. The mean values for the samples were (1081.40 and 222.78) Bq·m<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Tahoma, sans-serif;"><sup>-3</sup></span> for the fresh and processed samples, respectively. The estimated mean annual effective doses (AED) due to ingestion of coconut water were 0.41 and 0.08 μSv·y<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Tahoma, sans-serif;"><sup>-1</sup></span> for fresh and processed samples, respectively. These values are significantly lower than the safe limits recommended by the World Health Organization and the European Commission of 0.1 mSv·y<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Tahoma, sans-serif;"><sup>-1</sup></span> and the maximum contamination level (MCL) of 11,000 Bq·m<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Tahoma, sans-serif;"><sup>-3</sup></span> by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and so do not constitute a risk to consumers of coconut water.展开更多
基金This work was supported by the China National Basic Research Program (2013CBA01808), the National Science Foundation of China (91437217, 41275061, 41471034,41661144017) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (lzujbky-2015-k03).
文摘In this study, the period that corresponds to the threshold of a 1.5℃ rise (relative to 1861e1880) in surface temperature is validated using a multi-model ensemble mean from 17 global climate models in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). On this basis, the changes in permafrost and snow cover in the Northern Hemisphere are investigated under a scenario in which the global surface temperature has risen by 1.5℃, and the uncertainties of the results are further discussed. The results show that the threshold of 1.5℃ warming will be reached in 2027, 2026, and 2023 under RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP8.5, respectively. When the global average surface temperature rises by 1.5℃, the southern boundary of the permafrost will move 1e3.5 northward (relative to 1986e2005), particularly in the southern Central Siberian Plateau. The permafrost area will be reduced by 3.43x106 km2 (21.12%), 3.91x106 km2 (24.1%) and 4.15x106 km2 (25.55%) relative to 1986e2005 in RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively. The snow water equivalent will decrease in over half of the regions in the Northern Hemisphere but increase only slightly in the Central Siberian Plateau. The snow water equivalent will decrease significantly (more than 40% relative to 1986e2005) in central North America, western Europe, and northwestern Russia. The permafrost area in the QinghaieTibet Plateau will decrease by 0.15x106 km2 (7.28%), 0.18x 106 km2 (8.74%), and 0.17x106 km2 (8.25%), respectively, in RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP8.5. The snow water equivalent in winter (DJF) and spring (MAM) over the QinghaieTibet Plateau will decrease by 14.9% and 13.8%, respectively.
文摘An acid catalyzed oxa-Pictet-Spengler reaction‘on water leading to the synthesis of a variety of l-aryl-6,7-dimethoxyisochro-mans is described.The aqueous chemistry is a much cleaner,efficient,cheaper and simple method for synthesis.The scope of reactions was extended to thia-Pictet-Spengler reaction to afford the some isothiochromans.
文摘Recently there are signs of water quality impairment in Lake Tana, the largest fresh water in Ethiopia. The lake is the growth corridor of the government and supports millions of livelihood around. In order to sustain the benefit and maintain the ecosystem of the lake, the lake health has to be kept safe. Therefore monitoring and evaluation of the water quality of lake is very vital. This study focuses on current and previous trends water quality of the lake through measurements and Landsat Images near entry of Gumera River. Statistical analysis of the physical (Turbidity and STD and biological (Cha-a,) and chemical (DPC) water quality parameters were done. Linear and non-linear regression models between water quality parameter and reflectance of Landsat 7 ETM+ images were fitted based on band combinations. Pervious trend in turbidity was analyzed based on the regression models. The results showed that reflectance and turbidity satisfactorily result with an R2 ranging from 0.61 - 0.68. Form 1999-2014 the turbidity of the lake has indicated an increasing trend. Delta development near the entry of Gumera River has been enlarged by 48% because of an increase sediment inflow. The sign in the decreasing water quality of the lake was attributed to the non-point source sediment and nutrient inflow to the lake with high erosion rate from the watersheds. Measures to reduce the non-point source sediment and nutrient inflow by targeting the source areas (hot spots) in the agricultural watersheds need to be priority for stakeholders working on the soil and water conservation. Moreover, reducing the recession agriculture around the lake and wetland management could be crucial for improving lake water quality.
文摘The aim of this work is the study of the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) unsteady free convective flow of water near 4℃ past an infinitely vertical plate moving with constant velocity. The influence of constant uniform suction was also considered. The partial differential equations (PDEs) and their initial and boundary conditions, describing the problem under consideration, are dimensionalized and the numerical solution is obtained by using the finite volume discretization methodology which is suitable for Fluid Mechanics applications. The numerical results for the velocity and temperature fields are shown in figures for different dimensionless parameters entering in the problem under consideration, such as the magnetic parameter, M and the Grashof number, Gr. This study predicts the effects of a constant magnetic field and uniform suction on the free convective flow of water near 4℃, when the water is electrically conductive. Analysis of the results showed that the velocity and temperature profiles are noticeably influenced by these parameters.
基金This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52102122 and 52075555)Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(Grant No.2021JJ10057 and Grant No.2020JJ4116)the National Defense Basic Scientific Research Program of China(fund from National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Highstrength Structural Materials,Central South University,Changsha 410083,China)。
文摘To improve the corrosion resistance of Cf/SiC composites in a water vapor oxygen coupled environment,the bilayer Yb_(2)Si_(2)O_(7)/SiC and tri-layer Yb2Si2O7/(SiCw-Mullite,SM)/SiC environment barrier coatings were designed and prepared on the surface of Cf/SiC composites by chemical vapor deposition and sol-gel method united with air spraying.Results show that the mass loss of bi-layer Yb_(2)Si_(2)O_(7)/SiC coating coated samples was 17.24×10^(-3) g cm^(-2) after 200 h oxidation at 1673 K,and the average compression strength retention rate was only 79.44% due to the formation of wide penetrating cracks.Comparatively,SiC whiskers in SM middle coating can not only increase the crack propagation resistance of mullite middle coating,but also alleviate the difference of coefficient of thermal expansion between Yb_(2)Si_(2)O_(7) outer coating and mullite middle coating.Therefore,the mass loss of trilayer Yb_(2)Si_(2)O_(7)/SM/SiC coating coated samples was only 2.93×10^(-3) g cm^(-2) after 200 h oxidation at 1673 K,and the average compression strength retention rate was up to 98.79%.
文摘7A52 aluminum alloy was cut with an integrated equipment for welding and cutting using water vapor plasma arc. Various cutting mediums were tested. The arc force, electron density and cutting speed in each medium were tested and calculated. The fractography and microstructure of the cuts were also analyzed. Results show that the arc force, electron density and cutting speed #wreased with increasing acetone concentration. However, above a certain value （40%）, higher acetone concentrations contribute little to the arc force and cutting speed. The microstrueture of material near the cut was greatly influenced by the water vapor plasma arc. While the microstructure of the material beyond 10 mm from the cut was hardly influenced by the cutting heat. It was demonstrated that the water vapor plasma arc can be used for cutting of aluminum alloys in open field or emergency situations.
文摘Coconut water has several uses that are beneficial to humans, mainly because of its nutritional and medicinal properties. In this study coconut water samples were collected from the fresh mature coconuts and from packaged processed coconut water to measure the radon concentrations in them. The results were used to estimate the annual effective radiation dose to the general adult population from ingestion of coconut water. The samples were analyzed for radon concentrations using the Durridge RAD-7 radon detector. The results of measured radon concentrations for the fresh mature coconut were ranged from 381.10 Bq·m<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Tahoma, sans-serif;"><sup>-3</sup></span> to 1716.80 Bq·m<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Tahoma, sans-serif;"><sup>-3</sup></span>. The results for packaged processed coconut samples ranged from 68.08 Bq·m<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Tahoma, sans-serif;"><sup>-3</sup></span> to 556.85 Bq·m<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Tahoma, sans-serif;"><sup>-3</sup></span>. The mean values for the samples were (1081.40 and 222.78) Bq·m<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Tahoma, sans-serif;"><sup>-3</sup></span> for the fresh and processed samples, respectively. The estimated mean annual effective doses (AED) due to ingestion of coconut water were 0.41 and 0.08 μSv·y<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Tahoma, sans-serif;"><sup>-1</sup></span> for fresh and processed samples, respectively. These values are significantly lower than the safe limits recommended by the World Health Organization and the European Commission of 0.1 mSv·y<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Tahoma, sans-serif;"><sup>-1</sup></span> and the maximum contamination level (MCL) of 11,000 Bq·m<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Tahoma, sans-serif;"><sup>-3</sup></span> by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and so do not constitute a risk to consumers of coconut water.
