Research progress on the water vapor channel within the Yarlung Zsangbo Grand Canyon, China

The Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program tasked a research team with the“Investigation of the water vapor channel of the Yarlung Zsangbo Grand Canyon(INVC)”in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau(TP).This paper summarizes the scientific achievements obtained from the data collected by the INVC observation network and highlights the progress in investigating the development of heavy rainfall events associated with water vapor changes.The rain gauge network of the INVC can represent the impacts of the Yarlung Zsangbo Grand Canyon(YGC)topography on precipitation at the hourly scale.The microphysical characteristics of the precipitation in the YGC are different than those in the lowland area.The GPM-IMERG(Integrated MultisatellitE Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement)satellite precipitation data for the YGC region should be calibrated before they are used.The meridional water vapor flux through the YGC is more important than the zonal flux for the precipitation over the southeastern TP.The decreased precipitation around the YGC region is partly due to the decreased meridional water vapor flux passing through the YGC.High-resolution numerical models can benefit precipitation forecasting in this region by using a combination of specific schemes that capture the valley wind and water vapor flux along the valley floor.

Comment on: Cloning and characterization of porcine aquaporin 1 water channel expressed extensively in the gastrointestinal system

TO THE EDITOR Sir, I read with great interest the recently published article in the World Journal of Gastroenterology by Jin and co-workers on the cloning and characterization of porcine aquaporin 1 water channel from the pig liver and studies on its expression in the porcine gastrointestinal system. The authors should be congratulated for making this important and valuable contribution to the field of aquaporin biology and porcine gastrointestinal physiology. However, there are a number of unresolved issues and controversies concerning the expression of aquaporins （especially aquaporin 1） in the gastrointestinal system that are worthy of additional comment and discussion by Jin and co-workers.

The role of water channel proteins and nitric oxide signaling in rice seed germination

Previous studies have demonstrated the possible role of several aquaporins in seed germination. But systematic investigation of the role ofaquaporin family members in this process is lacking. Here, the developmental regulation of plasma membrane intrinsic protein （PIP） expression throughout germination and post-germination processes in rice embryos was analyzed. The expression patterns of the PIPs suggest these aquaporins play different roles in seed germination and seedling growth. Partial silencing of the water channel genes, OsPIP1;1 and OsPIP1：3, reduced seed germination while over-expression of OsPIP1：3 promoted seed germination under water-stress conditions. Moreover, spatial expression analysis indicates that OsPIP1：3 is expressed predominantly in embryo during seed germination. Our data also revealed that the nitric oxide （NO） donors, sodium nitroprusside （SNP） and S-nitrosoglutathione （GSNO）, promoted seed germination; furthermore, the NO scavenger, 2-（4-carboxyphenyl）-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide, inhibited germination and reduced the stimulative effects of SNP and GSNO on rice germination. Exogenous NO stimulated the transcription of OsPIP1：1, OsPIP1：2, OsPIP1：3 and OsPIP2：8 in germinating seeds. These results suggest that water channels play an important role in seed germination, acting, at least partly, in response to the NO signaling pathway.

Uncertainty Analysis for Ship-Bank Interaction Tests in A Circulating Water Channel

This paper presents a systematic model test program to assess the uncertainty of the ship-bank interaction forces,using the planar motion mechanism(PMM)system in a circulating water channel(CWC).Therefore,the uncertainties due to ship-bank distance and water depth are considered,and they are calculated via the partial differentials of the regression formulae based on the test data.The general part of the uncertainty analysis(UA)is performed according to the ITTC recommended procedure 7.5-02-06.04,while the uncertainty of speed is identified as the bias limit due to the flow velocity maldistribution in the CWC.In each example test for the UA of ship-bank interaction forces,12 repeated measurements were conducted.Results from the UA show that the contribution of water depth error and flow velocity maldistribution to the total uncertainty is noticeable,and the paper explains how they increase with the change of the test conditions.The present study will be useful in understanding the uncertainty regarding the ship-bank interaction force measurement in a CWC.

Distribution of chlorophyU a and estimation of primary productivity in the eastern waters of Balingtang Channel in summer

Oceanographical features on both sides of Balingtang Channel (17°55′-20°06′N, 122°55′-126°57′E) were comprehensively investigated on board of R/V "Experiment 3" in June. 1984. The pre-sent paper reports the chlorophyll data collected and primary productivity estimated there. Water sam-ples were taken with a glass bottle of Model HQMat the depth of 0, 10. 25, 50, 75, 100 and 150m, separately. Chlorophyll was determined according to the spectrophotometry proposed by UNESCO(1966) and calculated with the trichromatic equations of Jeffrey-Humphrey(1975). Estimations ofprimary productivity were carried out using a simplified equation (Q = 1.5) given by Cadee(1975).

长藤结瓜灌溉系统中渠道输配水系统可行域研究

灌区输配水渠道的过水能力除了受渠道本身过水能力及上下级渠道的制约之外,还要受泵站、塘堰、中小型水库等灌区中的提水、蓄水设施的影响。为了保障灌区渠系运行的安全性,在渠道本身过水能力及上下级渠道的制约研究的基础上,就提水和蓄水设施两大影响因素,在考虑水泵对连接渠道过水能力的制约和塘堰、水库等蓄水设施对骨干渠道过水能力的调节作用的基础上,采用对比分析法进行渠道输配水系统可行域的分析研究,并且该输配水可行域计算方法在某大型引黄灌区中进行了实例应用,结果表明,提出的可行域计算方法,充分考虑到泵站对于连接渠道过水流量需在水泵设计流量附近运行的要求,以及水库对渠道最大过水流量的消减作用,计算结果合理可靠,可为渠系的合理调度运行以及渠道系统的设计提供科学依据。

中新世以来上印度扇水道-堤岸体系几何学特征及演化

以中新世以来上印度扇水道-堤岸体系为研究对象,利用高精度二维地震资料开展地震精细解释与几何学分析,刻画水道-堤岸体系几何学特征及时空演化过程,探讨中新世以来上印度扇发育演化主要期次及特征。结果表明,中新世以来上印度扇水道-堤岸体系可划分为中新世、上新世及更新世至今三大期次,整体表现出“单期水道-侧向迁移-扁长型”到“多期水道-垂向叠置-厚窄型”的演化特征。深入探讨中新世以来上印度扇水道-堤岸体系的几何学特征及演化可为重力流水道的沉积构型样式研究提供新的例证,并为深海油气勘探开发提供参考。

Artificial Water Channel Promoting Depolymerization of Actin Filaments to Trigger Cancer Cell Apoptosis

Actin filaments play important physiological functions,which have become potential targets of antitumor drugs.Using chemicals to intervene their polymerization-depolymerization dynamics would generate new strategies for designing antitumor drugs.In this report,an artificial water channel appending acetazolamide moiety,a ligand that can selectively bind to carbonic anhydrase IX,has been prepared.

基于国产密码的水利自动化控制系统现场总线信道加密方法研究

针对水利自动化控制系统现场总线信道加密的局限,提出基于国产密码的水利自动化控制系统现场总线信道加密方法研究。通过选用国产密码并采用组合方式,克服了加密范围的限制,提高了加密速率,构建的加密模型通过解密验证实现高效加密。测试结果表明:相较于传统方法,此次所设计的国产密码水利自动化控制系统现场总线信道加密方法的加密速率更高,效果更佳,具有实际应用价值。

循泵旋网改造进水流道模型试验和分析

循环水系统框架式正面进水旋转滤网,由于其设计结构原因,对机组的安全性、经济性影响较大,文章提出了将旋转滤网结构形式由正面进水改为网内进水侧向出水的布置形式。通过对循环水泵房的进水流道进行建模,并在各工况下进行模型试验,经对比分析发现,侧面旋转滤网若前移到拦污栅井位置,并在网后设置合适的导流墙,基本可以满足循泵正常运行的要求。

上海重大原水单线管渠安全保障技术

上海市原水供应系统总体上较为完备,陆域三大原水系统初步实现了部分能力的互补,但仍面临着风险和挑战。文章针对原水管渠系统局部存在的安全风险,构建了一套适合于原水管渠特点的管道(渠道)的风险评估方法,将风险评估等级划分为5级。通过应用风险评估方法,明晰了上海重大原水管渠的风险等级,并提出了原位修复技术。针对原水管渠单线事故下,研究分析了备用水源及就地取水头部的保障能力。基于此,针对中心城区典型单线供应水厂,文章提出了结合上海市规划原水格局,中心城区原水单线供应水厂的原水安全保障优化途径主要为结合就地取水保障以及清水调度,谋求实施原水复线。因此,基于长桥水厂、杨树浦水厂(含居家桥水厂)、南市水厂等原水单线水厂的实际情况,提出了原水供应一线一策的安全保障方案及实施策略。

The structure and dynamics of water inside armchair carbon nanotube

In this paper we present some simulation results about the behaviour of water molecules inside a single wall carbon nanotube （SWNT）. We find that the confinement of water in an SWNT can induce a wave-like pattern distribution along the channel axis, similar phenomena are also observed in biological water channels. Carbon nanotubes（CNTs） can serve as simple nonpolar water channels. Molecular transport through narrow CNTs is highly collective because of tight hydrogen bonds in the protective environment of the pore. The hydrogen bond net is important for proton and other signal transports. The average dipoles of water molecules inside CNTs （7,7）, （8,8） and （9,9） are discussed in detail. Simulation results indicate that the states of dipole are affected by the diameter of SWNT. The number of hydrogen bonds, the water-water interaction and water-CNT interaction are also studied in this paper.

Some Physiological Processes Related to Water Use Efficiency of Higher Plants

Water use efficiency （WUE） of higher plants is of vital importance in the dry-land agricultural ecosystem in terms of the development of water-saving agriculture. Of all the approaches used to improve WUE, the intrinsic water use efficiency （WUET, the ratio of CO2 assimilation rate to transpiration rate） can be a right index, as the variation of WUET is correlated with the physiological and biochemical processes of higher plants. The measurements of leaf gas exchange and carbon isotope discrimination （D^13C） are the two ways to detect the variation in WUEr. This article reviewed some physiological processes related to WUEv, including the relationship between CO2 assimilation and stomatal conductance and WUET and water absorption. The relationship between WUE and aquaporin and the yield are discussed as well.

NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF LURE MOVING IN WATER

The motion of a lure in water is investigated experimentally and numerically.The lure motion in water of apassing water tank is observed,and the periodic motion is found.From the Fourier analysis,it is found that the frequency with the largest amplitude in the lateral direction depends on the lip width of the lure.To understand the lure dynamics,a numerical simulation of the flow field around the lure is performed.The shape is measured using an X-ray computer tomography and converted into a voxel model.From visualization,it is found that vortex sheds from its lip correspond to the vibration frequency of the lure.

Inter-comparison of the Infrared Channels of the Meteorological Imager Onboard COMS and Hyperspectral IASI Data

The successful launch and commissioning of the first geostationary meteorological satellite of Korea has the potential to enhance earth observation capability over the Asia Pacific region. Although the specifications of the payload, the mete- orological imager （MI）, have been verified during both ground and in-orbit tests, there is the possibility of variation and/or degradation of data quality due to many different reasons, such as the accumulation of contaminants, the aging of instrument components, and unexpected external disturbance. Thus, for better utilization of MI data, it is imperative to continuously monitor and maintain the data quality. As a part of such activity, this study presents an inter-calibration, based on the Global Space-based Inter-Calibration System （GSICS）, between the MI data and the high quality hyperspectral data from the In- frared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer （IASI） of the Metop-A satellite. Both sets of data, acquired for three years from April 2011 to March 2014, are processed to prepare the matchup dataset, which is spatially collocated, temporally concurrent, angularly coincident, and spectrally comparable. The results show that the MI data are stable within the specifications and show no significant degradation during the study period. However, the water vapor channel shows a rather large bias value of -0.77 K, with a root-mean-square difference （RMSD） of around 1.1 K, which is thought to be due to the shift in the spectral response function. The shortwave channel shows a maximum RMSD of around 1.39 K, mainly due to the coarse digitization at the lower temperature. The inter-comparison results are re-checked through a sensitivity analysis with different sets of threshold values used for the matchup dataset. Based on this, we confirm that the overall quality of the MI data meets the user requirements and maintains the expected performance, although the water vapor channel requires further investigation.

Relationship between adjustment of low water level and utilization of water depth in Shashi Reach in middle Yangtze River

Hydrological,sediment,and bathymetric data of the Shashi Reach in the middle Yangtze River for the period of 1975-2018 were collected,and the characteristics of low water level changes and their impacts on utilization of water depth for navigation were investigated.The results showed that,during the study period,the Shashi Reach riverbed was significantly scoured and incised,with cross-sectional profiles showing overall narrowing and deepening.This indicated a strong potential to improve the water depth of the channel.The analysis of the temporal variation of in-channel topographical features showed that the Taipingkou diara underwent siltation and erosion,with its head gradually scoured and relocated downstream after 2008,and the Sanbatan diara continued to shrink and migrate leftwards.Low water levels with the same flow rate over the study period decreased.For instance,from 2003 to 2020,the water level at the Shashi hydrological station decreased to 1.37 m with a flow rate of 6000 m^(3)/s.Furthermore,the designed minimum navigable water level of the Shashi Reach was approximately 2.11m lower than the recommended level.In terms of utilization of the channel water depth,continuous scouring of the river channel is expected to result in a reduction in discharge at the Taipingkou mouth,which will improve the water depth conditions of the channel during the dry season in the Shashi Reach.With several channel regulation projects,the 3.5-m depth of the Shashi Reach would basically be unobstructed.This promotes utilization of the shipping route from the Taipingkou south branch to the Sanbatan north branch as the main navigation channel during the dry season.Considering the factors of current water depth and the clear width limitation of the navigation hole at the Jingzhou Yangtze River Bridge,this route can still be favored as the main navigation channel with a 4.5-m depth during the dry season.

Prospects for High-quality Development of Water Resources

The water resources of rivers and reservoirs with a five-meter drop are used to discuss the technical theory and the cost and practical value of equipment cases.The high-quality development technology of water resources explored in this paper provides a feasible plan for achieving the goal of innovation to zero.

抽水蓄能电站输水系统设计要点研究

为确保对抽水蓄能电站抽水、发电等功能正常运行,工程单位需要做好输水系统的设计工作,而进出水口与输水道则是其中的设计关键点.在进出水口设计阶段,设计人员需要结合现场地质情况、输水系统运行需求等综合选择出入水口结构型式,并做好出入水口宽度等参数的复核计算工作;在输水道设计阶段,设计人员需要针对钢筋混凝土衬砌与钢砌等不同结构对设计参数进行计算分析,并做好变幅比等参数的复核计算工作,确保所设计的输水系统满足使用需求.

防水窜水泥浆体系的研究与应用

厄瓜多尔TAMBOCOCHA油田产层为高渗透性砂岩储层且油层底水活跃,前期固井作业时采用微膨胀、静胶凝强度过渡时间短的水泥浆体系,固井后产层段水泥石发生了油水侵。针对该问题,文章通过室内实验模拟井下作业环境分析发现,水泥浆在固井候凝期间,地层流体以“溶解迁移”和“质量互换”的方式破坏水泥浆的结构,影响了水泥石质量。对此,文章研发了强防水窜水泥浆体系,该体系主要通过进一步缩短静胶凝强度过渡时间来提高水泥浆候凝期间抗地层流体的“溶解迁移”能力,并应用多功能复合前置液体系结合旋转尾管固井工艺提高该油田固井质量。现场应用23口井,固井质量优质率达95%,后期也未发生油水窜,为强底水油藏的生产套管提高固井质量提供技术支撑,解决了厄瓜多尔TAMBOCOCHA油田生产套管固井难题。

成子河船闸闸位选择和平面布置

针对成子河船闸需穿越多重水系,闸位选择受限因素多且引航道通航水流条件复杂的问题,船闸平面布置从水系连通、防洪规划、通航安全、对灌溉排涝的影响、船闸运营管理、征地拆迁和投资等多方面进行了技术经济比选。通过数模在引航道与上下游交叉河流处分别限定300、120 m 3 s最大安全通航流量条件,并采用疏浚拓挖增加过水断面和设置导流墙调整主流方向,改善了船闸引航道的通航水流条件。对复杂水系条件下的船闸闸位选择和平面布置有借鉴意义。