A Review of Formation Mechanism Study on Reservoirs with Tilted Oil-water Contacts

The distribution characteristics of the oil-water contact are the basis for the reservoir exploration and development and reserves evaluation. The reservoir with a tilted oil-water contact has a unique formation mechanism, and the understanding of its distribution and formation mechanism will directly affect the evaluations for the reservoir type, well deployment, selection of well pattern and type, determination of test section, and reserves evaluation. Based on the analysis of reservoir characteristics, petrophysical properties and geological structure in 40 reservoirs worldwide with tilted oil-water contacts, the progress of the research on the formation mechanisms of titled oil-water contacts is summarized in terms of the hydrodynamic conditions, reservoir heterogeneity, neotectonic movement and oil-gas exploitation. According to the formation mechanism of tilted oil-water contacts and the needs of exploration research, different aspects of research methods are summarized and classified, such as the calculation of equipotential surfaces for oil and water in the formation, analysis of formation pressure and analysis of reservoir physical properties and so on. Based upon statistical analysis, it is suggested that the degree of the inclination of the oil-water contact be divided based on the dip of oil-water contact（DipTOWC）. The tilted oil-water contact is divided into three categories： large dip（DipTOWC≥55 m/km）, medium dip（4 m/km≤DipTOWC55 m/km）, and small dip（DipTOWC4 m/km）. The classification and evaluation method can be combined with structure amplitude and reservoir property. The formation mechanism of domestic and international reservoirs with tilted oil-water contacts are summarized in this paper, which have important significance in guiding the exploration and development of the oilfield with tilted oil-water contacts, reserves evaluation, and well deployment.

Water contact angles on charged surfaces in aerosols

Interactions between water and solid substrates are of fundamental importance to various processes in nature and industry.Electric control is widely used to modify interfacial water,where the influence of surface charges is inevitable.Here we obtain positively and negatively charged surfaces using Li Ta O_(3) crystals and observe that a large net surface charge up to 0.1 C/m;can nominally change the contact angles of pure water droplets comparing to the same uncharged surface.However,even a small amount of surface charge can efficiently increase the water contact angle in the presence of aerosols.Our results indicate that such surface charges can hardly affect the structure of interfacial water molecular layers and the morphology of the macroscopic droplet,while adsorption of a small amount of organic contaminants from aerosols with the help of Coulomb attraction can notably decrease the wettability of solid surface.Our results not only provide a fundamental understanding of the interactions between charged surfaces and water,but also help to develop new techniques on electric control of wettability and microfluidics in real aerosol environments.

Paleo-oil-Water Contact and Present-Day Gas-Water Contact:Implication for Evolution History of Puguang Gas Field, Sichuan Basin, China

The Puguang （普光） gas field is the largest gas field found in marine carbonate in China. The Puguang gas field experienced complicated evolution history from paleo-oil pool to gas pool. The purpose of this article is to reveal the evolution history of Puguang gas field through systematic study on the relationship between paleo-oil-water contact （POWC） and present-day gas-water contact （PGWC）. POWC was recognized by observing the change of relative content of residual solid bitumen in the cores, and PGWC was observed using log and drilling stem test data. Two types of relationship between POWC and PGWC were observed in the Puguang gas field： POWC is above PGWC, and POWC is below PGWC. The former is normal as oil cracking may cause gas-water contact to move downward. The latter can be interpreted by lateral gas re-migration and re-accumulation caused by changes in structural configuration. The relationship between POWC and PGWC suggests that during oil charge, the southwestern and northwestern parts of the Puguang gas field were structurally lower than the northeastern and southeastern parts. Thrusting from Xuefengshan （雪峰山） since Yanshanian movement and from Dabashan （大巴山） since Himalayan movement resulted in the relative uplift of the southwestern and northwestern parts of the Puguang structure, which significantly changed the structural configuration. Based on the paleo-structure discussed in this article, the most probable migration directions of paleo-oil were from the northwest to the southeast and from the southwest to the northeast. Consequently, the evolution history of the Puguang gas field can be divided into three stages, namely,oil charging （200-170 Ma）, cracking oil to gas （155-120 Ma）, and gas pool adjustment （12-0 Ma）.

Thermo-responsive stick-slip behavior of advancing water contact angle on the surfaces of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-grafted polypropylene membranes

Wettability of a solid surface is highly important to its practical application,especially for the surface that shows thermoresponsive properties.In this paper,we describe a thermo-responsive stick-slip behavior of water droplets on the surfaces of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)(PNIPAM)-grafted polypropylene membranes.Field emission scanning electron microscope(FESEM) images elucidate that the morphology of PNIPAM-grafted membrane surface is thermo-responsive,i.e.,the surface becomes rougher above the lower critical solution temperature(LCST) of PNIPAM.On the surface of nascent polypropylene membranes,the water droplet shows a smooth motion resulting in advancing and receding water contact angles of 111° and ～65°,respectively.On the PNIPAM-grafted membrane surfaces,the water droplet shows a stick-slip pattern above the LCST,whereas it advances smoothly below the LCST.This phenomenon is reproducible and can be ascribed to the energy barriers enhanced by the shrink of PNIPAM chains above the LCST.We also find that the slip contact angle decreases from 102° to 92° after several stick-slip cycles.This decrease is attributed to the water adsorption on the grafted PNIPAM layer,which is confirmed by the continuous decrease of the receding water contact angle.

Effects of hysteresis of static contact angle (HSCA) and boundary slip on the hydrodynamics of water striders

It is known that contact lines keep relatively still on solids until static contact angles exceed an interval of hysteresis of static contact angle (HSCA), and contact angles keep changing as contact lines relatively slide on the solid. Here, the effects of HSCA and boundary slip were first distinguished on the micro-curvature force (MCF) on the seta. Hence, the total MCF is partitioned into static and dynamic MCFs correspondingly. The static MCF was found proportional to the HSCA and related with the asymmetry of the micro-meniscus near the seta. The dynamic MCF, exerting on the relatively sliding contact line, is aroused by the boundary slip. Based on the Blake-Haynes mechanism, the dynamic MCF was proved important for water walking insects with legs slower than the minimum wave speed . As insects brush the water by laterally swinging legs backwards, setae on the front side of the leg are pulled and the ones on the back side are pushed to cooperatively propel bodies forward. If they pierce the water surface by vertically swinging legs downwards, setae on the upside of the legs are pulled, and the ones on the downside are pushed to cooperatively obtain a jumping force. Based on the dependency between the slip length and shear rate, the dynamic MCF was found correlated with the leg speed U, as , where and are determined by the dimple depth. Discrete points on this curve could give fitted relations as (Suter et al., J. Exp. Biol. 200, 2523-2538, 1997). Finally, the axial torque on the inclined and partially submerged seta was found determined by the surface tension, contact angle, HSCA, seta width, and tilt angle. The torque direction coincides with the orientation of the spiral grooves of the seta, which encourages us to surmise it is a mechanical incentive for the formation of the spiral morphology of the setae of water striders.

应用测井资料小波变换与伪成像技术精细划分深部隔夹层

隔夹层影响流体渗流,控制油水及剩余油分布,深层取心成本高,常规测井曲线分辨率低且薄互层信号模糊,深部隔夹层识别难度大。通过对关键井岩心研究,得出了隔夹层敏感测井曲线及其响应特征,采用小波分解和重构,对常规敏感测井曲线进行了高分辨率处理,降低了邻层平滑效应,突出了薄层界面测井响应特征,薄层识别分辨率提高了近1倍。综合利用隔夹层地层倾角矢量模式和伪成像特征,确立了深部隔夹层判识划分方法,应用实例表明,该方法可精细识别隔夹层,相比常规方法,隔夹层辨识能力显著提升,井间小层对比精度提高38%,解释了油水界面倾斜问题,得出了剩余油分布规律。

大庆SN油田东部过渡带油水边界综合确定

为确定大庆SN油田东部过渡带油水界面,综合钻井、测井、地震资料,结合岩心含油产状分析和老井油水层二次解释,基于双相介质理论的叠后属性油气检测以及基于叠前地震波形指示反演的流体识别等技术,探讨构造油气藏外扩区油水边界的综合确定方法。研究区油水边界具有以下特征:岩心含油产状为油斑以上;测井解释外推为油层或油水同层;叠后属性低高频能量比大于0.85;叠前反演预测含水饱和度小于75%。因此,以“井点定深度、地震定边界、动态来验证”为原则,从“点—线—面—空”,经过综合分析,确定最终油水边界位置。研究成果有效指导了研究区外扩评价部署,对同类型构造油田油水边界研究具有参考意义。

Transient Heat Transfer Study of Direct Contact Condensation of Steam in Spray Cooling Water

We conducted a transient experimental investigation of steam–water direct contact condensation in the absence of noncondensible gas in a laboratory-scale column with the inner diameter of 325 mm and the height of 1045 mm. We applied a new analysis method for the steam state equation to analyze the molar quantity change in steam over the course of the experiment and determined the transient steam variation. We also investigated the influence of flow rates and temperatures ofcooling water on the efficiency ofsteam condensation. Our experimental results show that appropriate increasing of the cooling water flow rate can significantly accelerate the steam condensation. We achieved a rapid increase in the total volumetric heat transfer coefficient by increasing the flow rate of cooling water, which indicated a higher thermal convection between the steam and the cooling water with higher flow rates. We found that the temperature ofcooling water did not play an important role on steam condensation. This method was confirmed to be effective for rapid recovering ofsteam.

水侵气藏型储气库全周期高效建设微观模拟实验

借助微观可视化模型与微流控技术,开展了水侵气藏型储气库初期建库阶段注气驱水及循环储采阶段采气底水上侵、储气排驱水体的模拟实验,分析气液界面稳定机制、气液渗流与赋存规律,探索储气库全周期高效运行的优化调控方式。研究表明:储气库初期建库阶段应调控注气速度,充分发挥重力作用保证气液界面宏观稳定运移,大幅度提高气体的波及能力,为储气库后续循环储采阶段提供更大的储气孔隙空间。储气库循环储采阶段,恒定的储采气速度导致孔隙空间利用率低,逐渐提高储采气速度,从“小吞小吐”逐渐过渡到“大吞大吐”,可以持续打破孔喉内流体的平衡受力状态,扩大储气孔隙空间与流动通道,有利于储气库扩容增效和调峰保供。

一种新型义齿粘结剂使用效果观察及性能分析

为提高牙科用粘结剂的粘接效果和抗菌性能,试验通过树脂基质、纳米氟化钠和二癸基二甲基氯化铵,制备了一种具有抗菌性能的新型义齿粘结剂,并对二癸基二甲基氯化铵添加量和应用效果进行研究。结果表明,二癸基二甲基氯化铵的添加可以使义齿粘结剂亲水性能和抗菌性能提高,粘接性能下降。当二癸基二甲基氯化铵添加量从1.5%增大到7.5%时,水接触角从80.3°减小到60.5°,剪切粘接强度从15.3 MPa降低到12.2 MPa。二癸基二甲基氯化铵添加量为1.5%或3.0%比较适宜。在应用效果方面,含有3%二癸基二甲基氯化铵和3%纳米氟化钠的新型义齿粘结剂有着良好的粘接性能和抗菌性能。

Development of Modified Glasses by Transparent, Functional Hybrid Sol-Gel Nano-Ceramic Coatings, a Comparative Study

This paper concentrates on the development of glasses with self-cleaning surfaces exhibiting high water contact angles. In this study, we prepared super-hydrophobic nano-ceramic coated glass based on titania & silica using simple sol-gel & dip coating methods and studied the best composition of the coatings by altering ratios of titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP)/tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) with different homogenizing agents. We characterized the coatings by surface roughness measurement, percentage of optical transmission, static contact angle, near-infrared (NIR) transmission, and diffuse reflectance. The fabrication of coatings on glass substrates played an important role in increasing the water contact angle of about 95° and visible & NIR transmission of about 90%. We compared our modified glass substrate with commercial low emissivity (Low E) glass using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, which showed pure amorphous surface claiming excellent wettability and thus the prepared glass substrate could have a variety of applications in different fields.

质子交换膜燃料电池直流道内液滴传输研究

建立质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)的二维直流道模型,分析液滴在流道内的产生、破裂及传输全过程,探究进气速度、气体扩散层表面亲疏水性以及挡板结构参数等关键性因素对液滴传输特性的影响。仿真结果表明,提高进气速度有助于强化液滴的去除效果,但过高的气体流速会将液滴推向气体扩散层表面,造成液滴累积;亲水性较强的气体扩散层表面导致液滴严重坍塌形变,堵塞气体扩散层孔隙;液滴在疏水性气体扩散层表面流动速度相对较快,壁面附着力小,利于流道排水;增大挡板堵塞率可提高挡板下方及后方区域气体流速,提高液滴吹扫能力;挡板表面亲疏水性对流道内液滴去除效果影响较弱。

三聚氰胺基疏水海绵的制备及其吸油性能

采用单宁酸(TA)/Fe^(3+)复合物(TA/Fe^(3+))对三聚氰胺海绵(MS)进行预处理,然后通过生物蜡乳液浸渍法对三聚氰胺海绵进行疏水改性,制备了高吸油倍率的疏水三聚氰胺海绵(MS-TA/Fe^(3+)-Wax)。采用扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱和接触角测试等手段对三聚氰胺海绵改性前后样品进行微观形貌、结构组成和表面润湿性表征,并考察其对不同油品的吸油性能。结果表明:MS-TA/Fe^(3+)-Wax具有高度疏水性,水接触角可达141.5°;在常温常压条件下,MS-TA/Fe^(3+)-Wax对正辛烷、二氯甲烷、甲苯、柴油、泵油和菜籽油的吸油量为54.91~97.46 g/g,吸油过程符合拟二级动力学。疏水改性的三聚氰胺海绵材料通过挤压解吸附可实现循环使用,在处理油-水污染物方面具有潜在的应用前景。

聚丙烯织物表面超亲水涂层构筑及其油水分离性能

[目的]为得到具有优秀耐久性和高油水分离效率的超亲水性聚丙烯(PP)分离材料。[方法]通过将天然来源的羧甲基纤维素(CMC)与聚丙烯织物共价结合,制备出一种具有超亲水-水下超疏油性能涂层的改性PP织物。通过扫描电镜(SEM)、红外光谱(IR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等手段对改性后的样品进行分析,利用接触角测量仪和自建油水分离装置测试了改性PP织物的润湿性及油水分离性能。[结果]改性PP织物在空气中的水接触角低至0°,在水下对不同油(包括正己烷、甲苯、煤油、柴油、汽油和石油醚)的接触角都不低于150°,对油水混合物的分离效率都可达到98%以上,分离时的水通量高达69449 L/(m^(2)·h)以上。经过50次循环分离、酸碱盐溶液腐蚀浸泡8 h、砂纸刮擦30次、高含沙量水冲刷2 h等多项测试后,改性PP织物均保持优异的水下疏油性和大于97%的油水分离效率。从微观结构与化学组成的角度揭示了是表面粗糙度与亲水基团的协同作用使PP织物由最初的疏水亲油转变为超亲水-水下超疏油。[结论]通过化学键连接的方式可以在PP织物表面成功构筑牢固结合的超亲水涂层。该改性过程绿色、简便、低成本,能赋予PP织物优异、耐久的油水分离性能。改性后的PP织物有望在复杂水体环境下的油水分离场景中应用。

瓦斯氛围下煤-水界面润湿特性及其影响机制

煤层注水被广泛用于煤层瓦斯治理,其治理瓦斯的效果关键在于水分对含瓦斯煤体的润湿效果,然而高瓦斯煤层中瓦斯严重干扰着水分对煤体的润湿。为弄清瓦斯氛围下水分对煤体的润湿特性,采用自研的瓦斯氛围下煤-水接触角测试装备及自开发的瓦斯氛围下水的表面张力测试软件,研究了瓦斯氛围下煤-水界面润湿参数,阐释了瓦斯氛围下煤-水界面的润湿特性,并揭示了其影响机制。研究结果表明:瓦斯氛围下随着瓦斯压力的增加,水的表面张力、煤的表面能及黏附功逐渐减小,煤-水接触角及煤-水界面能逐渐增加,水对煤的润湿效果变差;基于煤的工业分析、元素分析及微光谱图分析,建立了无烟煤的分子结构模型,分子式为C_(99)H_(54)N_(2)O_(3)S,煤分子模型的桥碳比为0.61,其与^(13)C-NMR谱图的桥碳比一致;瓦斯氛围下煤水微观润湿体系中,煤水交界面以下,水分子的相对浓度随着瓦斯压力的增大而减小;煤水交界面以上,瓦斯压力越大,水分子相对浓度峰值越大;瓦斯氛围下煤水微观润湿体系中,随着瓦斯压力的增加,水分子的吸附程度减弱,煤中瓦斯被置换的程度减小,甲烷分子的扩散系数减小,水分子分散程度增加,聚集程度减弱,水分子的扩散系数增加。

大口径锥头弹体高速倾斜入水偏转规律数值模拟

结合某大口径锥头弹体高速倾斜入水试验,采用任意拉格朗日-欧拉(arbitrary Lagrange-Euler,ALE)流固耦合方法对弹体倾斜入水偏转行为进行数值模拟,研究了弹体以500 m/s高速倾斜入水过程中不同受力模式、载荷变化特征以及弹体发生偏转的力学机理,分析了入水角度对弹体偏转规律的影响。结果表明:在俯仰力矩作用下,弹体均发生抬头方向偏转,且偏转速度呈现先增大后减小的趋势,偏转程度在不同入水角度范围内呈现不同的变化趋势。当入水角度小于15°时,弹体会发生“跳弹”现象;当入水角度为30°~60°时,弹体偏转趋势基本一致,均由初始倾斜状态逐渐转动至水平状态、竖直状态并最终以弹头入水反方向的“出水”姿态向水下运动;当入水角度为75°时,弹体转动至水平状态后,并未继续偏转至竖直状态,弹头以朝斜上方的姿态向水下运动;弹体的入水侵深随入水角度的增大而增大,且增大趋势近似满足指数函数关系。

改进丰富卷积特征算法的液滴边缘检测模型

液滴图像边缘的高精度提取是测量水接触角较为关键的一环,针对常规边缘提取方法噪声鲁棒性差、边缘提取不完整、精度低的问题,本文提出了一种改进丰富卷积特征(RCF)的液滴边缘检测模型。首先,在深度特征提取阶段引入特征融合模块,使用多个特征让模型更加鲁棒,减少过拟合的风险;其次,设计多感受野模块代替RCF后边的contact层,通过多个感受野来提取更多的语义信息,使边缘细节更加丰富;然后,在模型每一层之前引入高效通道注意力机制,增强模型对图像中重要特征的关注程度;最后,设计并引入MaxBlurPool下采样技术,减少计算量和参数量,提高平移不变性。在自制液滴数据集上的实验结果表明,本文模型的固定轮廓阈值(ODS)提高到0.816、单图像最佳阈值(OIS)提高到0.829、检测准确率高达90.17%,相较原模型提高了1.85个百分点,能够准确检测液滴边缘特征。

蓖麻油基聚氨酯薄膜的制备及性能研究

为了探究蓖麻油基聚氨酯(castor oil-based polyurethane,CO-PU)薄膜最佳成膜条件及其综合性能,以蓖麻油(castor oil,CO)、二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯(4,4-diphenylmethane diisocyanate,MDI)为主要反应物,以过氧化二苯甲酰(benzoyl peroxide,BPO)为自由基引发剂,二月桂酸二丁基锡(dibutyltin dilaurate,DBTDL)为催化剂,控制单一变量,采用预聚体法,制备不同R值(-NCO与-OH物质的量之比)的CO-PU薄膜。探究不同R值、DBTDL含量和成膜固化温度对CO-PU薄膜的力学性能和成膜状态的影响,从而确定CO-PU薄膜的最佳成膜条件。结果表明,当R值为2.5,DBTDL含量为0.1‰,成膜固化温度为80℃时,CO-PU薄膜的抗拉强度和断裂伸长率分别达到36.4 MPa和49.05%,其铅笔硬度达到6H,吸水率为0.01%,水接触角最大为83.5°,有着较好的综合性能。该研究证实了通过改变CO-PU薄膜成膜条件,可以在一定程度上提升CO-PU薄膜的各项性能,为CO-PU薄膜后期的应用拓展以及其他性能研究奠定基础。

新型矿用EMI降尘剂对煤尘的润湿特性研究

随着矿井机械化开采程度的提高,煤尘产生量也随之增大。针对煤矿井下作业环境中的粉尘污染日益严重的问题,通过测定含不同质量分数绿色高效生物降尘剂(EMI)溶液的表面张力,并以不同粒径煤尘与EMI溶液的接触角、煤尘润湿速度、煤尘吸湿量及保水性为指标,研究了不同质量分数的EMI溶液对不同粒径煤尘的润湿效果。实验结果表明:随着溶液中EMI降尘剂的质量分数增大,煤尘的接触角逐渐减小,煤尘完全沉降所需时间逐渐下降,吸湿量逐渐增大,保水性逐渐增强,且失水后煤样的板结性较大。通过分析得出EMI润湿煤尘的作用机理:降低水的表面张力;增加溶液润湿性;减少水分流失;提高溶液的抗蒸发性。

BER-BCO耦合工艺净化模拟微污染河水及除磷机理研究

针对传统生物膜法对微污染河水脱氮除磷效率不佳的问题,设计了电极生物膜耦合生物接触氧化(BER-BCO)装置,采用单因素敏感性分析方法评估了不同碳源、电流密度、水力停留时间、填料填充比对工艺脱氮除磷效果的影响,并通过红外光谱表征阳极附近沉淀物表面特征官能团,探究系统除磷机理。结果表明,在使用乙酸钠为碳源、电流密度为0.09 mA/cm^(2)、水力停留时间控制为24 h、填料比为40%的条件下,BER-BCO系统的脱氮除磷效能得到了显著优化;NH+4-N、TN、TP的去除率分别达到了83.10%、56.46%、97.93%;最终出水除TN外均优于《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)中Ⅳ类水质标准;红外光谱分析显示阳极附近形成的含磷沉淀物中含有Fe-O键、P-O键、Fe-OH键,表明铁阳极具有高效除磷的特性。