Seismic response analysis of arch dam-water-rock foundation systems

The effect of water compressibility on the seismic responses of arch dams is not well understood.In this paper,a numerical model is developed with rigorous representation of the dynamic interaction between arch dam-water- rock foundation.The model is applied to the seismic response analysis of an arch dam with a height of 292m designed to a seismic intensity of IX.It is shown that consideration of the water compressibility clearly decreases the stress responses at key positions of the dam,while the added mass model gives a conservative estimate.

Feasibility Study of a Hydro PV Hybrid System Operating at a Dam for Water Supply in Southern Brazil

Dams for water supply usually represent an untapped hydroelectric potential. It is a small energetic potential, in most situations, usually requiring a particular solution to be viable. The use of pumps as power turbines often represents an alternative that enables the power generation in hydraulic structures already in operation, as is the case of dams in water supply systems. This potential can be exploited in conjunction with the implementation of PV modules on the water surface, installed on floating structures, both operating in a hydro PV hybrid system. The floating structure can also contribute to reducing the evaporation of water and providing a small increase in hydroelectric power available. This paper presents a pre-feasibility study for implementation of a hydroelectric power plant and PV modules on floating structures in the reservoir formed by the dam of Val de Serra, in southern Brazil. The dam is operated to provide drinking water to about 60% of the population of the city of Santa Maria, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, in southern Brazil. The pre-feasibility study conducted with Homer software, version Legacy, indicated that the hydroelectric plant with a capacity of 227 kW can operate together with 60 kW of PV modules. This combination will result (in one of the configurations considered) in an initial cost of USD$ 1715.83 per kW installed and a cost of energy of USD$ 0.059/kWh.

Water Resource Development in the Quaternary Ryukyu Limestone Regions of Japan:Application of the GIS to the Site Selection of Underground Dams

Based on the natural and social conditions as well as hydrogeological characteristics of the Ryukyu limestone, a major aquifer in the Ryukyu Islands, a conception of underground dam, was proposed in the early 1970s in order to develop ground water resources in the Quaternary Ryukyu limestone regions of Japan. The practice of nearly thirty years has shown that the underground dam is an environment-friendly and effective way for developing ground water in these regions.

Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC) Contents in Middle and Lower Reaches of Lancang River: Related to Water Environments and Dams

Carbon cycle is one of the focuses of climate change, river carbon is an important part, while dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) has a high proportion of river carbon flux. In this study, we did the research on the Lancang River, an important international river in the southwest of China. Water samples were obtained from 16 sections of the middle and lower reaches of the Lancang River in 2016 (11 months), then we monitored some water quality indicators and DIC content, finally analyzed the temporal-spatial distribution characteristics of DIC and the relationship between DIC content and water environment factors. The results showed that: (1) DIC contents in the middle and lower reaches of the Lancang River varied from 1.1840 mmol/L to 3.1440 mmol/L, with a mean value of about 2.2155 mmol/L. (2) At a time scale, DIC contents of dry season (spring, autumn and winter) were higher than rainy season (summer). At a space scale, DIC contents of the middle and lower reaches of the Lancang River gradually decreased from north to south, and each reservoir had the same characteristics, that is, DIC contents at upstream of the dam was lower than those at downstream of the dam. Compared to other rivers with cascade dams around the world, DIC contents within studied river were at similar level. And the reservoir’s effect of the Lancang River were not obvious, however, DIC contents in the water sampled upstream the dams had a slight stratification. (3) Water temperature, conductivity, turbidity were important factors affecting DIC content of water, and the effect of oxidation and reduction potential (ORP) and pH on DIC was relatively small.

Eco-Toxicological Approach as a Contribution to Integrated Water Management on Okpara Dam at Kpassa in Benin: Evaluation of Contamination of Fish and Surface Water by Organochlorine Pesticides

The paper explores the degree of pollution of organochlorine pesticides in fish and water in the dam at Kpassa on a tributary of Okpara River that is pumped by Benin National Water agency (SONEB) in supplying drinking water to supply the city of Parakou. Doing so, fourteen parameters of organochlorine are analyzed. Most of obtain organoclorine concentration in water and fish below is indicated critical values. However, DDT and endrine concentration in water is slightly above legal tolerable values. Hexachlorobenen and dieldrine concentrations are three times higher than legal limit value while aldrine is ten times higher. However, heptachlore is double concentrated in fishery while aldrine (endrine, dieldrine aldrine, lindane, hexachloro-benzene, DDT) is found in the dam fish and surface water three times concentrated than tolerated value. These levels of concentrations result from the intensification of organoclorine pesticide used in agriculture especially in cotton production. These are caused by the chemical application accumulated in soil and through the food value chain system. Therefore, it is very important to extract sediment from the reservoir by dredging in oder to renew the ecosystem of the dam. To persistently manage the basin water resources, it is imperatively important to observe a significant behaviour changed from all stakeholders.

Evaluation of Selected Site Location for Subsurface Dam Construction within Isayi Watershed Using GIS and RS Garmiyan Area, Kurdistan Region

Garmiyan area suffers from many water problems such as poor rainfall rate, water shortage, aridity and absence of groundwater in many places. Hence the subsurface dam is the best solution due to many advantages such as low cost of construction, least maintenance, low evaporation, no contamination, utilization of the land over the dam and better storage. The objective of this study is to evaluate the suitability of the selected site location for subsurface dam construction, to serve as strategic water supply storage, to solute the aridity and water shortage in this area of arid to semi arid climate in Isayi watershed within the stream deposits. Geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing through satellite images and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) interpretation and analysis have facilitated the investigation with more accuracy. ArcGIS helped in construction of thematic maps of the studied area. The geologic, structural, geomorphologic, hydrologic and hydrogeologic characteristics with GPR survey show the suitability of the selected site location for construction of subsurface dam. According to the standard water quality for domestic, irrigation and livestock the water quality of all water samples are within the recommended range and the best time to be chosen, for construction of the subsurface dam, is during the autumn season from September to November.

Ecological and Human Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Metals in Water, Sediment and Fish from Lower Usuma Dam, Abuja, Nigeria

The study assessed the levels of some toxic metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn) with their potential ecological and human health risks in water, African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus), Tilapia (Oreochromis spilurus niger) and sediment samples from the Lower Usuma dam FCT, Nigeria during two major seasons in a year (rainy and dry seasons). Toxic metal concentrations were determined using Atomic Absorption spectrophotometry (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) and Atomic Emission Spectrophotometry (for As and Hg), and the results obtained were compared with national and international standards. The ecological and human health risk indices of the toxic metals present in the samples from the Dam were evaluated and interpreted. Tilapia from the dam posed the highest but medium ecological and human health risk due to Pb concentration of up to 7.11 mg/kg;ecological risk index of 35.55 and hazard quotient of 50.78. Overall ecological and human health risks were low due to the low concentrations of other toxic metals determined. As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni and Zn concentrations were all below WHO limits in the LUD water;Ni and Pb were above limits in the African Catfish and Tilapia samples. The data obtained were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and significant differences accepted at p ≤ 0.05. There was no statistical difference in the concentrations of toxic metals in water but there was significant difference between the concentrations of toxic metals in the fish and sediment samples. Correlation was found to exist between toxic metals in the water, fish and sediment analyzed from the dam. The ecological and human health risks of toxic metals in Lower Usuma dam require regular checks and monitoring hence, it was recommended by the researcher, that this and similar research work be carried out annually by NESREA and also, as research work by other students of Environmental and Analytical chemistry.

Hydrochemistry and Quality Assessment of Water in Tannur Dam, Southern Jordan

The study was undertaken to assess the physicochemical and chemical quality of the Tannur dam water in southern Jordan. The water samples were collected in two intervals the first during May 2015 and the second during September 2015. All samples were analyzed for temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, pH, major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+), and major anions (Cl-, NO3-, HCO3- and SO42-). The hydrogeochemical analyses of thirty-six water samples were used to determine the properties and type of water in the Tannur dam. The ion concentration in the water samples was from dissolution of carbonate rocks and ion exchange processes in clay. The general chemistry of water samples was typical alkaline earth waters with prevailing bicarbonate chloride. The PHREEQC Hydrogeochemical modeling was used to obtain the saturation indices of specific mineral phases, which might be related to interaction with water and aquifer, and to identify the chemical species of the dissolved ions. Calcite and dolomite solubility were assessed in terms of saturation index where they show positive values indication oversaturated SI > 0. The hydrogeochemistry behavior is rather complicated and is affected by anthropogenic and natural sources. The positive correlation values between various parameters indicate that most of ions result from same lithological sources. The abundance of the major ions in water samples is in the following order: HCO3-> Ca2+ > Cl- > NO3- > SO42-) > Na+ > Mg2+ > K+. Water samples of the Tannur dam are generally very hard, high to very high saline and medium alkaline in nature. High total hardness (TH) and total dissolved solids (TDS) in some samples identify the permissible for domestic and irrigation purposes. According to the residual sodium carbonate, SAR and conductivity values, the studied water is suitable for agricultural purposes.

Water Quality Assessment of the Owena Multi-Purpose Dam, Ondo State, Southwestern Nigeria

Composite water samples taken from Owena Multi-purpose Dam in six sampling campaigns covering the wet and dry seasons were analyzed for physico-chemical and microbial characteristics using standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater jointly published by the American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water Pollution Control Federation. Results showed significant (p < 0.05) seasonal variations in most measured parameters with few showing significant spatial variation. The characteristics of the water from the dam lake revealed an acceptable quality for most measured parameters with low chemical pollutants burden when compared with drinking water standards and water quality for aquaculture. However, high values of turbidity, colour, iron, manganese and microbial load were recorded compared with drinking water standards, which call for proper treatment of the water before distribution for public consumption.

Physical Characterization and Evaluation of the Water Potential of the Watershed of the Ferlo Fossil Valley, Senegal: Louga Area

This study is an evaluation of the water potential of the Ferlo fossil valley in the Louga area in Senegal. It consisted in determining the volume of water that could be mobilized at the level of a confluence point of the waters according to the flow lines, where a dam would be placed to create a reservoir. This volume of mobilizable water was compared to the average water consumption of the area in order to evaluate its adequacy or not. To do this, a delineation, physical characterization and mapping of the Ferlo watershed was done using Google Earth, Global Mapper and Arc GIS softwares. A catchment area of 28,754 sq·km was obtained with a perimeter of 976 km, an average slope of 0.52% and a hydraulic length of 336 km. Then the decennial runoff of the watershed was calculated using the CIEH method, this flow is estimated at 1120 cm/s. On the basis of this flow, the annual volume of water that can be mobilized was estimated at 11,089,758 cm per year with a solid deposits of 93 cm per year. The conclusions reached are that there is a lack of mobilizable water resources in the area and that the entire fossil valley needs to be rewatered to provide a sustainable alternative water source.

洪水期小浪底水库排沙影响因素及规律研究

小浪底水库排沙主要集中在汛前调水调沙期和汛期洪水期。2000—2022年汛前调水调沙期和汛期洪水期小浪底水库累计排沙分别为4.840亿t和21.546亿t,分别占水库运用以来排沙总量的18.3%、81.5%。研究表明,入库水量与回水长度是影响汛前调水调沙期小浪底水库排沙效果的主要因素;入库水量越大,回水长度越短,排沙效果越好。通过多元回归得到了汛前调水调沙期小浪底水库排沙量与影响因素的关系。汛期洪水期小浪底水库排沙主要影响因素为壅水指标和进出库流量比,通过研究量化了汛期洪水期排沙比与影响因素的关系。

Dam Safety in Jordan: Factors Affecting Dam Safety, Responsibilities and Required Actions

Dams in Jordan are exposed to a variety of natural and manmade threats like dams worldwide, but with some peculiar threats due to Jordan’s semi-arid climate, steep topography, tectonic activity, especially along the Jordan Rift Valley, position in the turbulent Middle East area, and weak socio-economic situation. In this study, the threats facing the main dams in Jordan are discussed and their sources are defined. The responsible agencies for reducing the threats and eliminating their sources are identified, as long as they are manmade. Natural threats are dealt with as superimposed and Jordan has to adapt to them by taking the necessary protective measures. The study concludes that all dams in Jordan are threatened by climate change and siltation and hence reduction in storage. The quality of stored water in dams, which are used for supplying drinking water such as Al-Wehdah, Wadi Al-Arab, Ziglab, Al-Wala and to a certain extent Al-Mujib is threatened by pollution due to urbanization, agricultural and industrial activities. All dams in Jordan are exposed to sabotage threats, which may negatively affect dams’ water quantities and quality. The stability of dams due to engineering failures is observed in the cases of Al-Kafrain, the left abutment of Al-Mujib, the spillway of Wheidi and eventually Al-Wala Dam. The latter was raised based on unique construction technology. The study recommends developing and implementing, as soon as possible, rigorous action plans to eliminate or, minimize the impacts of threats facing dams in Jordan.

冻结作用下土石坝护坡土石混合体水分迁移试验研究

土石坝护坡冻胀破坏主要由护坡砂砾料垫层、坝体填土自身冻胀和水分迁移共同作用引起。针对寒区土石坝护坡普遍存在的隆起、错位、坍塌等冻胀破坏问题,以寒区某土石坝护坡工程砂砾料垫层、坝体填土为研究对象,采用自研的土石混合体水分迁移冻结模型试验装置系统,开展了补水条件下单向冻结模型试验研究,研究了温度、含石量、水分迁移对土石坝护坡土石混合体冻胀特性的影响。研究结果表明:温度、含石量对土石混合体的冻胀特性影响显著;水分迁移受土石含量、温度和含水率影响,护坡砂砾料垫层和坝体填土含水率越大,冻结过程中水分迁移量越大,水分相变成冰的条件越充分;土、石分层对黏土温度变化影响较大,黏土和砾石分层可有效减小水分迁移量和冻胀量,对土石坝护坡防冻胀是有利的;土石混合体内部孔隙水相变成冰并在试样内部形成分凝冰是冻胀量增加的主要原因,土石混合体原位冻胀以及冻结过程中分凝冰的生长使冻胀量不断增加,且补水量越大,试样冻胀量就越大;不同温度、含石量下试样的冻胀量均随补水量的增加而基本呈线性增大,且含石量对冻胀量增加速率影响较小,温度对冻胀量增加速率影响较显著。研究成果可为寒区土石坝护坡设计和运行管理提供科学依据和技术支撑,补充了碾压式土石坝设计规范中的护坡设计。

关于加强水库大坝下游水位监测的认识与建议

下游水位监测是1级~5级水库大坝必设的安全监测项目,但在实际建设过程中常常被忽视或误解,不利于充分发挥监测系统作用。通过设置下游水位监测,可以确定准确完整的坝体浸润线位置,支撑智慧水利建设;定量分析监测断面的防渗效果与渗流安全性态,提高渗流安全监测资料分析深度;为大坝渗流计算提供可靠的重要边界条件参数,提升渗流计算成果可靠性与准确性。下游水位监测对大坝安全监测以及大坝安全管理至关重要,建议有条件的水库补充设置下游水位监测,进一步完善大坝安全监测系统。

库水-淤砂层-坝体-坝基体系地震响应分析

针对我国西部水利工程结构面临的地震安全问题,特别是混凝土高拱坝的抗震安全设计,以小湾水电站混凝土高拱坝为研究对象,进行了库水-淤砂层-坝体-坝基体系的耦合动力分析,同时考虑了复杂的坝基地形、正常蓄水位的库水以及常年运行而堆积的淤沙层的影响。主要内容有:①基于传递矩阵法及二维有限元,实现了复杂峡谷地形的自由场计算;②基于水-饱和多孔介质-固体的统一计算框架,实现了库水-淤沙层-坝体-坝基体系的三维地震响应分析算法。最后,分别以脉冲波和地震波作为输入,探讨了小湾拱坝的地震响应规律及库水淤沙层对拱坝地震响应的影响。结果表明:坝体顶部中心区域会承受较大的拉、压应力;而库水底部淤砂层对坝体的位移及应力影响并不显著。

基于COMSOL的不同库水位条件下土石坝坝坡稳定性分析

由库水位变化引起的渗透破坏是造成土石坝失稳的主要原因之一,坝体滑坡极易诱发地质灾害,严重威胁人类生命财产安全。针对库水位上升对土石坝坝体滑坡的影响,以某均质土坝为研究背景,借助COMSOL Multiphysics数值软件研究坝坡临界失稳状态下的塑性区和水平位移变化,基于有限元强度折减法分析正常蓄水位、设计洪水位和校核洪水位3种工况下的坝坡稳定性。结果表明:随着库水位上升,土石坝内部浸润线位置提高,坝体的最大塑性应变和水平位移呈线性增大趋势,且最大值均出现在坝脚位置。坝脚处塑性区随折减系数SRF的增大逐渐向坝顶贯通,坝坡变形行为以剪切滑移为主。3种工况下稳定安全系数FOS分别为1.894、1.855和1.831,坝体稳定性不断降低,但均高于临界最小安全系数。

不同断面泄流槽的堰塞坝溃决模型试验研究

以2018年“11·3”金沙江白格滑坡堰塞坝为原型,对所布设的泄流槽从断面形状、位置、尺寸等方面进行考虑,采用相同颗粒级配材料,设置7种试验工况,在控制上游来水量相同条件下,对各工况下试验溃决过程进行观察,进而揭示堰塞坝溃决演变机理及其影响因素。结果表明:溃决过程可分为初始孕育阶段、溯源坡面侵蚀阶段、溯源陡坎侵蚀阶段、河床稳定平衡阶段4个阶段;不同断面形状泄流槽的溃决过程中,冲蚀程度影响范围由强到弱排序为自然组、三角形槽、矩形槽、梯形槽。对于泄流槽断面形状尺寸及位置,当宽度相同且深度较低时,受约束影响溃决过程会较为提前;当泄流槽断面一致,布设位置位于一侧时,受一侧固定约束影响,溃口宽度扩展会小于布设位置位于中间的情况。研究结果可为堰塞坝溃决机理分析及堰塞坝应急救援处置提供参考。