Efficiency and mechanism of pretreatment on water supply in reservoirs of Yellow River by subsurface constructed wetlands

In order to improve the source water quality of drinking water and mitigate the load of drinking water treatment plant, a pilot test was conducted with integrated horizontal flow constructed wetlands to pretreat the water supply in the reservoirs of Yellow River. Resuhs show that under the hydraulic loading rate of 4 m^3/（ m^2 · d）, the average removal rates of chemical oxygen demand （COD）, total nitrogen （TN）, ammonium nitrogen （ NH4 ^＋ - N）, nitrate nitrogen （ NO3 ^- - N）, nitrite - nitrogen （ NO2^ - - N） and total phosphorus （TP） in the horizontal flow constructed wetlands are 49. 68% , 53.01%, 48.48%, 53.61% , 62. 57% and 49. 56%, re- spectively. The study on purifying mechanism of the constructed wetlands indicates that the disposal of contamination by subsurface wetlands is the combined actions of physical chemistry, plants and microorganism.

Characteristics and influencing factors of greenhouse gas emissions from reservoirs in the Yellow River Basin:A Meta-analysis

Reservoir construction and operation profoundly alter the hydrological,hydrodynamic,and carbon and nitrogen cycling processes of rivers.However,current research still lacks a systematic understanding of the characteristics of greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions from reservoirs in arid/semi-arid regions.This study integrates existing monitoring data to discuss the characteristics of GHG emissions from reservoirs in the Yellow River Basin and illustrate the controlling factors and underlying mechanism of these processes.The results indicate that while CO_(2) emission flux from reservoirs is lower than that from river channels,the emission fluxes of CH_(4) and N_(2)O are 1.9 times and 10 times those from rivers,respectively,indicating that the emission of GHG with stronger radiative effect is significantly enhanced in reservoirs.Compared to the reservoirs in humid climates(e.g.,the Three Gorges Reservoir),reservoirs in the Yellow River Basin exhibit relatively lower emissions of CO_(2) and CH_4 due to lower organic matter concentrations,but significantly higher N_(2)O emissions due to higher nitrogen loads.Monte Carlo simulations for 237 reservoirs in the Yellow River Basin showed that total emission of the three GHGs is 3.05 Tg CO_(2)-eq yr^(-1),accounting for 0.39% of the total emission from global reservoirs and lower than the area percentage of the basin(0.53%).This study has important implications on revealing the GHG emission characteristics and control mechanisms of reservoirs in arid/semi-arid regions.

Equilibrium sediment transport in lower Yellow River during later sediment-retaining period of Xiaolangdi Reservoir

The Xiaolangdi Reservoir has entered the later sediment-retaining period, and new sediment transport phenomena and channel re-estab- lishing behaviors are appearing. A physical model test was used to forecast the scouring and silting trends of the lower Yellow River. Based on water and sediment data from the lower Yellow River during the period from 1960 to 2012, and using a statistical method, this paper analyzed the sediment transport in sediment-laden flows with different discharges and sediment concentrations in the lower Yellow River. The results show that rational water-sediment regulation is necessary to avoid silting in the later sediment-retaining period. The combination of 3 000 m^3/s 〈 Q 〈 4 000 m^3/s and 20 kg/m^3 〈 S 〈 60 kg/m^3 （where Q is the discharge and S is the sediment concentration） at the Huayuankou section is considered an optimal combination for equilibrium sediment transport in the lower Yellow River over a long period of time.

黄河下游花园口以上河段滞沙能力分析

黄河下游河床调整主要取决于来水来沙和河床边界条件,河床调整沿程不均衡特征明显,花园口以上河段床演变对水沙条件的变化响应尤为突出,泥沙冲淤调整幅度最大。基于河道冲淤及水沙演进特性、滞沙可行性、河槽几何特性等分析,提出了花园口以上河段可作为泥沙天然反调节“库”概念,结合黄河下游实测洪水资料,采用水力计算方法,计算了花园口以上河段的河槽排洪能力及不同河槽规模条件下河槽允许滞沙量,提出了反调“库”滞沙能力,可为小浪底水库排沙指标的确定提供依据,对维持小浪底水库有效库容、弥补后续清水河床沙源不足、改善黄河下游河槽冲淤不均衡现象具有重要意义。

Adjustment in the main-channel geometry of the lower Yellow River before and after the operation of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir from 1986 to 2015

Based on the measured discharge,sediment load,and cross-sectional data from 1986 to 2015 for the lower Yellow River,changes in the morphological parameters(width,depth,and cross-sectional geomorphic coefficient)of the main channel are analyzed in this paper.The results show that before the operation of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir(XLDR)from 1986 to 1999,the main channel shrunk continually,with decreasing width and depth.The rate of reduction in its width decreased along the river whereas that of depth increased in the downstream direction.Because the rate of decrease in the width of the main channel was greater than that in channel depth,the cross-sectional geomorphic coefficient decreased in the sub-reach above Gaocun.By contrast,for the sub-reach below Gaocun,the rate of decrease in channel width was smaller than that in channel depth,and the cross-sectional geomorphic coefficient increased.Once the XLDR had begun operation,the main channel eroded continually,and both its width and depth increased from 2000 to 2015.The rate of increase in channel width decreased in the longitudinal direction,and the depth of the main channel in all sub-reaches increased by more than 2 m.Because the rate of increase in the depth of the main channel was clearly larger than that of its width,the cross-sectional geomorphic coefficient decreased in all sub-reaches.The cross-sectional geometry of the main-channel of the lower Yellow River exhibited different adjustment patterns before and after the XLDR began operation.Before its operation,the main channel mainly narrowed in the transverse direction and silted in the vertical direction in the sub-reach above Aishan;in the sub-reach below Aishan,it primarily silted in the vertical direction.After the XLDR began operation,the main channel adjusted by widening in the transverse direction and deepening in the vertical direction in the sub-reach above Aishan;in the sub-reach below it,the main channel adjusted mainly by deepening in the vertical direction.Compared with the rates of decrease in the width and depth of the main channel during the siltation period,the rate of increase in channel width during the scouring period was clearly smaller while the rate of increase in channel depth was larger.After continual siltation and scouring from 1986 to 2015,the cross-sectional geometry of the main-channel changed from wide and shallow to relatively narrow and deep.The pattern of adjustment in the main channel was closely related to the water and sediment conditions.For the braided reach,the cross-sectional geomorphic coefficient was negatively correlated with discharge and positively correlated with suspended sediment concentration(SSC)during the siltation period.By contrast,the cross-sectional geomorphic coefficient was positively correlated with discharge and negatively correlated with SSC during the scouring period.For the transitional and meandering reaches,the cross-sectional geomorphic coefficient was negatively correlated with discharge and positively correlated with SSC.

Water renewal time of the Yellow River mainstream based on reservoir action

This note analyzes the change in water renewal time characteristics based on res- ervoir action and then establishes calculation models for the water renewal time in the Yellow River mainstream. The results indicate that the amount of renewable water with reservoir action can meet the annual water demand and that water flows naturally at the Lijin station near estuary. Initial storage dynamics is an important factor in water resource renewable capacity at a certain time, and rational reservoir action can promote sustainable water re- source utilization. When the initial storages in the Longyang Gorge reservoir are 9,343 and 5.343 billion m3, the water renewal times are 28 and 33.9 d, respectively. Flow stoppage appears in April and May.

黄河百年径流系列连续枯水段识别和用水特征分析

连续枯水给黄河流域水资源安全造成了严重威胁。采用黄河干流兰州断面和花园口断面1920—2019水文年系列,通过距平法和标准化径流指数识别了百年系列连续枯水段,分析了枯水段的用水特征。结果显示:两断面均经历了1922—1932水文年和1990—2002水文年连续枯水段,均表现出连续枯水段和极端枯水年叠加的特征;1990—2002水文年连续枯水显著减少了入海水量;在1990—2002水文年连续枯水段初期,枯水对黄河流域及供水区用水量影响不明显,但在后期用水总量及农业用水量均大幅度减少;1990—2002水文年连续枯水段后期遭遇短期极端枯水对用水造成重大影响;龙羊峡水库在连续枯水段发挥了多年调节作用,支撑了流域供水安全。但是龙羊峡水库年际补水能力有限,未来在国家水网建设背景下,应通过建设古贤水库和跨流域调水工程提升应对连续枯水的流域水资源安全保障能力。

Boosting spring runoff into the sea by reservoir regulation and its potential for estuarine fishery recovery

With global surge in reservoir construction over the past decades,river systems worldwide have been profoundly fragmented.Consequently,flow manipulation by reservoirs has altered the natural hydrological processes,resulting in extensive modifications of fluvial-marine ecosystems.Mitigating the adverse ecological consequences of reservoirs has become a global concern and has garnered increasing attention.The Yellow River,as one of the most extensively manipulated river systems globally,has experienced substantial changes in the amount and timing of water discharge due to the presence of numerous reservoirs scattered throughout its catchment area.These alterations have caused physicochemical changes in the estuary and subsequent modifications to the estuarine ecosystem.In recent years,the Yellow River Conservancy Committee initiated the release of water through the Xiaolangdi Dam during the major spawning period of fisheries,specifically in the spring,with the aim of improving the estuarine ecological environment.From 2011 to 2020,a total of 84.05 km^(3)of water was discharged from the Xiaolangdi Reservoir during spring seasons,of which 40%(33.16 km^(3))constituted water impounded within the reservoir during preceding months.Correspondingly,the spring water discharge from the Yellow River to the sea increased significantly from 1.50 km^(3)/yr to 3.46 km^(3)/yr in the past decade,leading to a decrease in estuarine salinity by 1.6 PSU.The estuarine fishery resources,such as fish eggs in the Yellow River estuary,have demonstrated evident improvement.The reservoir regulation in the Yellow River,which has successfully enhanced spring water discharge and subsequently restored estuarine fishery resources,presents an effective attempt for mitigating the adverse ecological effects associated with reservoirs.

基于长时序稠密遥感数据分析黄河流域大中型湖库水域面积动态变化特征

黄河流域在我国经济社会发展和生态安全中具有重要地位。但从全流域的角度,基于长时序稠密遥感数据对黄河流域大中型湖库开展的研究却较少。本文基于MODIS 8天合成数据,提取了2000—2020年黄河流域大中型湖库长时序的水域信息,分析其时空变化特征,结果表明:从月际变化看,3—5月为水域面积第一个快速增长时期,6—10月为第二个增长时期,在10月达到最大值,10月之后逐渐下降,至次年2月达到最小值;从年际变化看,近20年上、中、下游湖库水域面积均呈现增长趋势,其中上游地区对全流域面积增长的贡献度最大,中游次之;湖库水域空间分布不均衡,上、中、下游近20年湖库水域面积平均占比分别为69.27%、25.02%、5.72%。

银川“西线供水”工程污染物水动力—水质传递模型

文章采用实地测量、实验和数值计算的方法,利用分析化验、实测数据建立并验证引水管道一维水动力—水质数学模型,建立西夏水库二维水动力—水质数学模型并对水流和水质进行数值模拟。利用FLUENT软件,根据实测水文和水质数据,建立并验证适合西线供水工程的数学模型,利用建立的数学模型进行水流和水质指标浓度的数值模拟研究,验证结果基本符合实际情况,为后续以黄河水为水源的西夏水库在污染物扩散机制、预防、处理等方面开展研究提供了良好的理论保障。

新形势下黄河调水调沙“丰调枯蓄”运用方式

调水调沙是黄河保护治理的重要举措。近年来,黄河水沙情势以及水库和河道边界条件发生了明显变化,现状调水调沙运用方式不能满足新形势下水沙调控多目标协同的需求。基于黄河水沙特性以及多年调度经验,提出“丰调枯蓄”的调水调沙思想和运用方式,即根据来水条件变化灵活地调整当年调水调沙策略,丰水年多开展调水调沙以使水库多排沙、河道多输沙,平水年适当开展调水调沙以满足多目标需求,枯水年不开展调水调沙以蓄水兴利。数字模型计算结果表明,相较于现状运用方式,“丰调枯蓄”运用方式可实现调水调沙的年际调度,使小浪底水库排沙、供水、生态、发电效益得到全面提升,计算期50 a水库累计淤积量减少5.78亿m^(3),不满足下游供水的年均时间少1.1 d,出库含沙量大于80 kg/m^(3)的年均时间少0.9 d,年均发电量增加1.2亿kW·h。

不同水源特征水库中溶解性有机物的光学特性对比

为考察A水库(“引黄工程”水源水库)与B水库(普通类型水库)的溶解性有机物(DOM)在相对分子质量大小、组成特征及来源方面的差异,采用紫外-可见光谱技术以及三维荧光光谱技术结合平行因子分析法,针对A水库和B水库水体中DOM的吸收参数特征和荧光特征进行了研究。结果显示:A水库和B水库的DOM均有较强的自生源特征,但两水库的DOM在组成特征和来源上存在一定差异。B水库样本中存在长波类腐殖质C1(E_(x)=350 nm,E_(m)=454 nm)、类色氨酸物质C2(E_(x)=300 nm,E_(m)=361 nm)和类色氨酸C3(E_(x)=220 nm/250 nm,E_(m)=347 nm)3个荧光组分,而A水库样本中存在长波类腐殖质C1、类色氨酸物质C2两个荧光组分,说明A水库的组成特征相对更加简单。DOM吸收参数特征分析显示,A水库水质状况良好,其DOM相对分子质量较大,主要来自自生源;而B水库处于富营养状态,其DOM相对分子质量较小,富里酸成分和水体芳香性较高,水生环境中维管束植物输入较为丰富,主要来自入库河流和自生源。光谱指标差异性分析显示,A水库DOM外源输入比例小于B水库,同时A水库的水质污染源更多以陆源输入为主。研究揭示了水库中DOM的光学特性,可反映水库的环境污染程度和富营养化程度,为进一步探究DOM在不同水源特征水库的环境行为特征及水库水质保护等提供参考。

The Impacts of Different Bromide Concentrations and Advanced Oxidation Ways on the Bromate Generation

Taking reservoir water diverting from Yellow River as raw water, and using 5 m^3/h of pilot device, the impacts of different bromide concentrations and advanced oxidation ways on bmmate generation in effluent of ozone -upward flow BAC -sand filtration technology. Results showed that when bromine ion of raw water was about 100 μg/L, and ozone dosage was 2 mg/L, bromate exceeding risk existed in the effluent of ozone - upward flow BAC technology, and bromate content in the effluent reached 10 μg/L. Moreover, generation amount of bromate had certain linear rela- tionship with bromine ion of influent. Both dosing hydrogen peroxide and potassium permanganate could effectively inhibit bromate production, and there was no bromate generation in final effluent of the technology. Moreover, it also could improve the removal of major pollutants in the water by the combined process. Compared with advanced oxidation of hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate pre-oxidation could better control production costs.

黄河上游水库蒸发损失估算

水面蒸发是水库水量损失的主要方式之一,水库蒸发损失的准确估算对于流域水资源管理至关重要。本文基于Penman模型和全球水库水面面积变化数据集估算了黄河上游大中型水库1985-2018年水面蒸发损失量。结果表明:黄河上游大中型水库水面面积以10.1 km^(2)/年的速率显著增加,总蒸发损失量以0.07亿m^(3)/年呈显著增加趋势;水面面积的增加是导致水库蒸发损失增加的主要因素。水库蒸发损失占黄河上游(兰州站)年径流的比例为0.27%~1.64%,多年平均值为1.05%。研究结果可为黄河流域的水资源规划与管理提供参考。

引黄灌渠生态护坡技术

生态护坡是促进边坡生态恢复和减少地质灾害的主要技术措施。基于生态环境学理论和地质灾害防治理论,分析当前常用生态护坡类型的适应性,综合不同类型生态护坡的“固、保、透、滤、柔”等优点,针对开封段引黄灌渠多为硬质护坡的现状和砂质土的特性,因地制宜地提出适合灌区渠道常水位以上使用的装配式PET网袋箱生态护坡。为了探讨该方案的可行性,设计了4种试验工况,通过试验对比验证PET网袋箱生态护坡的性能。试验结果表明:使用PET网袋箱生态护坡的土体与原生态护坡相比,抗剪强度增强较多,尤其是土体的黏聚力比原生态护坡增强约110%,同时PET网袋箱生态护坡相较于混凝土、浆砌石、六棱砖护坡在滤土排水、便于施工、工程造价、生态环保等方面优势明显,可为类似生态护坡工程提供参考依据,以期助力黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展。

黄河水沙调控多目标协同模型构建及应用

为促进黄河流域行洪输沙-生态环境-社会经济三大子系统多维功能协同发挥,提出黄河水沙调控多目标协同总体架构。基于系统整体耦合协调度构建黄河水沙调控多目标协同模型,实现了不同来水来沙与工程组合情景下黄河水沙调控目标函数与约束条件灵活选择及权重系数适应性调整。以黄河中游三门峡-小浪底水库群为例,开展丰平枯典型年水沙优化调控。结果表明:排沙与发电目标间存在强竞争关系,生态和发电目标间存在弱竞争关系;系统整体耦合协调度最高的方案均能达到各目标优质协调,并倾向于发挥更大发电效益。模型应用结果启发管理者在实际调度中适当提升发电量,并在枯水年注意增加生态供水。研究成果可为黄河水沙多目标优化调控实践提供科技支撑。

新时期黄河调水调沙思考与建议

黄河调水调沙连续开展二十余年,是协调黄河水沙关系行之有效的措施,在减淤、塑槽、生态等方面发挥了显著效益。但新时期黄河水沙情势异变,水库及河道边界条件也发生调整,调水调沙面临冲刷效率下降和后续动力不足两个突出问题。为适应新时期新形势变化,有必要对调水调沙进行优化创新,以更好地发挥其长期综合效益。采用实测资料分析的方法,结合工程实际调度经验,提出基于现状水沙调控工程体系优化调水调沙的措施,包括小浪底水库多排沙提供沙源以及挖掘干流水库群潜力为调水调沙补充后续水流动力。从保障黄河长久安澜的角度,提出完善调水调沙的建议:一是加快推动骨干工程建设,完善水沙调控体系;二是积极创新调水调沙运用模式,动态优化调控指标。上述工程措施和非工程措施的结合,可有效解决黄河泥沙治理难题。

考虑黄河水沙丰枯变化的小浪底水库调水调沙优化研究

新时期黄河水沙情势巨变,水库及河道边界条件也发生重大调整,小浪底水库调水调沙需要进一步创新和优化,以便持续发挥其效益。在黄河中游潼关站实测百年水沙系列分析的基础上,提出来水量较多年平均值偏多30%、偏少30%作为丰水年、枯水年的判别标准。对小浪底水库排沙和下游河道输沙规律的分析表明:丰水年具有冲刷能力强和输沙潜力大的优势,水库可多排沙;枯水年具有冲刷能力弱和输沙潜力小的劣势,水库可少排沙。进一步提出考虑黄河来水来沙丰、平、枯变化的小浪底水库调水调沙优化运用方式,采用2000年以来实测水沙系列,分析优化运用方式在当前水沙情势下的适用性。结果表明:优化运用方式可在不淤积下游河道的基础上延长水库拦沙年限8 a,减少水库淤积量8.18亿m3,提高水库多年平均日蓄水量3.99亿m3。

引黄水源水库平--丰水期有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)的来源、组成及差异分析

为探究引黄水源水库——门楼水库平水期和丰水期有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)的组成特征、来源及差异,运用紫外可见光谱技术(UV-vis)和三维荧光光谱(EEMs)技术,结合平行因子分析法(PARAFAC)分析2022年5月(平水期)和2022年7月(丰水期)有色可溶性有机物含量及组分变化。研究结果表明:PARAFAC识别出2类荧光组分,分别是C1(Ex=355 nm,Em=476 nm,类腐殖质组分)和组分C2(Ex=225 nm,Em=320 nm,类蛋白组分);丰水期CDOM组分荧光强度显著高于平水期。CDOM光谱参数表明,门楼水库水体处于中营养状态,水体CDOM受新生内源和外源输入共同影响,以自生源为主;水库CDOM具有相对分子量小、腐殖化程度较弱的特点。丰水期水库富营养化水平和CDOM相对浓度低于平水期;丰水期CDOM疏水性组分比例和芳香化程度高于平水期。水质理化指标、CDOM组分和光谱参数相关性分析结果表明SUVA_(260)和SUVA_(280)与DOC呈显著负相关,说明紫外可见光谱参数在一定程度上可以用来估算DOC的浓度;Chl.a浓度作为表征浮游植物生物量的指标,与DOC、a_(254)呈显著正相关。研究揭示了门楼水库水体CDOM的荧光特征、组分来源响应机制和水期差异,为进一步探究CDOM在引黄水源水库的环境行为特性、对水体富营养化的贡献以及对其它污染物环境行为的影响等提供基础资料。

基于黄河中游水库群调控的下游河道输沙能力分析

充分挖掘黄河中游水库群调控作用潜力,提高黄河下游河道的输沙能力,对黄河下游河道与滩区治理具有重要指导意义。通过实测资料分析、数学模型计算等方法,计算不同水沙条件下优化现状水库群调控方式对黄河下游河道输沙能力的影响,进一步分析古贤、东庄水库投入运行后黄河下游河道输沙能力的变化。结果表明:优化现状水库群调控方式,水库增加泄放较大含沙量的水流过程,可提高下游河道输沙能力10%~12%;古贤、东庄水库投入运行后拦沙期内进入下游河道的沙量和输沙入海量减少,正常运用期可进一步提高输沙能力11%~12%。