Quantitative Research on Ecological Compensation among Every City of Guangdong Province Based on Ecological Footprint and Ecological Carrying Capacity

Based on the relative theories and methods of ecological footprint and ecological carrying capacity,and according to practical conditions of Guangdong Province,this paper tried to put forward the determinant standard for ecological compensation through calculating the ecological footprint and ecological carrying capacity of every city in Guangdong Province. The results indicated that the ecological footprint of each city was in the status of deficit and the deficit level decreased gradually from developed regions of Pearl River Delta to the outlying regions. The cities which belonged to development areas of Pearl River Delta needed to pay ecological compensation,such as Guangzhou and Shenzhen and so on. In contrast,the cities which accepted compensation were underdeveloped areas,such as Heyuan and Jieyuan and so on.

Dynamic Changes of Land Ecological Carrying Capacity Based on the Ecological Footprint——By the Case Study of Chengdu City

Chengdu City is in the period of rapid urbanization and industrialization, and the disturbance derived from human activities on environment is increasing remarkablely in recent 20 years. The pressure on environment, economy and population is also increasing and land use in Chengdu has changed enormously. As struc- ture and function of land ecological system change obviously, sustainable development of land productivity has been an important goal and strategic task from now on, and it is necessary to systematically research land ecological carrying capacity based on ecological footprint. The ecological footprint of Chengdu City in the past ten years was calculated and analyzed from the spatial and temporal aspects according to statistical data from 1998 to 2008, as per ecological footprint method, ecological carrying capacity and the GIS spatial analysis method, and regression analysis method. The ecological footprint and ecological carrying capacity values from 2009 to 2019 in Chengdu City were predicted through calculation results in the past ten years. The results show that the ecological footprint and ecological deficit of land use from 1998 to 2008 increased in Chengdu City. The ecological deficit of land use within the city center was in high levels in the past ten years, and the ecological footprint kept raising, especially in areas, such as Shuangliu, Chongzhou, Qingyang among 9 city areas, 4 counties and 6 districts in Chengdu City. There is fanlike distribution of ecological deficit of land use. Analysis shows that the social and natural ecological system is uneven distribution, which is not in sustainable de- velopment situation. The results of the study show that the economic, social and natural ecological system in Chengdu City is not sustainable, and the ecological foot- print is uneven distribution. The analysis of the dynamic change of land ecological carrying capacity in Chengdu City is very important for city government in the pro- cess of the vigorous development in new Tianfu Xinqu, and redevelopment in the northern part of this city.

Safety Evaluation of Water Environment Carrying Capacity of Five Cities in Ningxia Based on Ecological Footprint of Water Resources

[Objectives]To make safety evaluation of water environment carrying capacity of five cities in Ningxia based on ecological footprint of water resources.[Methods]With the help of the grey relational model,15 indicators were selected from the natural,economic,and social aspects,and the most influential factors in the three fields were selected.Based on the concept of ecological priority,the water resources carrying capacity of the five cities in Ningxia from 2010 to 2019 was calculated with the help of the water resources ecological footprint model.Then,the indicators of the water resources ecological footprint model were coupled with the existing indicators to establish a comprehensive evaluation indicator system.Finally,the changes of the water environment carrying capacity of the five cities in Ningxia were analyzed with the help of the principal component analysis(PCA).[Results]The ecological pressure of water resources and the ecological deficit of water resources in the five cities were relatively large.Specifically,Yinchuan City had the most obvious deficit of water resources but good carrying capacity;Zhongwei City had a large ecological deficit of water resources,poor carrying capacity,and the largest ecological pressure index of water resources;Guyuan City had low water resources ecological deficit,water resources ecological carrying capacity and water resources ecological pressure index.[Conclusions]Through the analysis of the coupling indicator system,it can be seen that the water environment carrying capacity of the five cities is in an upward trend,indicating that the water environment in each region tends to become better.

Study on Ecological Carrying Capacity of Land in Henan Province

In order to explore the technical methods to improve the ecological carrying capacity of regional land under the premise of limited land use area,an open ecological footprint model is established based on the traditional ecological footprint model.Using the two models,this paper evaluates the ecological carrying capacity of Henan Province in 2017.The results indicate that the ecological productive footprint of cultivated land in Henan Province is much larger than the ecological carrying capacity,but the ecological consumption footprint is lower than the ecological carrying capacity.The open ecological footprint model can clearly distinguish the internal and the external ecological consumption footprint after corrected by the consumption adjustment coefficient and the land-use structure adjustment coefficient.Based on the open ecological footprint model,the ecological carrying capacity evaluation results of Henan Province are more realistic.The comprehensive ecological carrying capacity in Henan Province has a surplus,but there are significant differences among different land use types.The cultivated land has the largest ecological carrying capacity surplus,while the fossil energy land has a larger ecological carrying capacity deficit.In the process of achieving sustainable development,Henan Province should focus on reducing energy consumption and improving the ecological carrying capacity of fossil energy land.The paper concludes that the open ecological footprint model can simulate the ecological carrying capacity under different land use structures and different consumption structures.According to the simulation results,the technical methods to improve the ecological carrying capacity under the premise of limited land use scale can be proposed.The research can provide reference for land use structure adjustment,land use planning and land protection in Henan Province.It can also provide scientific basis for ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River basin.

Energy-based marine ecological footprint in Shandong province, China

An energy-based ecological footprint model was set up to monitor the sustainable development status of a specific marine system. This model used unit energy value and energy density to convert the consumption into ecological productive areas. It can reflect the utilization degree of resources in the regional development. Then, the quantitative analysis of sustainable development was done by comparing the size of the areas. We defined the concept of energy-based ecological footprint of marine and built energy-based ecological footprint model of marine. Then we applied this model to marine ecological system of Shandong province to evaluate its sustainable development statue. The results showed that the energy-based marine ecological footprint of the marine ecological system in Shandong province was 1.74 × 106 hm^2 in 2010, and the energy-based ecological carrying capacity of this area was 1.60×107 hm^2 per capita. Thus, the marine ecological system of Shandong province has strong sustainability.

Evaluation of Environmental Carrying Capacity of Water Resources in Jiangxi Province

In order to quantitatively evaluate the sustainable development status of water resources in Jiangxi Province, the dynamic changes in ecological footprint, carrying capacity and load index of water resources in Jiangxi Province during 2009-2013 were analyzed according to the primary principle and calculation model of ecological footprint. The results showed that in Jiangxi Province during 2009- 2013, the water resources ecological footprint per capita was relatively low; the wa- ter resources utilization level was relatively low; the overall development potential of water resources was great; the water resources ecological carrying capacity per capita and ecological footprint per capita were trended to be increased overall. The changes in water resources ecological footprint are closely related to the social and economic development. Therefore, the industrial structure should be fully adjusted, and the water resources should be scheduled and utilized reasonably so as to pro- mote the protection of water resources and sustainable development of society and economic in Jiangxi Province.

Water resource utilization characteristics and driving factors in the Hainan Island

The scarcity of water resources caused by the unique topography and uneven rainfall distribution in Hainan Island has become a major factor restricting local development. In order to provide effective and scientific reference basis for the overall water resource utilization status and solving this problem, this study calculated the water resource utilization situation of Hainan Island from 2017 to 2021 in detail using methods including water resource ecological footprint analysis. Furthermore, a spatial correlation analysis was conducted to examine the island's water resource utilization characteristics, and the driving factors behind the changes in water resource utilization over the past five years were analyzed using the LMDI model. The results show that:(1) During the study period, the water resource ecological footprint in Hainan Island exhibited a slow growth trend, while the ecological carrying capacity showed a downward tendency.The per capita ecological deficit of water resources remains relatively high, and the water consumption per 10 000 yuan GDP in the whole land continues to decrease, indicating that the overall pressure on water resource demand remains high with significant regional differences accompanied by the efficiency of water resource utilization steadily improving at the same time;(2) Agricultural water use accounts for the highest proportion in the entire water use structure, while ecological water use represents the smallest share, with a year-on-year increase, indicating that Hainan Island highlights the agricultural development and is increasingly conscious of the ecological environment;(3) Significant spatial differentiation in water resource utilization characteristics exists in Hainan Island, with the western region being a hot spot aggregation area for per capita water resource ecological footprint, per capita ecological carrying capacity of water resources, water consumption per 10 000 yuan GDP, while it is a cold spot cluster area for per capita ecological deficit of water resources. The opposite holds true for the eastern region of Hainan Island;(4) Economic and technological factors have a major impact on the changes in water resource ecological footprint within the designated area. Among them, economic factors drive the growth of the water resource ecological footprint in Hainan Island, and exacerbate local water resource consumption, while technological factors negatively contribute to the amount of water resource utilization in Hainan Island, indicating that advanced technology has improved water resource utilization efficiency and significantly reduced water resource consumption.

Evaluation of Ecological Carrying Capacity of Henan Province under the Sustainable Development

Based on the overview of social economy of Henan Province,I probe into the concept and evaluation of ecological carrying capacity.By using the ecological footprint analysis and the data of various kinds of land supply of Henan Province from 2000 to 2008,the ecological carrying capacity of Henan Province is analyzed.It is unveiled that inharmonious population,natural resources and economic resources affect the efficiency of the sustainable development of ecological carrying capacity of Henan Province;the underdeveloped economy of Henan Province impacts the sustainable development of ecological carrying capacity of Henan Province and the overburdened population lead to the insufficiency of ecological carrying capacity.Around protecting the threshold of ecological system,the countermeasures are put forward,which cover forming the idea of ecological economy and circular economy and promoting the transformation of economy growth mode;taking the development road of using resources intensively and performing the strategy of sustainable utilization of resources;strictly control population growth and strengthening people's crisis awareness of resources and environment.

A Vertical and Horizontal Comparison of Sustainable Development Status in Western China from the Perspective of Ecological Footprint

On the basis of ecological footprint theory, the ecological footprint and ecological carrying capacity of western China and 12 provinces and cities in 2009 are calculated. From the perspective of ecological footprint, the sustainable development status of west China and 12 provinces and cities in 2009 and 1999 are compared vertically and horizontally. Results assume that no matter weighting by using local or national ecological carrying capacity, the west area laid in the unsustainable development state in 2009; in 1999, the west area was on the unsustainable development stage taking the local and national level as the reference and it was at the sustainable stage at the global level. In 2009, most provinces in western China laid on the unsustainable stage at the local, national and global level. Compared with that in 2009,few provinces in western China were on the unsustainable stage at different levels. In general, the sustainable developmental momentum of western China in 2009 was weaker than that in ten years ago and many provinces and cities decreased to unsustainable state.

Ecological Carrying Capacity of Shennongjia Based on Sustainable Development

Ecological carrying capacity is a significant index for measuring sustainability of natural resources in a region. This paper applied ecological footprint counting model to calculate ecological footprint and ecological carrying capacity of the typical resource-based city—Shennongjia from 2008 to 2012. The results showed that(a) ecological footprint and per capita ecological footprint in Shennongjia area increased from 86,464.48 ha and 1.076 ha. in 2008 to 93,13.59 ha. and 1.171 ha. in 2012;(b) total ecological carrying capacity, and per capita ecological carrying capacity fluctuated, and total ecological carrying capacity > total ecological footprint, per capita ecological carrying capacity > total ecological footprint, thus it had ecological surplus;(c) among all land use types, water resources had the largest ecological surplus, construction land and woodland had the second and third largest; waters and fossil energy land showed ecological deficit and needed outer supply. As a whole, Shennongjia area had an excellent ecological environment with less destruction and good sustainability.

Ecological footprint of Shandong,China

Ecological footprint has been given much attention and widely praised as an effective heuristic and pedagogic device for presenting current total human resource use in a way that communicates easily to almost everyone since 1996 when Wackernagel and Rees proposed it as a sustainable development indicator. Ecological footprint has been improving on its calculation and still can be a benchmark to measure sustainable development although there are still ongoing debates about specific methods for calculating the ecological footprint. This paper calculates the ecological footprint of Shandong Province, China with the methodology developed by Wackernagel and analyzes the current situation of sustainable development in Shandong.

Ecological Carrying Capacity of Cities in Southwest China Against the Background of Rapid Urbanization: A Case Study of Mianyang, Sichuan, China

As Mianyang has neglected the coordination relationship with the ecological environment in the course of rapid urbanization,its ecological environment is getting worse.To this end,this study used the ecological footprint method to explore the ecological carrying capacity of Mianyang from 2007 to 2014 under the background of rapid urbanization,which has important guiding significance for the future development of Mianyang.The results showed that in 2007–2014,the ecological footprint of Mianyang was greater than its ecological carrying capacity,indicating that Mianyang is in an ecological deficit.Specifically,the per capita ecological footprint showed a downtrend,and the per capita ecological carrying capacity showed a trend of smooth decline.In addition,the per capita ecological deficit was generally decreasing.In summary,Mianyang was generally in an ecological deficit in 2007–2014.Thus,the ecological environment of the region should be protected,in order to promote the sustainable development of the ecosystem in the region.

Calculating and analyzing ecological footprints of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in 2017

In order to analyze the sustainable development of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, this paper analyzed the development of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in 2017 by using ecological footprint method. The results showed that the ecological footprint per capita in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region was 3.9056 hm^2 in 2017, the ecological carrying capacity per capita was 1.0932 hm^2, the ecological ecology was 2.8125 hm^2 and the ecological footprint intensity index was 3.5728. Based on the ecological footprint, the diversity index was 0.9126. Based on the ecological footprint, the social development index was 3.5643. Based on ecological carrying capacity, the diversity index was 1.0612. Based on ecological carrying capacity, the social development index was 1.1601. It shows that the production and living intensity of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region exceed the carrying capacity of the ecological system, and it is in the unsustainable development level according to the level of sustainable development in China.

Dynamic Change of Ecological Footprint in Xingtai City in the Years 2003-2009

Quantitative estimation of the ecological footprint in Xingtai City in the years 2003-2009 is carried out by using the Ecological Footprint Model and the Time Series.Result shows that the per capita ecological footprint demand increases in Xingtai City from the year 2003 to 2009;and land use for energy shows a significant increase,accounting for the maximum proportion in per capita ecological footprint demand.Per capita ecological footprint supply gradually decreases.Ecological supply provided by cultivated land occupies the greatest proportion in the supply of per capita ecological carrying capacity,which is the main factor determining the supply of ecological carrying capacity in Xingtai City.In the years 2003-2009,ecological footprint of Xingtai City is at the state of ecological deficit.This indicates that the economic and social development of Xingtai City is based on the over-exploitation of resources,especially the cultivated land and energy land.Thus,the development mode of Xingtai City has already been in a state of unsustainable development.Based on this,corresponding countermeasures are put forward for the sustainable development in future,so as to implement the healthy control of the sustainable development in Xingtai City,China.

Application of Ecological Footprint Method Based on Net Primary Productivity in Inner Mongolia

Using ecological footprint method based on net primary productivity （NPP）, the ecological footprint, ecological carrying capacity and ec- ological deficit/surplus in Inner Mongolia in 2005 and 2010 were calculated firstly, and then their temporal and spatial variations were analyzed. Fi- nally, the main driving factors of changes in the ecological footprint were discussed through linear regression analysis. The results show that the ec- ological footprint increased faster than the ecological carrying capacity in Inner Mongolia from 2005 to 2010, and Inner Mongolia was in ecological deficit on the whole. In addition, the ecological state became worse from the northeast to the southwest in Inner Mongolia, and the ecological state was the worst in Ordos City where the ecological deficit reached 0.9 km2/capita in 2010. As a result of increase of industrial intensity and unreason- able industrial structure, the sustainability in Inner Mongolia decreased.

Ecological footprint of food consumption in China:1982-2004

This paper calculates the land (including water area) requirement for food consumption in both balanced andactual diet in China by ecological footprint analysis. To determine whether logical and actual food demands are withinnatural regenerative ability, carrying capacity (excluding forestry production) is also calculated. Results show that actualdiet patterns were ecologically friendly in the period of 1982-2004 in China, mainly because of the rural moderate dietpatterns. But actual per capita footprint already overran its corresponding logic value of 0.976ha in urban areas in 2002.Productive areas for food production can satisfy the land requirement for actual diet patterns during the researchingperiod in China, nevertheless cannot satisfy that for balanced diet pattern or solve the problem of unbalanced ecologicalfootprint. The continual rising ecological footprint of food consumption in both rural and urban areas indicates that percapita footprint will keep on increasing in China and even may be more than the suggested logic value if no relevantcountermeasures are made to regulate diet patterns. Strictly speaking, China is facing food shortage, both in quality andin quantity.

Integrated Coastal Management Dynamic Models:A Case Study of Development Seaweed Cultivation in the Waters Luwu and Palopo Regency Bone Bay,South Sulawesi

Waters carrying capacity in seaweed of Eucheuma cottonii cultures should be a concern for optimum seaweed culture.Carrying capacity can determine by Ecological Footprint(EF)analysis,which in this research use footprint production,and mas balance nitrate analysis.This research on Mei 2015(1st transitional season)and September 2015(2nd transitional season)in Luwu and Palopo,South Sulawesi.Map and land use analyzed with geographic information systems(GIS).The results showed that the Ecological Footprint production(EFP)in Luwu waters is 67,88 ton/capita/year,or equivalent to 235.823,93 tons/year.Based on the analysis of the availability of water for seaweed is 38.374,69 hectares,it can produce seaweed(biocapacity)for 922.928,96 tons/year and the number of farmers that allows for use the waters is 13.595 capita.The Ecological Footprint production(EFp)in Palopo waters is 3,08 ton/capita/year,or equivalent to 4.589,99 tons/year.Water availability analysis is 979,82 hectares are able to produce seaweed(biocapacity)for10.115,34 ton/year and the number of farmers that allows for use the waters is 3.276 capita.Based on the four scenario simulation management results of the development seaweed cultivation Eucheuma cottonii in Luwu and Luwu Regency is based on the present waste input,pressing inputs of waste into the waters of 10%,25%and 50%yield different waters biocapacity.The results comparison between biocapacity and Ecological Footprint,ecological status for Luwu and Palopo waters are still in sustainable use.Based on those simulation results showed that in second scenario by pressing the waste input by 10%from the existing waste input,as well as assuming the availability of water utilizing the entire area of 38.374,69 hectares continuously(on the years scale of 2008-2030),it will produce the highest biocapacity waters in the amount of 8.257.274,94 tons/year.So with the management of seaweed in Palopo with second scenario,assuming the availability of water utilizing the entire area of 979,82 hectares will produce the highest waters biocapacity of 14.306,92 tons/year.

基于PLUS模型的2030年滹沱河流域山区段生态承载力时空格局多情景预测

为探讨滹沱河流域山区段当前及未来不同发展情景下生态承载力的时空变化,应用植被净初级生产力改进的生态足迹模型测算分析了流域2015—2020年生态承载力的时空格局变化,并借助经过精度验证的PLUS模型对2030年区域自然发展、经济发展及生态保护三种发展情景下的生态承载力时空格局进行预测。结果表明:2015—2030年滹沱河流域山区段单位面积生态承载力整体格局变化不大,但内部空间分异明显,整体呈东南及西北区域单位面积生态承载力高,而东北、西南部区域单位面积生态承载力低的特点。2015—2020年区域生态承载力总量由1.0780×10^(6)bhm^(2)增加到1.0796×10^(6)bhm^(2),呈上升趋势;2030年自然发展和经济发展情景下区域生态承载力总量分别为1.0783×10^(6)、1.0782×10^(6)bhm^(2),与2020年相比呈下降趋势,草地向耕地的转移、林地向建设用地的转移是生态承载力下降的主要原因;2030年生态保护情景下生态承载力总量为1.0802×10^(6)bhm^(2),与2020年相比呈上升趋势,耕地向林地、草地转移是区域生态承载力增加的主要原因。各类用地的生态承载力总量由高到低依次为草地>耕地>林地>建设用地>水域,生态保护情景有益于林地、草地生态承载力总量的增加,经济发展情景有益于耕地和建设用地生态承载力总量的增加,水域生态承载力总量在各种发展情景下变化较小。生态保护情景更有利于未来生态承载力的增加,符合区域未来发展方向。严格控制草地向耕地的转变以及林地向建设用地的转变,继续实施退耕还林、还草生态工程,加强区域废弃矿山生态复垦的力度,将会提高区域未来生态承载力,实现区域生态安全及经济、社会、生态的可持续发展。

碳减排和水生态承载双重约束下的江苏化工产业结构优化研究

长江经济带作为重大国家战略发展区域,其生态修护和资源合理高效利用关系国家发展全局。江苏化工产业为污染密集型和资源消耗型产业,妥善处理产业发展和资源环境保护的矛盾,对推动长江大保护以及实现协同减排目标具有重要意义。以江苏省化工产业为研究对象,2017年为基准年,构建碳减排和水生态承载双重约束下化工产业结构多目标优化模型,运用NSGA-Ⅱ-VIKOR算法,探讨不同情景下江苏化工产业结构调整的路径。结果表明:1)相比低碳发展型、节水发展型和经济发展型情景,均衡发展型情景下江苏化工产业节约用水998.48万m^(3),碳排放强度年下降率为4.27%,产值年增长率达到4.73%,在实现水资源高效利用、碳排放强度显著降低的同时,兼顾经济高质量发展。2)化工产业结构仍需调整,具体为支持发展橡胶和塑料制品业,限制发展石油加工、炼焦及核燃料加工业,重点针对化学纤维制造业采取节水降碳措施。3)优化结果的实现需要能源消费结构向清洁能源方向优化调整,煤炭消费比重下降5.54%,天然气及电力等清洁能源上涨5.45%。4)水资源配置转移方向基本和产业结构调整方向一致,通过水资源分配优化可使石油加工、炼焦及核燃料加工业和化学纤维制造业分别节约9.8%和5.14%的用水量,并通过水交易市场转移配置到橡胶和塑料制品业。据此,建议提升区域生态承载能力,实现区域高质量发展;构建清洁高效能源消费体系,提升能源利用率;建设节水型产业发展体系,实现产业与水生态全面协调、可持续发展。

基于水资源生态足迹的沿海11个省级行政区水资源可持续利用分析

基于水资源生态足迹模型,对中国沿海11个省级行政区2005—2020年水资源生态足迹、水资源生态承载力及水资源可持续利用进行分析。结果表明:①水资源生态足迹与水环境生态足迹变化趋势相似,总体呈“W”型变化轨迹,水环境生态足迹占比为3类水资源生态足迹账户中最高,表明水环境生态足迹是水资源生态足迹的主要产源;②4类淡水生态足迹中,农业用水生态足迹占总淡水生态足迹的比重最高,农业用水生态足迹远高于工业、生活和生态用水生态足迹(除上海外),表明农业用水生态足迹是淡水生态足迹的主要贡献类型;③受自然因素和社会因素的影响,水资源生态承载力波动明显,呈南高北低的分布格局;④水资源整体上处于生态赤字状态,仅广西在研究期内一直为水资源生态盈余,水资源负载指数呈增长趋势且整体在II级以上,表明水资源利用程度高,潜力小,开发利用较困难,万元GDP水资源生态足迹呈下降趋势,水资源利用效率不断提升,水资源可持续利用具有一定潜力。