Geospatial Evaluation for Ecological Watershed Management II: Changes in Land Use—Land Cover Influence on Ecosystems Services

Ecosystem services are a key to human survival and global sustainability. Consequently, there is the need to avoid unscrupulous or unplanned land use practices that can compromise these services in addition to the ongoing changes in the global climate whose potentially negative impact are yet to be fully comprehended thus far. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the Land use—land cover changes of some Eastern Shore sub-watersheds of Maryland from 1986-2006 and qualitatively assess the impact of the changes on some key ecosystem services. Landsat-TM data for Maryland Eastern Shore in the United States were analyzed in ENVI and ArcGIS environment and data interpreted qualitatively. The result showed that forest lands increased during the study period and thus enhanced carbon sequestration favorable for mitigating global warming in the area. Also, the extent of surface water cover increased slightly, possibly due to rising sea level and a thus a potential threat to biodiversity and barrier islands nearby. There was also a significant increase in urban lands due to population increase and thus increase in the extent of impervious layers that could lead to reduced surface runoff and increase the potential for surface water quality impairment;this could lead to a reduction in the capacity of surface water ecosystem to provide clean/recreational waters. The increase in the extent of surface water cover was at the expense of the wetlands that shrunk, thereby threatening the coastal ecosystem’s ability to provide services such as storm and wave protection, nutrient cycling, and the protection of wildlife habitat. There was also a decrease in the extent of Agricultural lands which could lead to loss of food and fiber during the study period. There is therefore an urgent need to formulate or intensify existing policies to regulate land use from an ecological health standpoint in order to ensure sustainability of the various ecosystems within the watersheds of the Lower Eastern Shore of Maryland in the US, and similar coastal locations elsewhere.

Ecosystem Service Flow Insights into Horizontal Ecological Compensation Standards for Water Resource: A Case Study in Dongjiang Lake Basin, China

Water supply services(WSSs) are critical for the regional water balance and water circulation, but relevant studies have not established the relationship between WSSs and human well-being. This research identifies the scope of areas that benefit from WSSs from an ecosystem service flow perspective. Moreover, the path and quantity of the flow of WSSs are simulated to provide a scientific theoretical basis for ecosystem service management and ecological compensation. The Dongjiang Lake Basin is a national priority river basin in China where ecological compensation pilot programmes concerning water resources are top priorities. Dongjiang Lake Basin experienced an increase and then a decrease in the overall supply of water, with an average net water supply of 1096–1500 mm for the years 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2010. The water demand increased each year in service beneficiary areas(SBAs), varying from 387 to 580 mm. Overall, Dongjiang Lake Basin met the net water demands of the actual SBAs in the lower reaches, but a gap in the water supply and demand emerged gradually. This research provides an understanding of the functional mechanisms for the provision, demand and flow of WSSs and provides a scientific theoretical basis for ecosystem service management and ecological compensation.

Ecological compensation mechanism for Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region based on footprint balance and footprint deficit

Construction of the ecological compensation mechanism is an important approach to put the“Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Coordinated Development Plan”into practice and improve the ecological environment of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.This paper constructs an ecological compensation mechanism for the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region based on the footprint balance and footprint deficit after clarifying ecological governance objectives.First,this paper proposes to establish a uniform,hierarchical and classified supply mechanism of ecosystem services according to the classification of land resources,water resources and forest resources for the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.Then,the“Authority with Corresponding Responsibility”for the supply of ecosystem services in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region can be realized through a footprint balance and footprint deficit indicator circulation mechanism.Finally,the scientific and rational ecological compensation standard can be guaranteed through establishing the integrated governance mechanism for ecological compensation in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and improving the“ecological compensation standard”.The results of this paper can provide sound theoretical support for effectively promoting the improvement of ecosystem services and human well-being in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.

Benefits Evaluation of Water Resources Used for Ecosystem in Shiyang River Basin of Gansu Province

Among the numerous inland river basins in the arid northwest China,Shiyang River basin is known for its most serious water shortage that constrains its social and economic developments and for some of the worst ecological and environmental deterioration in China.The research on the value of water resources used for ecosystem is the basis for reasonable allocation of water resources between users of ecosystem and economic system.In this paper the concept of dynamic value for the ecosystem services is proposed.A modified coefficient for the ecosystem service value per unit area is proposed according to the cover degrees of biomes combined with expert consultation.Based on the developmental stage coefficient and scarcity of ecological resources,a dynamic evaluation method is proposed.The theoretical formula and simple calculation formula of the sharing benefits coefficient and benefits per unit ecological water utilization are proposed.The result shows that the benefit of unit ecological water utilization in the lower reach was greater than that in the upper reach in the Shiyang River basin.

Philosophical Thinking on Soil and Water Ecology

Any ecosystem is commonly composed of organism and environmental system. Vegetation is primary producer and key factor of biological system,while water and soil are leading factors of environmental system. How to conform to and use nature,protect the integrity and continuity of the ecosystem,play ecological service function of the system,protect and improve eco-environment needs grasping key factor of ecosystem or principal contradiction,namely water,soil and vegetation. Said from the source,all human activities are dealing with water,soil and vegetation,and continuously using and changing water,soil and vegetation for production of material goods and social economic construction,thereby affecting and changing natural environment. Main problems of eco-environment are induced by the interference and destruction on water,soil and vegetation by human activities. But human beings cannot manipulate and change natural phenomenon and rule,such as sunlight,diurnal variation and revolution of the earth. Soil and water ecology is the deepening and development of soil and water conservation view,and innovation and expansion of ecological science,and indicates a kind of ecological equilibrium relationship among soil,water and vegetation on the earth inter-associating,inter-promoting and inter-developing. Broadly speaking,soil and water ecology indicates the sum total of all relations among water,soil and vegetation in motion and evolution process. Cognition of soil and water ecology from the height of philosophy is conducive to further understanding important position and role of soil and water ecology theory in eco-environment,correctly recognizing position and relationship between man and nature,and clearly finding the key of current eco-environment problem and its future and direction,which could provide important theoretic support for maintaining earth's eco-environment and realizing sustainable development of mankind.

基于改进三维生态足迹模型的珠江—西江经济带生态补偿价值测度及分区研究

生态补偿机制构建难点在于厘清补偿主客体、评估补偿优先时序及精准测算补偿标准,构建科学有效的生态补偿机制有助于流域上下游生态保护责任合理分配。本文以珠江—西江经济带地级市为研究单元,将改进三维生态足迹模型与生态系统服务价值估算相结合,测度2005—2020年各市生态补偿价值与标准,引入生态补偿优先级,最终划定优先支付、潜力支付、平衡、潜力受偿及优先受偿5类分区。结果表明:1)2020年经济带生态补偿赤字为288.09亿元,广州支付价值最高为185.14亿元,人均生态补偿标准为987.92元,仅崇左获生态补偿,受偿价值为0.68亿元,人均受偿标准为32.62元。2)广州、佛山与南宁长期为优先支付区;崇左长期为优先受偿区;肇庆、柳州及百色近年转为潜力支付区;来宾、贵港、梧州与云浮为平衡区;经济带优先受偿区与潜力受偿区逐步转为优先支付区、潜力支付区与平衡区。3)广州、佛山及南宁应率先支付生态补偿平衡经济带区际生态保护责任,协调区际生态保护共治关系;应优先给予崇左生态补偿以实现生态保护受益,获得生态环境治理的经济支持。

塔里木河干流生态系统变化与生态效益分析

以提取1990—2020年植被覆盖度、遥感生态指数、人类干扰指数等遥感生态指标来反映塔里木河干流生态输水工程实施前后,生态状况变化趋势。将遥感生态指标作为驱动因子,提出一种改进的生态系统服务价值计算法,量化供给、调节、支持、文化功能的生态系统服务价值,分析各功能间权衡和协同效应的动态演变关系,对1990—2020年累积生态效益进行估算。结果表明:(1)生态输水以来,干流有近1/3的区域植被覆盖度增加,较低、中、较高、高植被覆盖度面积占比分别增加17%、5%、2%、2.9%。(2)上游生态系统服务价值先增加后渐趋稳定,中、下游生态系统服务价值先增加后减小再增加,表明中、下游对生态输水的响应存在一段滞后期,且受来水水量影响较大。(3)调节和支持功能之间存在协同效应,供给与调节和支持功能之间存在权衡效应。(4)生态输水后期,干流上、中、下游累积生态效益均表现出“边际效益递减规律”,据此从生态修复角度出发,给出断面年径流量的适宜范围,上游不超过42.5×10^(8)m^(3),中游不超过21.5×10^(8)m^(3),下游不超过3.5×10^(8)m^(3)。研究结果可为优化生态水水量配置提供科学指导。

The Emergy-based Ecological Footprint (EEF) of Traditional Agricultural Areas in China: A Case Study of Congjiang County, Guizhou Province

Traditional agricultural systems are under severe threat from modernization, technological and economic changes, while substitution of traditional agriculture with so-called modern agriculture has caused serious non-point source pollution. Ecological footprint, though an approach to measure ecological sustainability, fails to reveal the true environmental condition of the traditional agricultural areas. This paper attempted to establish an enhanced emergy-based ecological footprint （EEF） which could include all the flows of ecosystem services that the local inhabitants had consumed, thus making EEF a better indicator of the regional sustainability. This new approach was then applied to evaluate the sustainability of Congjiang County in Guizhou Province, a typically traditional agricultural area in China. Results showed that the local biocapacity could only meet 64% of the total consumption needed by the local inhabitants, leaving an ecological deficit of 5.2327 gha per capita. This analysis was contrary to earlier findings obtained through the conventional method that Congjiang County was characterized by a small ecological reserve. Disaggregated analysis revealed that the consumption of waste treatment and erosion control services occupied a considerable proportion of the local ecological footprint, indicating that regional sustainability was under serious threat from waste discharge and soil erosion.

基于生态系统服务价值的浑河-太子河流域生态承载力分析

探究流域生态承载力变化是协调人类活动与资源压力、经济增长与生态保护、人地和谐与可持续发展的关键,可为城市群流域生态系统服务与生物资源生态承载力评估提供参考。基于遥感和统计数据,分析了辽宁中部城市群所在的浑河-太子河流域1990-2018年长时间序列的土地利用变化,并以居民消费指数(CPI)和粮食产量修正的生态系统服务价值当量为基础,以生态足迹模型为框架,研究浑太流域生态服务价值与具有生态服务功能的森林、草地、农田、水生态系统的生物资源生态承载力变化。结果显示,林地和耕地为浑河-太子河流域主要用地类型,二者主要呈东西分布,1990-2018年建设用地增加最多,面积达11.97×10^(4)hm^(2),主要由耕地和林地转入。浑太流域1990年、2000年、2010年、2018年的生态系统服务价值(ESV)分别为1117.04×10^(8)、653.35×10^(8)、1182.83×10^(8)、1215.34×10^(8)元,1990-2000年ESV总值下降最明显,达到了41.51%,2000-2010年涨幅最高,为81.05%,1990-2018年涨幅为8.80%,调节服务为流域主导功能。浑太流域生物资源生态承载力空间上大体呈东高西低分布,低值区域主要出现在城市群主城区;时间上总体稳定,1990年生物资源生态承载力最强,为281.20×10^(4) ghm^(2),生态赤字仅出现在2000年。研究表明,浑河-太子河流域生态系统服务功能对区域生态稳定有重要作用。

基于自然解决方案的矿山生态修复研究进展

当前生态文明建设、碳中和目标已成为国家战略,要求矿山生态修复向着绿色、协调、可持续的方向发展,将基于自然的解决方案(Nature-based Solution,NbS)理念与方法融入矿山生态修复具有重要指导意义。但目前基于自然的矿山生态修复的理论方法与实现路径比较缺乏。为此,系统梳理了NbS在矿山生态修复中的理念内涵及相关概念,总结了NbS在“地貌重塑-土壤重构-植被重建-景观重现-生物多样性重组与保护”等矿山生态修复各环节的潜在应用,对标了NbS与碳中和时代矿山生态修复的挑战与原则,分析了基于NbS的矿山土地生态系统服务功能,提出了中国潜在NbS矿山生态修复实现路径。研究结果发现,对于碳中和愿景下NbS在矿山生态修复中的科学内涵,自然修复、近自然修复、仿自然修复、自然修复为主,人工修复为辅等修复理念属于当前矿山NbS。且NbS、碳中和、矿山生态修复具有重要耦合关系,NbS准则与碳中和愿景下矿山生态修复的原则适用相通,融入NbS的矿山生态修复可助力实现碳中和。另外,NbS是针对矿山生态修复核心问题的有效解决方案,运用NbS进行矿山生态修复是对以往修复理念及方法技术的优化,NbS有效优化了矿山生态修复中地貌重塑与土壤重构方法,在土壤抗水蚀、可持续稳定性、视觉效果上优于传统方法且更接近原地貌,自然与人工相结合的植被重建方式可促进矿区生态演替,提升景观稳定性的同时有利于开展生物多样性管理,达到提升矿山生态系统服务功能及实现矿山生态可持续发展的目的。在未来研究中,应进一步结合矿山复杂的生态环境,积极探索矿山生态修复NbS实施途径,同时加强NbS成本效益核算模型的开发,以期在可持续发展中实现“社会-经济-生态”稳步提升的综合效益。

基于自然的解决方案在北方防沙带生态屏障建设中的应用

基于自然的解决方案(NbS)通过自然资源高效利用和适应性生态系统管理应对多样化挑战,是国际上普遍认可的生态恢复前沿理念,我国的国家生态屏障建设从本质上是中国特色的NbS,具有系统性、综合性和多尺度特征。NbS的对象、主体、目标以及方案等方面与生态屏障的建设思路上高度契合,相关准则能够为生态屏障建设提供全面的理论思路和实践框架。以北方防沙带生态屏障带为例,从北方防沙带的生态问题入手,深入剖析了NbS与探讨了北方防沙带生态屏障之间的耦合关系,从“格局⁃过程⁃尺度”机理、“服务⁃价值⁃福祉”路径和“保护⁃修复⁃管理”体系角度对NbS实施准则和北方防沙带生态屏障进行了阐述;并结合基于自然解决方案的北方防沙带案例分析,总结了NbS在北方防沙带生态屏障建设中的未来发展趋势和面临的挑战。

特定模型与GIS结合的生态系统服务功能评价及分区研究——以黔北芙蓉江流域绥正道地区为例

黔北芙蓉江流域绥(阳)正(安)道(真)地区是以“三区四带”为核心的全国重要生态系统保护和修复重大工程总体布局中长江重点生态区的重要组成部分,是长江上游重要的生态安全屏障,对其开展生态系统服务功能评价及生态功能区划是区域生态系统全要素一体化保护和系统治理的重要基础。本研究基于水量平衡方程模型、RUSLE模型及NPP模型并与GIS结合,建立了区域生态系统服务功能评价与分区体系,在识别现有状态的基础上规划未来,使其各区域能更好的承担相应生态系统服务功能。研究结果显示:研究区生态系统服务功能重要性中等以上的面积为5166.11 km^(2),占区域总面积的70.85%。研究区生态系统服务功能重要性整体较高,主要分布在道真县西部、北部和中部,正安县中部及绥阳县北部等区域。在指标提取与遥感解译的基础上依据生态调节功能、产品提供功能及人居保障功能对区域生态功能进行分区。针对各类生态功能区的主要生态问题,提出了生态保护方向与限制、禁止措施,并划分出6个重要生态功能区作为区域保护修复的重点区,为区域山水林田湖草沙一体化保护和系统治理等生态保护修复工程提供重点靶区与实施路径参考。

热带雨林类国家公园水生态系统服务价值核算方法综述

热带雨林类国家公园的“水库”价值对国家具有重要战略意义。但由于热带雨林类国家公园水生态系统服务受益主体复杂、生态效益与核算边界多元,其价值核算方法仍存在诸多挑战,使得建立在其准确计量基础上的热带雨林类国家公园保护与修复难以有效开展,阻碍了国家公园水生态产品价值实现及国家生态文明试验区建设进程。基于此,首先厘清现有研究中热带雨林类国家公园水生态系统服务的多元受益主体、多尺度生态效益、多边界评估框架,综述现有研究中热带雨林类国家公园水生态系统服务价值核算方法,并总结其优势与挑战,进一步结合热带雨林类国家公园水生态系统服务形成机制指出其对核算研究的启示。可为后续热带雨林类国家公园水生态系统服务价值核算、水生态系统管理与保护等提供理论与方法支撑。

基于生态系统服务价值的漓江流域生态补偿额度测算

评估漓江流域典型年份的生态系统服务价值,为流域内各区县提供合理的补偿次序,促进漓江流域生态系统健康有效管理。利用修订后的“生态系统服务价值系数表”计算2000、2010、2020年3个典型年份的生态系统服务价值,利用生态足迹模型分析生态供需及人地平衡状态,运用生态补偿优先级计算公式对漓江流域各区(县)做出补偿优先排序,最终核算出生态补偿标准额度。结果表明:(1)研究区2000、2010、2020年的生态系统服务价值总额分别为386.89亿、386.57亿、388.01亿元,各阶段林地及水域用地贡献度均在90%以上。(2)2020年,研究流域人均生态足迹、人均生态承载力和人均生态赤字分别为1.44、0.43和1.06hm^(2),生态供需呈不平衡态势。(3)2020年,研究区内兴安、灵川、阳朔3县为生态效益输出空间,应优先获得生态补偿;临桂区、桂林市中心区为生态效益消费空间,应优先支付生态补偿。(4)2020年,漓江流域生态补偿总额为26.5亿元,各区(县)的生态补偿金额差异较大,此外上下游地段的补偿紧迫性要高于中游地段。研究得出的生态补偿额度,可在一定程度上为漓江流域生态补偿政策的落实提供科学依据。

水土保持生态产品价值核算与转化实践——以浙江省安吉县黄浦江源石门坑生态清洁小流域为例

水土保持是生态文明建设的重要内容,是提升生态系统质量和稳定性的有效手段。增强和发挥水土保持生态服务功能及其价值具有重要意义。在合理界定水土保持生态产品范畴基础上,结合相关技术规范和水土保持特点,提出了水土保持生态产品价值核算方法,并以浙江省安吉县黄浦江源石门坑生态清洁小流域为例,开展了水土保持生态产品价值核算与转化实践。结果表明:该小流域经过10多年的水土流失综合治理,2022年水土保持生态产品价值为10 357.5万元,占小流域生态系统服务价值的16.6%,增值率为19.9%,单位面积水土保持生态产品价值为1.82万元/(hm2·a)。通过小流域条件分析和市场需求调查,以生态旅游资源经营权转让为载体,依托生态产品交易平台,采取公开竞价方式实现了部分水土保持生态产品价值转化交易,成功探索出一条绿水青山就是金山银山水土保持转化路径,形成了可复制、可推广的水土保持生态共富模式。

基于生态系统服务的太湖入湖河道水环境优化路径分析

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