China's Grain Production and Its Requirement for Water Resources Allocation

Agricultural water is directly related with grain production security. This article analyzes how to allocate the water resources in terms of grain production. Firstly,for the whole country,we established the VAR mathematical model with the data of 1983 to 2008 to test the relationships between the total amount of water and the agriculture production and forecast the water consumption in 2020. Then focusing on the major grain producing areas,we examine the main index and the pressure index,from which we find that the amount of agricultural water in major areas fail to satisfy the demand of production,and that unbalanced development exists between different areas with several areas especially serious. At last,we point out that,to ensure the security of agriculture production and the sustainable utilization of water resources,the government should take measures not only to prevent water pollution and reduce water consumption,but also to improve inter-basin water transfer planning.

Study on Injection-Production System Adjustment of Fault Block Reservoir Based on Equilibrium Displacement

This paper proposed a method of injection-production system adjustment to solve the problem that the water flooding effect was restricted because of the horizontal and vertical contradictions during the development process of fault block reservoirs. Considering the heterogeneity of reservoir, the Buckley-Leverett water flooding theory was applied to establish the relationship between the recovery and cumulative water injection. In order to achieve the goal of vertically balanced recovery of each section, the calculation method of vertical sectional injection allocation was proposed. The planar triangular seepage unit was assumed and sweep coefficients of different oil-water distribution patterns were characterized using multi-flow tube method. In order to balance and maximize the plane sweep coefficient, the calculation method of plane production system optimization was obtained. Then the injection-production system stereoscopic adjustment method based on equilibrium displacement was proposed with vertical sectional injection allocation and plane production system optimization. This method was applied to injection and production adjustment of BZ oilfield in southern Bohai. The effect of water control and oil increase was obvious. This method can greatly improve the effect of water flooding of offshore fault block reservoirs with the adjustment of injection-production system.

Stable Production Technology for Horizontal Well Development in Shallow Water Delta Oilfield of Bohai Bay, China

BZ Oilfield is a medium-sized oilfield with shallow delta facies deposits in Bohai Bay of China,compared with fluvial and delta facies oilfields,there is no mature experience for reference of reservoir configuration,well pattern arrangement and development model in offshore oilfields in China.In view of the difficulty in describing the reservoir configuration of shallow water delta,the single distributary sand dam in shallow water delta is characterized by well-seismic combination and multi-attribute constraints.The mathematical mechanism model of pinch-out position of sand body is established,fine characterization of BZ shallow water delta reservoir is put forward.The horizontal well pattern arrangement type for shallow water delta reservoir is proposed and the method of well pattern optimization based on vertical displacement theory is put forward.A method of inversion of reservoir connectivity using production dynamic data by numerical well testing is proposed and a new method for optimizing water injection rate in water injection wells is proposed aiming at the difficulty of recognizing injection-production connectivity of shallow water delta reservoirs.The fine configuration of BZ shallow water delta reservoir based on distributary sand dam is proposed,which guides the recognition of remaining oil distribution law.By deploying adjustment wells,the water flooding coincidence degree of actual drilling is 86% compared with that of pre-drilling prediction,which indicates that the research results of reservoir configuration can effectively guide the understanding of oilfield geology.Through the theoretical well arrangement type of vertical displacement of single sand body in horizontal wells of shallow water delta reservoir,a high water flooding recovery rate of 35% is achieved in primary well pattern.The connectivity coefficients of injection-production boundary of shallow water delta reservoir configuration are calculated,and the water injection distribution coefficients are obtained by normalizing the directional coefficients.This paper presents a configuration method based on multi-attribute fusion under the constraints of sedimentary process.In this paper,a shallow water delta reservoir configuration method based on multi-attribute fusion constrained by sedimentary process is proposed,and the injection-production connectivity coefficient and injection well distribution coefficient of the configuration boundary are calculated.

川西须二气藏产水气井合理配产方案探讨

川西须二气藏储层致密,气井普遍产水,且断缝体规模和水体强度差异大,渗流机理复杂,使得单一产能模型和配产方法适用性差。综合因素导致气井合理配产方案不明确,从而制约了气藏的规模生产和效益开发。文中建立了考虑启动压力梯度、应力敏感等影响的气井气水两相产能评价模型,结合采气指示曲线法、动态分析法、无阻流量法及数学统计法,分别探讨了不同断缝体规模、不同水体强度及综合考虑2种因素影响的气井合理配产方案,须二气藏开发实践证实了其有效性和可靠性。此外,气井配产量与断缝体规模和水体强度的相关性明显,整体表现为裂缝越发育,配产量越高,配产比越低;水体强度越高,配产量越低,配产比也越小。该研究对川西须二气藏气井的合理工作制度制定与气井稳定生产具有较大的实际价值。

水侵气藏型储气库全周期高效建设微观模拟实验

借助微观可视化模型与微流控技术,开展了水侵气藏型储气库初期建库阶段注气驱水及循环储采阶段采气底水上侵、储气排驱水体的模拟实验,分析气液界面稳定机制、气液渗流与赋存规律,探索储气库全周期高效运行的优化调控方式。研究表明:储气库初期建库阶段应调控注气速度,充分发挥重力作用保证气液界面宏观稳定运移,大幅度提高气体的波及能力,为储气库后续循环储采阶段提供更大的储气孔隙空间。储气库循环储采阶段,恒定的储采气速度导致孔隙空间利用率低,逐渐提高储采气速度,从“小吞小吐”逐渐过渡到“大吞大吐”,可以持续打破孔喉内流体的平衡受力状态,扩大储气孔隙空间与流动通道,有利于储气库扩容增效和调峰保供。

断块油藏注采耦合提高采收率机理及矿场实践

针对渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷东营凹陷古近系断块油藏水驱开发后期流线固定导致注入水无效循环的问题,基于渗流力学和油藏工程原理,通过室内物模模拟和油藏数值模拟,提出了“细分开发层系、轮注轮采”的注采耦合开发调整技术,并验证了该技术可提高采收率的原理。研究结果表明:(1)利用注采耦合开发技术建立的“注入期间的高渗通道与低渗通道吸水量比模型”和“采油期间主流线和非主流线产油量比模型”均揭示了“改变压力场促进渗流场调整,实现均匀注入和均匀采出,扩大水驱波及系数和增加驱油效率”的注采耦合渗流力学机制。(2)注采耦合技术可以实现“扩大波及系数、增加驱油效率”,起到类似“调剖”的作用,高含水期通过此项技术可将低渗透岩心的分流率由1.0%提到18.6%,模型驱替更均衡;经过2个轮次的注采耦合调整,高、低渗透岩心的原油采收率分别提高了10.3%和16.1%。(3)研究区D断块古近系沙河街组沙二段Es236含油小层油藏注采耦合开发数值模拟结果显示,主流线和非主流线驱替更均匀,两者压力梯度极差由2.3下降至1.4。经过3个轮次注采耦合开发调整,沙二段3—6砂层组油藏平均综合含水率下降了3.2%,累计增油1 760 t,提高原油采收率2.1%,增油降水效果显著。

大庆油田调整井固井技术研究

大庆油田经过多年的调整开发,受地层非均质性、井网加密、动态注采开发等影响,已改变了原始井下环境。针对大庆油田异常高压层油水侵、高渗低压层界面胶结质量差两方面难题,以“地质先行,一井一策”为指导思想,开展了钻井地质、水泥浆体系、固井工具等技术攻关,形成注水开采油田调整井固井配套技术。现场应用取得了良好效果,为大庆油田原油产能建设提供井筒保障。

基于合理地层压力的X油田吸水能力评价

地层压力是影响注水井的注入压力和吸水能力的重要因素,保持合理地层压力是实现油田稳产的基础。针对X油田A、B两个区块地层压力差异导致的油井产液降低的问题,采用生产指示曲线法结合油水井生产动态对X油田的地层压力进行了评价,确定了X油田的合理地层压力,构建了不同注水量下吸水指数与地层压力的关系图版,给出了地层压力恢复方案。研究结果表明,目前A区块处于合理地层压力范围内,B区块地层压力偏低,应补充注入井注水量;同时两区块实际注水量均偏低,应进一步提高注水强度。基于合理地层压力的油田吸水能力评价方法对油田水驱开发具有重要指导作用。

A new approach of proration-injection allocation for water-flooding mature oilfields

This paper presents a new method of injection-production allocation estimation for water-flooding mature oilfields.The suggested approach is based on logistic growth rate functions and several type-curve matching methods.Using the relationship between these equations,oil production and water injection rate as well as injection-production ratio can be easily forecasted.The calculation procedure developed and outlined in this paper requires very few production data and is easily implemented.Furthermore,an oilfield case has been analyzed.The synthetic and field cases validate the calculation procedure,so it can be accurately used in forecasting production data,and it is important to optimize the whole injection-production system.

超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法测定水中11大类145种药品和个人护理品

药品和个人护理品(PPCPs)在水环境中频繁检出,是一类受到国内外环保部门普遍关注的新污染物。准确掌握水环境中PPCPs存在的种类及浓度水平,获取水环境中各类PPCPs的基础污染数据,是环境管理部门进行新污染物管控的重要基础。为此,必须开发准确灵敏、方便快捷且能实现高通量筛查及定量分析的检测方法。本研究采用大体积直接进样-超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法测定水环境中11大类(抗生素、降压药、降糖药、抗病毒药、β-受体激动剂、硝基咪唑类药物、H2受体拮抗剂、精神麻醉类药物、降血脂药、非甾体抗炎药及其他类药物和杀菌剂类个人护理品)145种PPCPs。水样经0.22μm的再生纤维素滤膜过滤,加入乙二胺四乙酸二钠(Na2EDTA)并调节pH值至6.0~8.0,加入内标混匀后,采用Phenomenex Kinetex C18柱(50 mm×3 mm,2.6μm)进行色谱分离,以含5 mmol/L甲酸铵的0.1%甲酸水溶液-乙腈为正离子扫描模式下的流动相、5 mmol/L甲酸铵水溶液-乙腈为负离子扫描模式下的流动相,分别进行梯度洗脱,质谱智能化分时间段-多反应选择离子监测(Schedule-MRM)模式检测,内标法定量。145种PPCPs在一定的范围内线性良好,方法检出限为0.015~5.515 ng/L,在低、中、高3个加标水平下的回收率为80.4%~128%,相对标准偏差为0.6%~15.6%。将该方法应用于11份地表水样品和6份饮用水样品的检测,结果显示,145种PPCPs中共检出93种化合物,地表水中PPCPs总含量为276.9~2705.7 ng/L,其中抗病毒药、降糖药和精神麻醉类药品的检出率为100%且含量占比最大;饮用水中检出的PPCPs总含量为140.5~211.5 ng/L,主要检出抗生素、抗病毒药和降糖药。该方法简单快捷,可实现上百种PPCPs的同时测定,适用于环境水体中多种PPCPs残留的测定。

海上低渗油藏CO_(2)混相驱可行性实验研究

海上珠江口盆地陆丰凹陷低渗、特低渗储量丰富,水驱开发难度大,注气开发需求迫切。CO_(2)驱是提高采收率的主要技术之一,但目前海上CO_(2)综合利用方面应用较少。以陆丰凹陷L油藏为例,开展了目标油藏原油注CO_(2)驱油机理实验和长岩心CO_(2)驱油效果评价实验,重点对比CO_(2)注入前后原油相态特征的变化,并对不同开发方式驱油效果进行了对比优化研究,为目标油田CO_(2)驱可行性提供依据。实验结果表明,CO_(2)可以有效提高低渗油藏的开发效果,提高采收率幅度可以在水驱的基础上提高11.75%,交替驱可以作为后期注CO_(2)防窜和进一步提高采收率的技术手段。实验研究结果对海上低渗油藏CO_(2)注气开发提供技术支持。

灯影组二段底水气藏试采特征及气井合理配产研究——以安岳气田GS1井区为例

四川盆地安岳气田GS1井区灯影组二段气藏为大型低幅宽缓构造、下部发育具统一气水界面底水的裂缝—孔洞型气藏,非均质性较强,开发过程中面临底水沿高角度裂缝、孔洞推进风险。为了提高GS1井区灯影组二段底水气藏开发效果,文章通过气藏特征综合研究,储层渗流特征、井区试采动态特征总结,综合考虑储层展布、气水关系将气藏划分四类水侵风险区,建立水侵机理模型并进行数值模拟,预测区域水侵模式。结合国内外典型缝洞型底水气藏研究,设计GS1井区底水气藏采气速度合理区间1.5%~3%,以延长无水采气期和确保长期稳产为目的,制定四类水侵风险区气井配产,有效指导气藏开发生产并获得了阶段性成效,为同类裂缝—孔洞型底水气藏的开发生产提供了有益指导。

蓬探1井区灯二段底水气藏水侵机理

蓬探1井区灯二段气藏属于典型的超深层碳酸盐岩底水气藏,水侵是影响气藏开发效果的重要问题。目前气藏处于开发早期评价阶段,对气藏水侵机理认识模糊,制约了气藏开发技术政策的制定。基于气藏现有动静态资料,利用数值模拟手段建立不同开发区单井机理模型,开展水侵模式预判、水侵动态主控因素分析。研究表明,蓬探1井区不同类型储层隔夹层发育,隔夹层遮挡作用显著,水侵模式总体表现为水锥型与水脊型;配产比与避水高度分别是影响两类开发区水侵程度与开发效果的主控因素;对水侵机理认识为蓬探1井区开发技术政策制订提供了技术支撑。

鄂尔多斯盆地延长油田双河西区块长6油藏开发参数

鄂尔多斯盆地延长油田双河西区块长6油藏为低渗透油藏,常规开发指标计算方法并不利于油田进行油藏地质研究、开发政策制定与成本控制。对延长油田双河西区块长6油藏产量递减规律、水驱储量动用程度、注采比、含水率、注水利用状况及采收率进行分析。结果表明:双河西区块长6油藏产量递减规律为双曲递减模式;区块注水开发潜力较大,目前该区块水驱储量控制程度为74.54%,水驱储量动用程度为36.94%,注采连通率为27.27%;合理注采比约为2.5,随着采出程度增加,含水率上升速度先增大,后有所减小;根据存水率、耗水指数及水驱指数可知,开发后期,区块注水开发效果逐渐变好,最终采收率增加,研究区在开发过程中含水上升率应尽量小于6.1%,地层合理压力应大于9.1 MPa,在该开发条件下,研究区最终采收率约为23%。

中国海油海上油田采油工程技术进展与展望

针对海上油田面临的油气开采技术难度大、重大技术迭代慢、大型作业技术应用成本高等多方面的挑战,中国海油经过数十年的发展,从稳产上产、技术迭代和降本增效等3方面推动技术变革,逐步形成了以“两提一降”为主线的数智化精细注水和稳油控水、大井距高强度稠油热采、低渗储层改造等三大工程技术,以及机采井延寿降耗、低产低效井增产、大修井作业、提高采收率等四类技术。提出了采油工程技术发展的10条技术路线,加快构建海上低成本采油工程技术体系,为推进中国海上油田采油工程技术高质量发展提供支撑。

井下油水分离装置现状与展望

油田进入开发中后期,采出液含水率急剧上升,如何降低含水率并提高采收率是开发后期需要解决的首要问题。井下油水分离技术利用水力旋流技术、重力分离技术或其他油水分离工艺实现在井下对采出液进行预分离,从而采出较低含水率的油水混合液,此项技术对于高含水油田具有很大应用前景。通过对井下油水分离装置的研究现状进行简要分析与总结,并指出目前井下油水分离装置存在的问题与挑战,同时做出展望,为其发展提供一定的参考。

油藏型储气库库容影响因素及其变化规律研究

针对目前中、低含水饱和度对自由气库容量影响的研究较少的问题,开展室内实验模拟了多次注气-焖井-采气实验,并根据相似原理,利用实验数据建立了自由气库容量与初始含水饱和度、注采次数的量化表征模型。结果表明,自由气库容量随注采次数的增多而增大,但单次注采后的增幅快速降低;含水饱和度(初始含水饱和大于50%)的提高有利于油藏改建储气库,但是建库初期的注采能力和库容提高相对缓慢;当初始含水饱和度由50%提高到85%时,经过6次注采后,含气饱和度降低幅度约9.27%,而当注采次数分别增至20、30、50时,自由气库容量增加幅度分别为0.51%、3.34%、6.61%。研究结果可为油藏型储气库的注采能力及库容评价提供借鉴。

缝洞型油藏高压扩容注入动态模型及敏感性分析

高压扩容注水是缝洞型油藏提高采收率的有效方式之一。针对高压扩容注水注采过程认识不清的问题,提出了3类高压扩容注水模式,基于高压扩容注入动态模型,模拟不同敏感性参数对高压扩容注水和生产过程的影响,并结合哈拉哈塘缝洞型油藏矿场实例,分析了3类高压扩容注水模式。结果表明:高压扩容注水有远端低能型、渗流屏障型和近端小储集体型3类模式,3类高压扩容注水模式均可有效动用远端储集体,提高采出程度,渗流屏障型增油效果最优;近端储集体大小影响注水指示曲线拐点出现时间,远端储集体大小影响注水指示曲线出现拐点后的注水难易程度;注水过程的交换指数大于生产过程的交换指数,表明高压扩容注水有效;裂缝闭合压力越小,应力敏感系数越小,注水指示曲线出现拐点越早,累计产液量越高。

江苏油田复杂小断块高含水油藏注采井网优化技术

江苏油田复杂小断块油藏经过长期的注水开发后,目前处于中高含水开发期。现阶段储层非均质性对注采井网的影响更加突出,局部存在低效无效注水循环问题,亟需优化调整注采井网。根据非均质油藏剩余油富集类型和影响因素,在原井网基础上,利用油藏数值模拟方法,开展相控条件下的注采井网优化技术政策研究。根据模拟结果,确立了抽稀井网和转注高含水油井两种注采井网优化技术的政策界限,指导陈2断块、韦2断块注采井网优化调整,取得了良好的应用效果,为改善高含水油藏水驱开发效果提供了技术支撑。

枯竭油藏型储气库库容量化室内实验研究

在油藏改建地下储气库时,为了研究不同初始含水饱和度对库容的影响,利用实际矿场岩心开展了不同初始含水饱和度条件下气驱油水多轮次注采实验,分析了不同初始含水饱和度下气驱油水后的驱替效率及建库效果。结果表明,低含水饱和度条件下,油相的相对渗透率显著高于水相而更易被驱替出,因此主要通过气驱油来提高储气空间;中、高含水饱和度时,水相更易被驱替出,储气空间的提高逐渐由被驱替出的原油体积贡献转向于由驱替出的水相体积贡献。相同注采轮次下,由于储层岩石水湿及渗吸作用,高初始含水饱和度时的剩余水饱和度增大,气驱油水总的驱替效率降低,储气库的注采能力和库容相对减小;储层初始含水饱和度增大会降低气驱油水的驱替效率,不利于提高原油采收率及储气库扩容;初始含水饱和度越高,储气库达容时间越久,建库初期的注采能力越低。该研究成果可为油藏型储气库注采能力评价和库容分析提供指导。