Water Supply Networks as Cyber-physical Systems and Controllability Analysis

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) is a system of systems which consists of many subsystems that can stand alone in an individual manner and can be taken as a typical complex network. CPS can be applied in the critical infrastructures such as water supply networks, energy supply systems, and so on. In this paper, we analyze the structure of modern city water supply networks from the view of CPS theory. we use complex network theory to build an undirected and unweighted complex network model for the water supply networks to investigate the structural properties, and present the structure of the water supply networks and detect communities by a spectral analysis of the Laplacian matrix. Then, we analyze the structure and controllability of water supply networks by the structural controllability method. The results show the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed complex network model. © 2014 Chinese Association of Automation.

Developing and introducing of the resourcesaving technologies into the water-supply systems of mining enterprises

The article deals with modeling the tailing ponds influence on water resources. New technology using hydrocyclons of new design has been offered for additional purification of gold dressing mill wastewater. Laboratory and plant test have determined the optimal parameters of hydrocyclon. Introduction of new technology into system of water supply will prevent environment pollution and make it possible to process recoverable resources.

Behaviour of Haloacetic Acids in Drinking Water Distribution Systems

To guarantee the safety of drinking water quality after chlorination, the formation, distribution and factors influencing the concentrations of haloacetic acids (HAAs) in a water distribution system (WDS) were investigated both on a full-scale WDS (FWDS) and pilot-scale WDS (PWDS) within a city in northern China. The results of both investigations showed that trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) and dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) were the dominating types of HAAs. In the FWDS, variations in the HAA content showed negative correlations with total residual chlorine, pH and non-purgeable organic carbon (NPOC) and positive correlations with temperature and UV254. In the PWDS, the concentration of HAAs after rechlorination followed the rule of ‘first rise and then fall’; therefore, locating an appropriate rechlorination point and lowering the single chlorine dosage could be used as effective measures to control the HAA content in WDSs. © 2016, Tianjin University and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

基于KingWater全组态平台在供水智能调度系统的开发与应用

结合供水企业实际需求案例,从优化调度以及智能控制两个方面对城市的供水系统进行了详细地分析和介绍,并针对如何实现智能化控制,降低企业运营成本,缩短系统开发周期,降低开发运维成本,使项目快速落地。通过采用面向工程师的全组态开发平台KingWater,快速完成供水智能调度系统及信息化系统的开发、部署与应用,开发运行效果表明:所开发的系统具有较好的易用性、可靠性和可扩展性并能高效实现随需而变。

Drinking water quality & health risk assessment of secondary water supply systems in residential neighborhoods

Secondary water supply systems(SWSSs)are important components of the water supply infrastructure that ensure residents’drinking water safety.SWSSs are characterized by long detention time,warm temperature,and unreasonable management,which may trigger the deterioration of water quality and increase risks.In this study,drinking water quality index(DWQI)and health risk assessment(HRA)were selected and modified to quantitatively assess the water quality and health risks of SWSSs in residential neighborhoods.In total,121 seasonal water samples were selected.It was observed that the water quality was excellent with the DWQI of 0.14±0.04,excluding one sample,which was extremely poor owing to its excessive total bacterial count.The HRA results revealed that the health risks were low:negligible non-carcinogenic risk for any population;negligible and acceptable carcinogenic risk for children aged 6–17 and adults.However,samples revealed higher carcinogenic risk(7.63×10−5±3.29×10−6)for children aged 0–5,and arsenic was the major substance.Summer samples had poor water quality and higher health risks,which called for attention.To further investigate the water quality and health risks of SWSSs,monthly sampling was conducted during summer.All 24 water samples were qualified in Chinese standard(GB 5749-2022)and characterized as excellent quality.Their HRA results were consistent with the seasonal samples’and the health risks were mainly concentrated in May.Overall,our study provides a suitable framework for water quality security,advice for managers,and references for administrators in other cities.

Synthetic Reconstruction of Water Demand Time Series for Real Time Demand Forecasting

The forecasting of the demand applied to water supply systems has been an important tool to realize time control. The use of the time series to do the forecasting of the demand is the main way that has been used by researchers. By this way, the need of a complete time demand series increases. This work presents two ways to reconstruct the water demand time series synthetically, using the Average Reconstruction Method and Fourier Method. Both the methods were considered interesting to do the synthetic reconstruction and able to complete the time series, but the Fourier Method showed better results and a better fitness to approximation of the water consumption pattern.

Geographic Information System Application for Water Supply System:A Case Study in Paphos,Cyprus

Geographic Information Systems(GIS) can be successfully introduced as a tool to manage water system infrastructures.This technology was taken into consideration after the local authorities’ estimation for almost 30%losses in the water distribution networks in cities.The major issue of water shortage in

Watershed management for water supply in developing world city

The water supply system in Shanghai provides about 2.55×109 m3/a,of which more than 50% is derived from the Upper Huangpu River Watershed. During the process of rapid urbanization and industrialization,the role of watershed management in sustaining clean drinking water quality at surface sources is emphasized in Shanghai. This paper proposes an integrated watershed management (IWM) approach in the context of the current pressures and problems of source water protection at the Upper Huangpu River Watershed in Shanghai. Based on data sets of land use,water quality and regional development,multi-criteria analysis and system dynamics techniques were used to evaluate effectiveness and improve decision-making of source water protection at a watershed scale. Different scenarios for potential source water quality changing from 2008 to 2020 were predicted,based on a systematic analysis and system dynamics modeling,a watershed management approach integrating land use prioritization and stakeholder involvement was designed to conserve the source water quality. The integrated watershed management (IWM) approach may help local authorities better understand and address the complex source water system,and develop improved safe drinking water strategies to better balance urban expansion and source water protection.

Development of a Strategic Planning Model for a Municipal Water Supply Scheme Using System Dynamics

This paper reports the development of a system dynamics model for the strategic planning of a municipal water supply scheme. The model is capable of handling the critical variables that impact on the operations of a water supply scheme. The model was developed using the dynamo programming software to handle the process dynamics. Other supporting softwares—Fortran, Clipper 5, and Epiglue are used to handle data input, analysis and presentation of results in a user-friendly environment. The model was validated by applying it to the simulation of the University of Ibadan Water Supply Scheme for which extensive data of operations were collected over a period of ten years. The results obtained were found to be realistic and useful for the planning of plant operations. It is concluded that the model developed is sensitive to variable changes and has the capability of answering various operational “what-if” questions. As a strategic planning tool, the present model generates, for different scenarios, important operational information for the management of the water supply scheme. It is concluded that SD model is a useful tool to assist water managers and policy makers in making decisions and evolving strategic planning for water supply.

Operating Rule Classification System of Water Supply Reservoir Based on Learning Classifier System

An operating rule classification system based on learning classifier system （LCS）, which learns through credit assignment （bucket brigade algorithm, BBA） and rule discovery （genetic algorithm, GA）, is established to extract water-supply reservoir operating rules. The proposed system acquires an online identification rate of 95% for training samples and an offline rate of 85% for testing samples in a case study. The performances of the rule classification system are discussed from the rationality of the obtained rules, the impact of training samples on rule extraction, and a comparison between the rule classification system and the artificial neural network （ANN）. The results indicate that the LCS is feasible and effective for the system to obtain the reservoir supply operating rules.

Complex Sequence Quality Evaluation Model for Concealed Water Supply Pipeline of Prefabricated Construction

The accurate assessment of the quality can materially affect the safety and life of the prefabricated construction.In this paper,we studied the overall module of concealed water supply pipeline,and a new complex sequence quality evaluation model was established.By analyzing the small evaluation index elements of the model,the weight of the larger evaluation index could be deduced.The total quality evaluation score of the overall module could be obtained by calculating the weight value of the evaluation index,and then the quality standard of the overall module could be obtained.

Tap water microbiome shifts in secondary water supply for high-rise buildings

In high-rise buildings,secondary water supply systems(SWSSs)are pivotal yet provide a conducive milieu for microbial proliferation due to intermittent flow,low disinfectant residual,and high specific pipe-surface area,raising concerns about tap water quality deterioration.Despite their ubiquity,a comprehensive understanding of bacterial community dynamics within SWSSs remains elusive.Here we show how intrinsic SWSS variables critically shape the tap water microbiome at distal ends.In an office setting,distinct from residential complexes,the diversity in piping materials instigates a noticeable bacterial community shift,exemplified by a transition from a-Proteobacteria to g-Proteobacteria dominance,alongside an upsurge in bacterial diversity and microbial propagation potential.Extended water retention within SWSSs invariably escalates microbial regrowth propensities and modulates bacterial consortia,yet secondary disinfection emerges as a robust strategy for preserving water quality integrity.Additionally,the regularity of water usage modulates proximal flow dynamics,thereby influencing tap water's microbial landscape.Insights garnered from this investigation lay the groundwork for devising effective interventions aimed at safeguarding microbiological standards at the consumer's endpoint.

WaterCAD软件在供水系统管网平差中的应用

WaterCAD软件可对供水管网系统进行静态与动态模拟分析和设计,能够快速、便捷地为用户产生各种图表、曲线和报告。利用WaterCAD软件对寿光市城区供水管网进行平差计算,以不同颜色表示节点压力、节点流量、管段管径、管长、流速、流量等各项信息,使供水管网系统化、图形化和直观化。采用此软件,可以保障供水系统的安全,提高供水系统的自动化水平。

Optimization on Water Resource System Operation Policy during Drought

The mixed linear programming model is commonly recognized to be an effective means for searching optimal reservoir operation policy in water resources system. In this paper a multi-objective mixed integer linear programming model is set up to obtain the optimal operation policy of multi-reservoir water supply system during drought, which is able to consider the operation rule of reservoir-group system within longer-term successive drought periods, according to the basic connotation of indexes expressing the water-supply risk of reservoir during drought, that is, reliability, resilience and vulnerability of reservoir water supply, and mathematical programming principles. The model-solving procedures, particularly, the decomposition-adjustment algorithm, are proposed based on characteristics of the model structure. The principle of model-solving technique is to decompose the complex system into several smaller sub-systems on which some ease-solving mathematical models may be established. The objective of this optimization model aims at maximizing the reliability of water supply and minimizing the maximum water-shortage of single time-period within water- supply system during drought. The multi-objective mixed integer linear programming model and proposed solving procedures are applied to a case study of reservoir-group water-supply system in Huanghe-Huaihe River Basin, China. The desired water-shortage distribution within the system operation term and the maximum shortage of single time-period are achieved. The results of case study verifies that the lighter water-shortage distributed evenly among several time-periods can avoid the calamities resulted from severe water shortage concentrated on a few time-periods during drought.

C-Language Programming for Development of Conventional Water Treatment Plants Decision Support System

Water-Decision Support System (DSS) tools enhance decision-makings towards improved water supply in a given region. The rigours of manual design of the conventional water treatment plants are easily eliminated with the use of softwares as in the case of DSS. Therefore, this paper focuses on the development of a Water-DSS for design of treatment plant in Karkala Town, Udupi District of India. A four-decade population projection was made using the baseline data of 1971 till date. The manual computation for water demand, unit operations and adjoining facilities was carried out and later coded in C-programming language for development of a DSS for easier design and process selection. Data validation was done and results from the two approaches were compared. With the C-programming technique, a decision support tool for design and process selection of drinking water treatment plant using conventional method has been developed and named Water-DSS1. The designed tool is simple, accurate, flexible, efficient and universal, easily adaptable to any similar conventional treatment plant. Water-DSS1 is thus recommended for general use in ultimately alleviating water supply challenges.

Study of Corrosion on Film Properties of High Strength Cu-Sn-Zr Alloys in Tap Water

Corrosion has been reported to occur in the copper tubes of heat ex-changers in multiple-circulation hot water supply systems. We have been investigating the applicability of high-strength Cu-0.65 mass% Sn-0.014 mass% Zr-0.020 mass% P alloy to counteract this corrosion. Immersion tests, electrochemical measurements, and field tests were performed. Excellent corrosion resistance of the alloy was established under conditions with flowing water due to the formation of composite films containing tin. The alloy is expected to be better than copper as a corrosion-resistant material for heat exchanger tubes.

积石山6.2级地震供水系统震害调查与分析

2023年12月18日甘肃省积石山县发生6.2级地震,造成当地各类工程结构发生不同程度的破坏,导致了重大人员伤亡。基于调查资料,总结了供水系统中的建(构)筑物、设施设备和供水管网的震害特征。研究表明:经过正规抗震设计和施工的建筑物震害较轻,表明我国抗震设计规范发挥了积极作用;低烈度区水厂设施设备因地震破坏而停运,个别设备漏油污染了水质,进而导致了供水能力下降;位于高烈度区的供水管网在老旧钢质管道连接处发生多处破坏,出现了水量不足、水压降低的情况,给居民生活造成了不利影响。最后,从采取设备减隔震技术、管道和设备接口采用柔性连接、选择供水管道材质、全面开展管网漏损排查等四个方面提出了恢复重建的建议。

多水厂供水管网水量溯源分析

为了提高城市供水安全性和服务可靠性,常采用多水厂向管网供水。多水厂供水区域可分为完全由单一水厂供水区和多水厂联合供水区。这些供水区的划分,以及管网中各节点(管段)由各水厂供水百分比,可利用给水管网水质模型中的水量溯源功能分析。在叙述水量溯源原理与分析过程后,以单工况示例和延时模拟示例进行了说明。水量溯源对了解各水厂向管网供水状况具有重要意义。

新时期阿克苏地区城乡供水安全保障体系探析

本文以阿克苏地区城乡供水安全保障体系为例,在对当地城乡供水现状及存在的问题进行分析的基础上,结合未来发展和新时期供水思路,因地制宜,积极推进城市群供水、城乡一体化供水和集中供水,实施多水源供水和应急备用水源工程,构建与当地经济社会发展相适应的城乡供水安全保障体系,大大提高了供水保障程度。研究成果可为其他地区城乡供水提供一定的参考和借鉴。

西门子Force双源CT故障维修案例分析与探讨

西门子Force双源CT属于高端CT,设备整体配置高、性能佳、应用范围广、稳定性好,在医院运行中发挥了巨大作用。由于设备使用量大,故障时有发生,且设备集成程度较高、整体维修难度大。本文详细分析了使用过程中发生的水冷系统、患者检查床、探测器电源3例故障的故障排除过程,并通过更换三通阀、维护升降电机轴承、焊接X10接头解决故障,节省了维修费用,并为同行维修此类故障提供参考。