The influence of water level changes on sand bodies at river-dominated delta fronts:The Gubei Sag,Bohai Bay Basin

Changes in water level are one of the important factors controlling the constructive characteristics of deltas.The paper studies the influence of water level changes on sand bodies in the third member of the Shahejie Formation(Es3)on the gentle southern slope of the Gubei Sag,Bohai Bay Basin and draw some conclusions that,for complex sand bodies,with the increase in water level the distributary channels bifurcate frequently,from a simple branching shape to a network shape along with the increase in the development of crevasse splays,mouth bars and sheet sands.For single sand bodies,with an increase in water level in the slope zone of the lake basin close to the source area,the superimposition style transitioned from vertical cutting-stacking and lateral isolation to vertical stitching,isolation and lateral stitching.However,in the central zone of the lake basin far from the source area,the superimposition style transitioned from vertical stitching and lateral stitching to vertical isolation and lateral isolation.When water level stays stable,the greater the distance from the source area the greater the disaggregation ratio of a single sand body.At the same distance from the source area,higher water level tends to result in greater disaggregation ratio of a single sand body.

Relationship Between Changes of River-lake Networks and Water Levels in Typical Regions of Taihu Lake Basin,China

The typical regions of the Taihu Lake Basin,China,were selected to analyze the variation characteristics of river-lake networks under intensive human activities.The characteristics of the fractal dimension of river networks and lakes for different periods were investigated and the influences of river system evolution on water level changes were further explored through the comparison of their fractal characters.The results are as follows:1) River network development of the study area is becoming more monotonous and more simple;the number of lakes is reducing significantly,and the water surface ratio has dropped significantly since the 1980s.2) The box dimension of the river networks in all the cities of the study area decreased slowly from the 1960s to the 1980s,while the decrease was significant from the 1980s to the 2000s.The variations of lake correlation dimension are similar to those of the river network box dimensions.This is unfavorable for the storage capacity of the river networks and lakes.3) The Hurst exponents of water levels were all between 0.5 and 1.0 from the 1960s to the 1980s,while decreased in the 2000s,indicating the decline in persistence and increase in the complexity of water level series.The paper draws a conclusion that the relationship between the fractal dimension of river-lake networks and the Hurst exponents of the water level series can reveal the impacts of river system changes on flood disasters to some extent:the disappearance of river networks and lakes will increase the possibility of flood occurrence.

Using Ambient Noise to Study the Seismic Velocity Changes Caused by the Rise and Fall of the Water Level in the Zipingpu Reservoir Region

We study the feature of media changes beneath the Zipingpu reservoir and discuss the process of permeation with the water level rise and fall of the reservoir from January 2005 to January 2008 from ambient noise cross correlation by using continuous seismic data recorded by the stations of Zipingpu seismic network and YZP station. A moving-window cross-spectrum technique has been used to calculate the relative seismic velocity changes between station pairs. Results revealed an obvious relationship between relative seismic velocity, and the water level changes with a time delay that may be caused by permeation during three main impoundments and two large scale disemboguements. Impoundment generates a fast and large impact on the superficial layer, and the changes of seismic velocity is the result of increased pressure and permeation during the impoundment. At the first impoundment, the main effect factor is pressure. During the next two process of impoundment, permeation becomes the main effect factor, affecting the fault at a depth of about 8kin.

A new theoretical solution of the effect of atmospheric pressure on water level

Based on the partial differential equation governing the effect of atmospheric pressure on water level of confined well,deriving the boundary condition and considering the seepage water between well and aquifer,the author obtained the analytical solution of water level change in time domain under the action of an atmospheric pressure history with the Laplace transform method.This solution is composed of two terms:stable and retarded terms.The stable term is the multiplication of barometric efficiency and simultaneous atmospheric pressure,and it implies the value of water level after infinite time when the atmospheric pressure is a constant from the time in question.The retarded term is the transient process due to the time lag of water exchange between well and aquifer.From the solution,it is obtained that the interference of atmospheric pressure on water level is the integral superimposition of the contribution of all atmospheric pressure changes before the time in question.So that,we further found out the response function of pulsive atmospheric pressure history.Calculation shows:① The pulsive response function starts from zero and tends to a steady value,which is proportional to the barometric efficiency,when the time tends to infinity;② The retarded time depends on the mechanical property of aquifer and the radius of well.The larger the seepage coefficient,the smaller the radius of well and the thicker the aquifer,then the shorter the retarded time gets.This solution can be used as the theoretical basis for further analysis of the atmospheric effect and practical correcting method in the future.

Growth of the Sayram Lake and retreat of its water-supplying glaciers in the Tianshan Mountains from 1972 to 2011

Inland lakes and alpine glaciers are important constituents of water resources in arid and semiarid regions. Understanding their variations is critical for both an accurate evaluation of the dynamic changes of water resources and the retrieval of climatic information. On the basis of earlier researches, this study investigated the growth of the Sayram Lake and the retreat of its water-supplying glaciers in the Tianshan Mountains using long-term sequenced remote sensing images. Our results show that over the past 40 years, the surface area and the water level of the lake has increased by 12.0±0.3 km2 and 2.8 m, respectively, and the area of its water-supplying glaciers has decreased continuously since the early 1970s with a total reduction of about–2.13±0.03 km2. Our study has indicative significance to the research of regional climate change.

Groundwater contributions in water-salt balances of the lakes in the Badain Jaran Desert,China

Groundwater-fed lakes are essential for the ecology in arid and semiarid regions.As a typical arid region,the Badain Jaran Desert （BJD） is famous in the world for the presence of a large number of groundwater-fed saline lakes among the mega dunes.Based on the up to date geological surveys and observations,this study analyzed the groundwater contributions in water-salt balances of the lakes in the desert.We found different types of springs,including the sublacustrine springs that indicate an upward flow of groundwater under the lakebed.A simplified water balance model was developed to analyze the seasonal variations of water level in the Sumu Barun Jaran Lake,which revealed an approximately steady groundwater discharge in the lake and explained why the amplitude of seasonal changes in lake level is less than 0.5 m.In addition,a salt balance model was developed to evaluate the salt accumulations in the groundwater-fed lakes.The relative salt accumulation time is 800–7,000 years in typical saline lakes,which were estimated from the concentration of Cl-,indicating a long history evolution for the lakes in the BJD.Further researches are recommended to provide comprehensive investigations on the interactions between the lakes and groundwater in the BJD.

Effects of mining－induced earthquakes on water table in deep wells

Based on the systematical collection and processing of data on the influence of mining-induced earthquakes on water table regime in deep well Lu-15 in Taozhuang Coal Mine since 1980, we study the characteristics of coseismic effect of water table in deep well in this paper. We have found precursory phenomena of water table in deep well before mining-induced earthquake. Here we discuss the physical mechanism of coseismic effect of mining--induced earthquake on water table in deep well.

The response of lake change to climate fluctuation in north Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in last 30 years

According to the analysis of the climate materials including the topographic map in 1975, the TM and CBERS satellite remote sensing materials from the 1980s to 2005 as well as the air temperature, precipitation, evaporation rate, maximum depth of snow and the biggest depth of frozen soil in the past 45 years, the water level area of four lakes at the southeast of Nagqu, Tibet including Barn Co, Pung Co, Dung Co and Nuripung Co show a distinct trend of expansion in the past 30 years. In 2005, the water level area of the above four lakes increased by 48.2 km^2, 38.2 km^2, 19.8 km^2 and 26.0 km^2 respectively compared to 1975, with the respective increase rate of 25.6%, 28.2%, 16.2% and 37.6%. That is closely related to the warming and humidified climate change in the recent years such as rise of the air temperature increase of the precipitation, decrease of the evaporation rate and permafrost degradation.

The Co-seismic Response of Underground Fluid in Yunnan to the Nepal MS8.1 Earthquake

In this paper,statistics are taken on the co-seismic response of underground fluid in Yunnan to the Nepal M_S8. 1 earthquake,and the co-seismic response characteristics of the water level and water temperature are analyzed and summarized with the digital data. The results show that the Nepal M_S8. 1 earthquake had greater impact on the Yunnan region,and the macro and micro dynamics of fluids showed significant co-seismic response. The earthquake recording capacity of water level and temperature measurement is significantly higher than that of water radon and water quality to this large earthquake; the maximum amplitude and duration of co-seismic response of water level and water temperature vary greatly in different wells. The changing forms are dominated by fluctuation and step rise in water level,and a rising or falling restoration in water temperature. From the records of the main shock and the maximum strong aftershock,we can see that the greater magnitude of earthquake,the higher ratio of the occurrence of co-seismic response,and in the same well,the larger the response amplitude,as well as the longer the duration. The amplitude and duration of co-seismic response recorded by different instruments in a same well are different. Water temperature co-seismic response almost occurred in wells with water level response,indicating that the well water level and water temperature are closely related in co-seismic response,and the well water temperature seismic response was caused mainly by well water level seismic response.

近30年来洞里萨湖沿岸土地覆被变化及其对水位的响应

The transboundary influence of environmental change is a critical issue in the Lancang-Mekong region.As the largest river-connected lake in the lower Mekong,the ecological change and influence of Tonle Sap Lake have received widespread attention and discussion,especially after 2008,when the hydrological regime of the Lancang-Mekong River mainstream underwent distinct changes.However,the linkage and coupling mechanism between the lake riparian environment and mainstream water level change are still unclear.In this study,the interannual spatiotemporal changes in land cover in the Tonle Sap Lake riparian zone(TSLRZ)and their relationship with mainstream water levels were analysed.The results showed that the expansion of farmland was the most notable change in 1988–2020.After 2008,the land cover changes intensified,manifested as accelerated farmland expansion,intensified woodland fragmentation and significant water body shrinkage.Furthermore,the responses of the water body,degraded land,wasteland and grassland areas to the mainstream water levels weakened after 2008.Evidently,the land cover changes in the TSLRZ in the last 30 years were less related to the mainstream water level change than to local reclamation and logging.These results can offer a new scientific basis for the transboundary influence analysis of hydrological change.