Study of Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Controller for the Twin-tank Water Level System

For dealing with large static error due to poor immunity of the traditional fuzzy control, a novel interval type-2 fuzzy control system is proposed. By extending the typical membership functions to interval type-2 membership functions, the proposed control system can efficiently reduce the uncertain disturbance from real environment without increasing the design complexity. The simulation results on the water tank level control system showed that the proposed method succeeded in better static and dynamic control with stronger robust performance than the traditional fuzzy control method.

Traffic flow of connected and automated vehicles at lane drop on two-lane highway: An optimization-based control algorithm versus a heuristic rules-based algorithm

This paper investigates traffic flow of connected and automated vehicles at lane drop on two-lane highway. We evaluate and compare performance of an optimization-based control algorithm(OCA) with that of a heuristic rules-based algorithm(HRA). In the OCA, the average speed of each vehicle is maximized. In the HRA, virtual vehicle and restriction of the command acceleration caused by the virtual vehicle are introduced. It is found that(i) capacity under the HRA(denoted as C_(H)) is smaller than capacity under the OCA;(ii) the travel delay is always smaller under the OCA, but driving is always much more comfortable under the HRA;(iii) when the inflow rate is smaller than C_(H), the HRA outperforms the OCA with respect to the fuel consumption and the monetary cost;(iv) when the inflow rate is larger than C_(H), the HRA initially performs better with respect to the fuel consumption and the monetary cost, but the OCA would become better after certain time. The spatiotemporal pattern and speed profile of traffic flow are presented, which explains the reason underlying the different performance. The study is expected to help for better understanding of the two different types of algorithm.

Research on the Applications of Cyclic Water Quality Model and Simulated Annealing Algorithm for Water Pollution Control and Planning

With the progress of computer technology, water pollution control and planning has been a hot topic in the scientific community. This paper discusses corresponding research on the applications of cyclic water quality model and simulated annealing algorithm for water pollution control and planning. Environmental engineering education has been the focus of much attention in recent years. Teaching methods of water pollution control and sustainable teaching innovation and creation was explored by many scholars, and the majority of workers engaged in teaching the course. The simulation result proves the effectiveness of the method. We plan to conduct more research in the future research to obtain better research result.

Effect of Rural Sewage Irrigation Regime on Water-Nitrogen Utilization and Crop Growth of Paddy Rice in Southern China

Reclaimed water irrigation has become an effective mean to alleviate the contradiction between water availability and its consumption worldwide.In this study,three types of irrigation water sources(rural sewage’s primary treated water R1 and secondary treated water R2,and river water R3)meeting the requirements of water quality for farmland irrigation were selected,and three types of irrigation water levels(low water levelW1 of 0–80 mm,medium water level W2 of 0–100 mm,and high water level W3 of 0–150 mm)were adopted to carry out research on the influence mechanismS of different irrigation water sources and water levels on water and nitrogen use and crop growth in paddy field.The water quantity indicators(irrigation times and irrigation volume),soil ammonium nitrogen(NH4+-N)and nitrate nitrogen(NO3−-N),rice yield indicators(thousand-grain weight,the number of grains per spike,and the number of effective spikes),and quality indicators(the amount of protein,amylose,vitamin C,nitrate and nitrite content)of rice were measured.The results showed that,the average irrigation volume under W3 was 2.4 and 1.9 times of that under W1 and W2,respectively.Compared with R3,the peak consumption of rice was lagged behind under R1 and R2,and the nitrogen form in 0–40 cm soil layers under rural sewage irrigation was mainly NH4+-N.The changes of NO3−-N and NH4+-N in the 0–40 cm soil layer showed the trend of declining and then increasing.The water level control only had a significant effect on the change of NO3−-N in the 60–80 cm soil layer.Both irrigation water use efficiency and crop water use efficiency were gradually reduced with the increase of field water level control.The nitrogen utilization efficiency under rural sewage irrigation was significantly higher than that under R3.Compared with the R3,rural sewage irrigation could significantly increase the yield of rice,and as the field water level rose,the effect of yield promotion was more obvious.It was noteworthy that the grain of rice under R1 monitored the low nitrate and nitrite content,but no nitrate and nitrite was discovered under R2 and R3.Therefore,reasonable rural sewage irrigation(R2)and medium water level(W2)were beneficial to improve nitrogen utilization efficiency,crop yield and crop quality promotion.

Primary Function of Microcontroller EM78P458 and Research on Applications of Its ADC on Chip

The build-in structure of microcontroller EM78P458 and its application in supervising the water level of solar water heater are introduced. The circuit and the flow chart of AD conversion program are depicted. In the end, the design of assembly language program about the AD conversion is introduced.

Symplectic multi-level method for solving nonlinear optimal control problem

By converting an optimal control problem for nonlinear systems to a Hamiltonian system,a symplecitc-preserving method is proposed.The state and costate variables are approximated by the Lagrange polynomial.The state variables at two ends of the time interval are taken as independent variables.Based on the dual variable principle,nonlinear optimal control problems are replaced with nonlinear equations.Furthermore,in the implementation of the symplectic algorithm,based on the 2N algorithm,a multilevel method is proposed.When the time grid is refined from low level to high level,the initial state and costate variables of the nonlinear equations can be obtained from the Lagrange interpolation at the low level grid to improve efficiency.Numerical simulations show the precision and the efficiency of the proposed algorithm in this paper.

THE STUDY OF SCP OVERLOAD CONTROL IN MULTI-SERVICE ENVIRONMENT

This paper first gives a SCP abstract model, then SCP’s overload detection and maximum processing capability are discussed quantitatively. Based upon dynamic adjustment, a new two-level SCP overload control algorithm is proposed. Theoretical analysis and simulation prove the algorithm’s effectiveness and fairness.

Collaborative Simulation Method with Spatiotemporal Synchronization Process Control

When designing a complex mechatronics system, such as high speed trains, it is relatively difficult to effectively simulate the entire system＇s dynamic behaviors because it involves multi-disciplinary subsystems. Currently, a most practical approach for multi-disciplinary simulation is interface based coupling simulation method, but it faces a twofold challenge： spatial and time unsynchronizations among multi-directional coupling simulation of subsystems. A new collaborative simulation method with spatiotemporal synchronization process control is proposed for coupling simulating a given complex mechatronics system across multiple subsystems on different platforms. The method consists of 1） a coupler-based coupling mechanisms to define the interfacing and interaction mechanisms among subsystems, and 2） a simulation process control algorithm to realize the coupling simulation in a spatiotemporal synchronized manner. The test results from a case study show that the proposed method 1） can certainly be used to simulate the sub-systems interactions under different simulation conditions in an engineering system, and 2） effectively supports multi-directional coupling simulation among multi-disciplinary subsystems. This method has been successfully applied in China high speed train design and development processes, demonstrating that it can be applied in a wide range of engineering systems design and simulation with improved efficiency and effectiveness.

Reservoir-induced landslides and risk control in Three Gorges Project on Yangtze River,China

The Three Gorges region in China was basically a geohazard-prone area prior to construction of the Three Gorges Reservoir （TGR）. After construction of the TGR, the water level was raised from 70 m to 175 m above sea level （ASL）, and annual reservoir regulation has caused a 30-m water level difference after impoundment of the TGR since September 2008. This paper first presents the spatiotemporal distribution of landslides in six periods of 175 m ASL trial impoundments from 2008 to 2014. The results show that the number of landslides sharply decreased from 273 at the initial stage to less than ten at the second stage of impoundment. Based on this, the reservoir-induced landslides in the TGR region can be roughly classified into five failure patterns, i.e. accumulation landslide, dip-slope landslide, reversed bedding landslide, rockfall, and karst breccia landslide. The accumulation landslides and dip-slope landslides account for more than 90%. Taking the Shuping accumulation landslide （a sliding mass volume of 20.7 × 106 m^3） in Zigui County and the Outang dip-slope landslide （a sliding mass volume of about 90 × 106 m^3） in Fengjie County as two typical cases, the mechanisms of reactivation of the two landslides are analyzed. The monitoring data and factor of safety （FOS） calculation show that the accumulation landslide is dominated by water level variation in the reservoir as most part of the mass body is under 175 m ASL, and the dip-slope landslide is controlled by the coupling effect of reservoir water level variation and precipitation as an extensive recharge area of rainfall from the rear and the front mass is below 175 m ASL. The characteristics of landslide-induced impulsive wave hazards after and before reservoir impoundment are studied, and the probability of occurrence of a landslide-induced impulsive wave hazard has increased in the reservoir region. Simulation results of the Ganjingzi landslide in Wushan County indicate the strong relationship between landslide-induced surge and water variation with high potential risk to shipping and residential areas. Regarding reservoir regulation in TGR when using a single index, i.e. 1-d water level variation, water resources are not well utilized, and there is also potential risk of disasters since 2008. In addition, various indices such as 1-d, 5-d, and 10-d water level variations are proposed for reservoir regulation. Finally, taking reservoir-induced landslides in June 2015 for example, the feasibility of the optimizing indices of water level variations is verified.

Algorithm of Dynamic Operation Process of Hydraulic Automatically Operated Canals with Constant-Downstream Level Gates

On the basis of analysis the governing process of downstream water level gates AVIO and AVIS, a mathematical model for simulation of dynamic operation process of hydraulically automated irrigation canals instalIed with AVIO and AVIS gates is presented, the main point of this rnathematical model is firstly applying a set of unsteady flow equations （St. Venant equations here） and treating the condition of gate movement as its dynamic boundary, and then deeoupling this interaction of gate movement with the change of canal flow. In this process, it is necessary to give the gateg open-loop transfer function whose input is water level deviation and output is gate discharge. The result of this simulation for a practical reach has shown it has satisfactory accuracy.

Floodwater utilization of the Three Gorges Project

Floods are both risks and resources. Floodwater utilization is an important part of flood management. Considering the rising shortage of water resources, serious water pollution, and undersupply of electric power, it’s imperative to strengthen flood management. In light of the hydrological characteristics of the Three Gorges Project (TGP) on the Yangtze River in P. R. China, we investigated the necessity and feasibility of TGP floodwater utilization, proprosed dynamic control of limited water level during flood season of the reservoir and basin-wide integrated floodwater management as strategies, and identified problems that might occur in practice.

Optimal Dynamic Voltage Restorer Using Water Cycle Optimization Algorithm

This paper proposes a low complexity control scheme for voltage control of a dynamic voltage restorer(DVR)in a three-phase system.The control scheme employs the fractional order,proportional-integral-derivative(FOPID)controller to improve on the DVR performance in order to enhance the power quality in terms of the response time,steady-state error and total harmonic distortion(THD).The result obtained was compared with fractional order,proportionalintegral(FOPI),proportional-integral-derivative(PID)and proportional-integral(PI)controllers in order to show the effectiveness of the proposed DVR control scheme.A water cycle optimization algorithm(WCA)was utilized to find the optimal set for all the controller gains.They were used to solve four power quality issues;balanced voltage sag,balanced voltage swell,unbalanced voltage sag,and unbalanced voltage swell.It showed that one set of controller gain obtained from the WCA could solve all the power quality issues while the others in the literature needed an individual set of optimal gain for each power quality problem.To prove the concept,the proposed DVR algorithm was simulated in the MATLAB/Simulink software and the results revealed that the four optimal controllers can compensate for all the power quality problems.A comparative analysis of the results in various aspects of their dynamic response and%THD was discussed and analyzed.It was found that PID controller yields the most rapid performance in terms of average response time while FOPID controller yields the best performance in term of average%steady-state error.FOPI controller was found to provide the lowest THD percentage in the average%THD.FOPID did not differ much in average response from the PID and average%THD from FOPI;however,FOPID provided the most outstanding average steady-state error.According to the CBMA curve,the dynamic responses of all controllers fall in the acceptable power quality area.The total harmonic distortion(THD)of the compensated load voltage from all the controllers were within the 8%limit in accordance to the IEEE std.519-2014.

基于物联网的灌溉系统定量控制算法设计研究

精量节水灌溉成为农业生产发展的关键技术。为此,基于硬地育秧过程对土壤水分的精准化控制需求,设计了一种定量灌溉控制系统。同时,根据育秧过程中的土壤需水状况监测结果,设计定量灌溉控制算法,对育秧过程中的水分状况进行预警,实现了精准化灌溉控制。

智慧农业下的水肥一体机精准化作业研究

针对我国农业水资源和化肥资源的利用率较低的问题,在智慧农业下对水肥一体机的精准化作业进行了研究。水肥一体机的主要组成包括控制系统、监测系统、灌溉施肥系统、网络传输系统和数据中心。将粒子群算法与PID控制算法结合,对粒子群-模糊PID控制器进行设计,并对水肥溶液的EC值和pH值进行控制,提高了水肥一体机的控制精度,减少了控制时间。为了验证水肥一体机的性能,进行了数据采集准确性分析试验和精准化作业控制试验,结果表明:数据采集较为准确,且可以精准地配比水肥溶液,满足作物的灌溉要求。

平原河网水动力优化调度与水环境改善的响应关系研究

平原河网河道流动性较差是引起水环境污染严重的主要原因,引调水是改善平原河网地区水环境的重要措施之一。本文以佛山市三山围为例,基于实测资料构建了河网水动力水质耦合模型,采用15天的连续水动力水质监测数据对模型进行了验证,并将NSE和RMSE模型评价指标用于模型评价。同时结合地势、潮汐规律和景观水位等设计了4种闸控模式和7种景观控制水位,共28种模拟工况,模拟分析了不同条件下的水动力水质改善与内外江潮位变化、引排水流量及其空间分布、闸控方式和景观水位等综合响应机理。结果表明:构建的模型合理可靠。研究区域受引排水路径的影响,河道流动性差异较为显著。综合考虑河道流量分布、水流路径、分汊河道分流作用和外江污染物浓度等对河道水质的作用效果并有效结合潮汐河网的动态水环境容量和污染源排放的时空分布对水环境的改善作用将非常显著。与低景观控制水位相比,高景观控制水位的内江动态水环境容量相对较大,污染物浓度较低。景观控制水位从0.2 m上升至0.8 m时,不同引调水路径的引水流量上升28.00%~64.70%,断面氨氮浓度削减了0.85~5.50 mg/L,削减比例达到28.89%~67.23%。本研究为平原潮汐河网水环境优化调度研究提供了新的思路,为相关部门对平原河网的水环境改善提供了重要的参考。

面向新时期新需求的三峡水库运行方案研究

本文回顾三峡水库设计洪水、特征水位、运行方案变化调整过程,综述三峡水库运行调度关键技术研究进展和分析来水来沙变化情况。分别采用最可能洪水地区组成法和非一致性洪水频率分析两种途径,推求考虑上游水库群调蓄影响的三峡水库运行期设计洪水及特征水位。结果表明:近10年三峡入库泥沙量比初设成果减少了84.4%,宜昌站水文情势IHA-RVA综合指标为74%、发生了重度改变,三峡水库运行期1000年一遇7~15 d洪量减少了约81.5亿~142.8亿m^(3),初设确定汛限水位的主要制约因素(防洪、泥沙)发生了很大的变化。原单站设计洪水及确定的三峡水库175-155-145 m运行方案,已无法满足新时期水资源高效利用和生态环境保护的新需求。建议把三峡水库运行方案调整为175-160-155 m,主汛期水位在155~160 m区间动态控制运行,长江中下游梅雨结束后应考虑提前蓄水,8月底蓄至163 m左右,9月底蓄至165 m,10月底蓄满。该方案在保证大坝和下游防洪安全的前提下,汛期减少弃水并增加枯水期补水量,预计可增发10%左右的发电量;抬高运行水位也有利于库区航运和减少消落带;9月份尽量不蓄水或少蓄水,可减少蓄水期对下游河道及两湖生态环境的不利影响,具有巨大的经济、社会和生态环境等综合利用效益。当预测预报长江流域可能发生流域性大洪水时,尽快将库水位消落至汛限水位145 m,确保大坝和下游防洪安全。

基于电气自动化的灌溉水电双控系统设计

针对我国灌溉系统水资源利用率较低的问题,基于电气自动化对灌溉水电双控系统进行了设计。灌溉水电双控系统主要组成包括控制模块、信息采集模块、收费管理模块、执行模块和通信模块。为了实现节水灌溉,提升水利用率,在管理方面对控制系统软件进行设计,在技术方面对控制系统算法进行设计。为了验证灌溉系统的性能,对系统进行了数据计量准确性试验和节水灌溉运行试验。试验结果表明:系统可以准确地测量用电量和用水量,且可自动启动节水灌溉。

基于粒子群优化模糊PID控制的水厂加氯系统

水厂加氯过程具有非线性、大时滞等特点,采用传统的PID控制方式难以实现消毒剂精准投加。因此,以某采用次氯酸钠消毒系统的水厂为例,首先通过分析该水厂加氯系统工作原理,结合工程经验和运行数据确定了加氯过程的近似数学模型。然后综合使用粒子群优化算法、模糊控制算法和PID控制算法,设计了一种粒子群优化模糊PID控制器,并利用MATLAB软件搭建了粒子群优化模糊PID控制系统和传统PID控制系统的模型进行仿真验证,结果表明:相较于传统PID控制系统,粒子群优化模糊PID控制系统的超调量减少了89.36%,调节时间减少了46.63%,其抗干扰能力也更强,系统整体控制效果有了较大提升。最后使用基于粒子群优化的模糊PID控制法对水厂加氯控制系统进行改造,试运行后发现,新系统控制效果良好,出厂水游离氯值能够稳定在设定值附近。

江苏省平原水网区河湖生态水位确定探索与实践

保障河湖生态流量,事关江河湖泊健康。本文在分析江苏平原水网区域特点的基础上,选择生态水位作为河湖生态流量的表征指标,根据水利部确定的江苏省26条全国生态流量保障重点河湖名录,科学选定控制断面,采用1990—2020年水文序列资料,选用Qp法分析计算90%、95%、99%保证率下的水位,同步对比分析近10年最枯月水位、最低通航保证水位,最终确定了26条河湖的生态水位。通过制定保障措施方案、开展监测预警评估、强化统一调度管理等措施,全面保障区域河湖生态水位,为平原水网地区河湖生态水位的确定与保障提供了经验。

控制性供水湖泊旱限水位确定方法——以洱海为例

旱限水位作为干旱预警以及工程抗预案的重要指标和依据,对科学指导湖泊开展抗旱调度具有重要的作用。本文针对控制性供水湖泊的特征,在充分考虑湖泊自身生态健康稳定的同时,结合湖泊兴利调节逆序递推计算,提出了一种控制性供水湖泊旱限水位计算方法,以洱海为例,验证了该方法的合理性。结果表明:通过设定旱限水位,在考虑湖泊最小生态需求的基础上,通过在干旱前期预留水量,可有效缓解干旱年份的湖泊周边地区的严重缺水情况;在设置旱限水位后,连旱最不利年份下洱海环湖供水缺水量减少1023万m^(3),引洱入宾农业灌溉用水减少1016万m^(3),环湖城市供水、引洱入宾灌溉严重缺水月数分别减少11、10个,低于最低生态水位月数减少15个。本研究为水旱灾害防御部门制定湖泊旱限水位、指导湖泊开展抗旱调度提供了一套通用算法,能够为干旱防御决策提供科学依据和技术支撑。