Relationship between drought and soil erosion based on the normalized differential water index(NDWI)and revised universal soil loss equation(RUSLE)model

The Langat River Basin in Malaysia is vulnerable to soil erosion risks because of its exposure to intensive land use activities and its topography,which primarily consists of steep slopes and mountainous areas.Furthermore,climate change frequently exposes this basin to drought,which negatively affects soil and water conservation.However,recent studies have rarely shown how soil reacts to drought,such as soil erosion.Therefore,the purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between drought and soil erosion in the Langat River Basin.We analyzed drought indices using Landsat 8 satellite images in November 2021,and created the normalized differential water index(NDWI)via Landsat 8 data to produce a drought map.We used the revised universal soil loss equation(RUSLE)model to predict soil erosion.We verified an association between the NDWI and soil erosion data using a correlation analysis.The results revealed that the southern and northern regions of the study area experienced drought events.We predicted an average annual soil erosion of approximately 58.11 t/(hm^(2)·a).Analysis of the association between the NDWI and soil erosion revealed a strong positive correlation,with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.86.We assumed that the slope length and steepness factor was the primary contributor to soil erosion in the study area.As a result,these findings can help authorities plan effective measures to reduce the impacts of drought and soil erosion in the future.

Impacts of water and soil erosion in upstream watershed of Nenjiang River

Making a brief analysis of the water and soil loss present situation in Daxing＇anling area which locates to the upstream region of Nenjiang River, and giving the water and soil loss of this area that have been made near 20 years, as well as the factors of the water and soil loss. According to the factors corresponding prevention measure and forecast model have been put forward, make a brief introduction to this model in this article. It is helpful to improve the local soil conservation and sustainable development.

Study on Relative Soil and Water Conservation Benefits of Ridge Tillage in Different Terrain Conditions in the Black Soil Area of Northeast China

Ridge tillage, which is a very common and important tillage measure in the black soil area of northeast China, has some soil and water conservation bene- fits, but has little attention. It is very important to explore the spatial distribution of the ridge direction of the arable land and its soil and water conservation benefits in different terrain conditions in the black soil area. So Binxian County of Heilongjiang Province was selected as the study area, and 168 field investigation units were ex- tracted by stratified sampling method and investigated. According to equations of slope gradient factor and slope gradient in ridge direction, and based on the soft- ware of Arcmap, SPSS and Excel, the investigation data of soil and water loss in Binxian County were analyzed and counted, The results show that in plain, hilly and mountainous areas, the average ground slope gradients are 1.92°, 6.20° and 8.27° respectively, and the average slope gradients along ridge direction are 1.33°, 4.52°and 6.45° respectively, which account for about 70%, 73% and 78% of the average ground slope gradients in the same terrain condition; the relative quantities of soil erosion in the present ridge tillage condition account for about 55%, 69% and 67% respectively of that in down-slope ridge tillage conditions, so the present ridge tillage has obviously relative soil and water conservation benefits. Based on these results, the reasons of the present ridge tillage status were analyzed, and some reform measures were proposed. The results could not only help to comprehend the spatial distribution and soil and water conservation benefits of ridge tillage in the black soil area of Northeast China, but also provide scientific references for the layout of local soil and water conservation measures.

Study of Spatial and Temporal Processes of Soil Erosion on Sloping Land Using Rare Earth Elements As Tracers

Rare earth elements (REE) were used to study the temporal and spatial processes of soil erosion from different depths and sections of a slope. Two simulated rainfall events were applied to a prepared plot with a slope of 22°. The total runoff and sediment yield were collected every minute during the rainfall events. During the first twenty minutes of the first rainfall event, the average rate of rill erosion and the accumulated sediment yield due to rill erosion was 0.5 and 0.3 times higher than for sheet erosion. During this time, most of the erosion occurred on the lower one third of the plot. After 20 min, rill erosion became the dominant process on the slope. The average acceleration in the rate of rill erosion, the rate of rill erosion and the accumulated sediment yield due to rill erosion were 42, 6 and 4 times higher than that of sheet erosion, respectively. During the first 35 minutes of the second rainfall event, the average acceleration in the rate of rill erosion was 6～9 times higher than that of sheet erosion. Afterwards, the slope became nearly stable with little change in either rill or sheet erosion rates. Initially, most of the rill erosion occurred in the lower third of the slope but later the preexisting rillhead in the middle section of the slope became reactivated and erosion in this section of the slope increased rapidly. These results indicate that REE tracer technology is a valuable tool for quantifying spatial and temporal changes in erosion from a soil slope.

Soil and water loss in the Lancang River-Mekong River watershed (in Yunnan section, China) and its control measures

According to a lot of hydrological and environmental monitoring data, the condition of soil and water loss in the Lancang River Mekong River watershed (in Yunnan section, China) is described. The occurrence and development of soil and water loss is analyzed. The conclusion is that: (1) generally, the situation of soil and water loss in the Lancang River Mekong River watershed (in Yunnan section, China) is light, however, soil and water loss in some regions is serious, especially in the middle reach area of the river; (2) soil and water loss in the Lancang River Mekong River (in Yunnan section, China) watershed presents developing tendency and it is mainly caused by human beings. In accordance with these results, the control measures for soil and water loss are discussed.

Evaluating soil erosion by water in a small alpine catchment in Northern Italy: comparison of empirical models

To quantify water erosion rates and annual soil loss in mountainous areas,two different empirical models were used to estimate the effects of soil erosion in a small mountain basin,the Guerna Creek watershed,located in the Central Southern Alps(Northern Italy).These two models,Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE) and Erosion Potential Model(EPM),were implemented in a Geographical Information System,accounting for the geographical,geomorphological,and weather-climate parameters,which are fundamental to evaluating the intensity and variability of the erosive processes.Soil characterization was supported by laboratory analysis.The results(computed soil loss of 87 t/ha/year and 11.1 m^(3)/ha/year,using RUSLE equation and EPM method,respectively,and sediment yield of 7.5 m^(3)/ha/year using EPM method) were compared to other studies reported in the literature for different case studies with similar topographic and climatic features,as well as to those provided by the European Soil Data Centre(ESDAC).In both cases,the agreement was satisfactory,showing consistency of the adopted procedures to the parametrization of the physical processes.

Analysis on Status and Development Trend of Wind Erosion in Black Earth Region of Northeast China

In this paper,areas and main factors of wind erosion in black earth region of Northeast China were systematically analyzed,as well as the development trend of wind erosion in black earth region of Northeast China.In addition,development trend of wind erosion in black earth region of Northeast China was analyzed from the aspects of the geographic position,climatic change law in recent 40 years and effects of northeast sand land desertification on wind erosion in black earth region,which had provided references for the research and prevention of wind erosion in soil of black earth region of Northeast China.

Analyzing Forest Effects on Runoff and Sediment Production Using Leaf Area Index

Quantifying the effects of forests on water and soil conservation helps further understanding of ecological functions and improving vegetation reconstruction in water-eroded areas.Studies on the effects of vegetation on water and soil conservation have generally focused on vegetation types or vegetation horizontal distribution densities.However,only a few studies have used indicators that consider the vegetation vertical distribution.This study used the leaf area index(LAI) to investigate the relationship between forests and water and soil conservation in experimental plots.From 2007 to 2010,rainfall characteristics,LAI,and water and soil loss in 144 natural erosive rainfall events were measured from five pure tree plots(Pinus massoniana).These tree plots were located in Hetian Town,Changting County,Fujian Province,which is a typical water-eroded area in Southern China.Quadratic polynomial regression models for LAI and water/soil conservation effects(RE/SE) were established for each plot.The RE and SE corresponded to the ratios of the runoff depth(RD) and the soil loss(SL) of each pure tree plot to those of the control plot under each rainfall event.The transformation LAIs of the LAI–RE and LAI–SE curves,as well as the rainfall characteristics for the different water/soil conservation effects,were computed.The increasing LAI resulted in descending,descending–ascending,ascending–descending,and ascending trends in the LAI–RE and LAI–SE curves.The rainfall frequencies corresponding to each trend of LAI–RE and LAI–SE were different,and the rainfall distributions were not uniform per year.The effects of soil conservation in the plots were superior to those of water conservation.Most of the RE and SE values presented a positive effect on water and soil conservation.The main factor that caused different effects was rainfall intensity.During heavy rains(e.g.,rainfall erosivity R = 145 MJ mm/ha h and maximum 30 min intensity I30 = 13 mm/h),the main effects were positive,whereas light rains(e.g.,R = 70 MJ mm/ha h and I30 = 8 mm/h) generally led to negative effects.When the rainfall erosivity was lower than that of the positive or the negative effects to a threshold and the tree LAI reached a transformation value,the relationships between LAI and RE or SE notably transformed.Results showed that the plottransformation LAIs for water and soil conservation during rainfall events were both approximately 1.0 in our study.These results could be used to come up with a more efficient way to alleviate water and soil loss in water-eroded areas.

The development of U.S.soil erosion prediction and modeling

Soil erosion prediction technology began over 70 years ago when Austin Zingg published a relationship between soil erosion(by water)and land slope and length,followed shortly by a relationship by Dwight Smith that expanded this equation to include conservation practices.But,it was nearly 20 years before this work's expansion resulted in the Universal Soil Loss Equation(USLE),perhaps the foremost achievement in soil erosion prediction in the last century.The USLE has increased in application and complexity,and its usefulness and limitations have led to the development of additional technologies and new science in soil erosion research and prediction.Main among these new technologies is the Water Erosion Prediction Project(WEPP)model,which has helped to overcome many of the shortcomings of the USLE,and increased the scale over which erosion by water can be predicted.Areas of application of erosion prediction include almost all land types:urban,rural,cropland,forests,rangeland,and construction sites.Specialty applications of WEPP include prediction of radioactive material movement with soils at a superfund cleanup site,and near real-time daily estimation of soil erosion for the entire state of Iowa.

Assessment of Soil Loss of the Dhalai River Basin, Tripura, India Using USLE

Soil erosion is one of the most important environmental problems, and it remains as a major threat to the land use of hilly regions of Tripura. The present study aims at estimating potential and actual soil loss (t·h-1·y-1) as well as to indentify the major erosion prone sub-watersheds in the study area. Average annual soil loss has been estimated by multiplying five parameters, i.e.: R (the rainfall erosivity factor), K (the soil erodibility factor), LS (the topographic factor), C (the crop management factor) and P (the conservation support practice). Such estimation is based on the principles de- fined in the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) with some modifications. This intensity of soil erosion has been divided into different priority classes. The whole study area has been subdivided into 23 sub watersheds in order to identify the priority areas in terms of the intensity of soil erosion. Each sub-watershed has further been studied intensively in terms of rainfall, soil type, slope, land use/land cover and soil erosion to determine the dominant factor leading to higher erosion. The average annual predicted soil loss ranges between 11 and 836 t·h-1·y-1. Low soil loss areas (·h-1·y-1) have mostly been recorded under densely forested areas.

Contribution of a Geographical Information System to the Study of Soil Loss Dynamics in the Lobo Catchment (Côte d’Ivoire)

The Lobo watershed is highly anthropogenic since it has become the main production area for cocoa and coffee in C?te d’Ivoire. It therefore seems important to quantify soil loss by water erosion in this region. The Wischmeier modeling was used to model the main factors involved in erosive phenomena. Crosscutting of thematic maps and the application of the USLE formulas made possible to evaluate the erosion rate at the watershed scale in 1986 and 2014. Although soil is susceptible to erosion and erosivity is increased, the results indicate a growth in soil loss estimated at 90.12%. Some agroforestry efforts are still possible to help reducing those soil losses.

Dynamic analysis of mainstream area and vegetation coverage degree of Songhua River based on RS and GIS techniques

Based on remote sensing technique,using 1990's Landsat TM data and 2000's Landsat ETM data,the authors conducts the comparative study of mainstream area of Songhua River by means of human-computer inter-action method.The results show that the area of Songhua River mainstream was 738 102 km 2 in 1990,and was 810.451 km 2 in 2000.From 1990 to 2000,the increased area of river mainstream is up to 72.349 km2 due to soil erosion and water loss.Meanwhile,the dynamic changes of surrounding vegetation cover are also studied.It is estimated that the trend of surrounding soil erosion and water loss of Songhua River mainstream becomes worse in Jilin Province.

基于遥感技术的东北黑土区水土流失动态监测研究

东北黑土区是我国重要的商品粮基地,近年来面临水土流失严重、面积减小、土壤质量下降等问题,已成为目前土壤保护工作中亟待解决的重要问题。以东北黑土区2018年和2022年两期遥感影像与水土保持措施的实地调查数据作为数据源,利用目视识别法开展影像解译,并通过中国土壤流失方程CSLE进行土壤侵蚀模数的计算,对东北黑土区的水土流失变化情况及原因进行分析,结果表明:耕地、草地、建设用地、其他土地面积减少,园地、林地、交通运输用地、水域及水利设施用地面积增加,造林、种草、封育、地埂、水平阶/反坡梯田等面积共增加0.84万km^(2);对比2018—2022年东北黑土区的水土流失情况,整体呈向好趋势,土壤侵蚀面积共减少约1.01万km^(2);从侵蚀强度来看,除轻度侵蚀面积增加约0.45万km^(2)外,中度、强烈、极强烈、剧烈侵蚀面积分别减少约0.43万、0.24万、0.28万、0.51万km^(2);从不同省份侵蚀面积变化情况分析,内蒙古自治区东四盟的侵蚀面积减少最多,共减少约0.37万km^(2),辽宁省侵蚀面积变化最小,共减少约0.06万km^(2);耕地、建设用地等土地利用类型面积的减少,以及林地、交通运输用地等土地利用类型面积的增加,均可大幅减少土壤侵蚀面积,同时水土保持措施面积的增加也可有效阻止土壤侵蚀的发生。总体来看,东北黑土区水土流失治理效果显著,生态环境得到改善,持续进行东北黑土区水土流失治理对环境保护具有重要意义。

三峡库区不同种植制度的坡地水土流失特征

剖析农业种植制度对库区水土流失的季节性影响,有助于深刻认识库区农业区域水土流失发生规律。基于2018—2021年共4年期间中国科学院三峡库区水土保持与环境研究站自有粮油作物、蔬菜作物、柑橘果园、灌草撂荒4种种植制度小区的水土流失监测数据的整理分析,结果表明:库区4—8月降雨量占全年降雨量的60.4%~75.8%,年内中雨发生频率最高,占73.63%,大雨次之,占19.78%,暴雨频率最低,占6.59%。4种种植制度小区中,柑橘果园的平均径流深、土壤侵蚀强度都最大,表明柑橘果园是该区域重要的水土流失源地。蔬菜作物和粮油作物是库区坡耕地的主要农作物,地块耕作频繁,易于发生水土流失,但不同种植制度下的作物生长周期、田间管理措施存在明显差异,对植被覆盖度、土壤紧实度产生显著影响,进而影响地表径流发生和土壤侵蚀过程。因此,对于三峡库区侵蚀性降雨年内分布不均和不同种植制度田间耕作管理、植被覆盖的季节性差异,应有针对性地采取防治措施,以有效保护农业土壤资源。

生物炭施加垄沟集雨种植对水土流失及紫花苜蓿草产量的影响

为缓解我国黄土高原区干旱胁迫和控制水土流失,本研究采用裂区设计,生物炭施加模式(生物炭施加和无生物炭施加)为主区,耕作模式(打结垄、开敞垄和平作)为副区,研究不同生物炭施加模式和耕作模式对土壤水分、径流、泥沙流失、养分流失、紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)干草产量和水分利用效率的影响。试验结果表明,在2019和2020年紫花苜蓿生育期,与平作处理相比,开敞垄和打结垄处理的径流量、泥沙、全氮、全磷、有机质流失量分别减少20.1%~37.7%和60.1%~64.7%,54%~75.5%和77.1%~87.6%,44.4%~65.5%和49.0%~81.8%,36.7%~75.3%和48.6%~87.3%,48.2%~72.9%和58.6%~85.4%,土壤贮水量、紫花苜蓿干草产量和水分利用效率分别增加39.5~52.1和31.2~60.5 mm,26.2%~31.7%和26.5%~35.2%,10.07~14.86和12.14~16.55 kg·hm^(-2)·mm^(-1)。与无生物炭施加处理相比,生物炭施加处理的径流量、泥沙、全氮、全磷和有机质流失量分别减少48%~69%,94%~125%,12%~24%,28%~46%和35%~48%,土壤贮水量、紫花苜蓿干草产量和水分利用效率分别增加42.93~26.09 mm,106%~111%和1.96~6.90 kg·hm^(-2)·mm^(-1)。本研究表明,生物炭施加打结垄沟集雨种植是该区域适宜耕作模式。

西安市生产建设项目水土流失评价

[目的]探明西安市城市生产建设项目水土流失特征及不同水土保持措施效应,进而为改善西安市水土流失环境、制定更加精确有效的政策及措施提供科学依据。[方法]以西安市2022年84个生产建设项目为例,构建包含水损失比、土壤侵蚀比和绿地比3个指标在内的城市生产建设项目水土流失评价体系,采用TOPSIS法对不同项目水土流失风险进行评估。[结果]①城市生产建设项目的地表变化主要以农村宅基地、草地、空闲地和耕地向建设用地转变,其中,以农村宅基地的转出为主,约占总转变面积的70%。②83%的生产建设项目绿地比有所增加;61%的生产建设项目径流损失呈现减少趋势并表现为:新建房地产<商业服务<教育医疗<市政设施<城中村改造项目;54%的生产建设项目土壤侵蚀风险降低,并在耕地、草地、空闲地中新建项目减轻土壤侵蚀的程度尤为突出,而城中村改造会加剧区域土壤侵蚀程度;所有项目的水损失量平均减少3.58×10^(4)m^(3),年土壤侵蚀量平均减少了169.05 t。③西安市生产建设项目水土流失风险可划分为高、中等、较低、低4个等级。低和较低等级项目占总数的69%并以城中村改造类项目为主;高风险等级项目均为占用草地项目。[结论]西安市生产建设项目的水土流失防治效果显著,但仍有较大提升空间,未来应进一步加强项目水土流失风险管理。

特大暴雨下残垣丘陵沟壑区水土流失与梯田措施效益评价

[目的]开展场次暴雨水土流失评估与措施效益评价,分析暴雨造成的土壤侵蚀状况,评价梯田措施效益,为常规水土流失动态监测提供有效补充。[方法]以甘肃“2022·7·15”特大暴雨发生地庆城县和暴雨中心湫沟小流域为研究区,利用日降雨量数据与全国水土流失动态监测项目相关成果,基于次暴雨降雨侵蚀力,采用改进的CSLE模型计算土壤侵蚀模数,分析暴雨降雨侵蚀力与多年均降雨条件下全年降雨侵蚀力的关系,以及次暴雨条件下不同土地利用类型土壤侵蚀强度等级的空间分布,探讨梯田对区域水土流失的影响。[结果]庆城县该次暴雨产生的降雨侵蚀力达到多年均降雨条件下全年降雨侵蚀力的1.85倍,暴雨中心降雨侵蚀力达到多年均降雨条件下全年降雨侵蚀力的4.88倍。暴雨造成的强烈级以上土壤侵蚀面积是2021年全年强烈级以上土壤侵蚀面积的3.46倍,暴雨中心达6.93倍。场次特大暴雨造成的强烈以上等级土壤侵蚀主要分布在旱地、草地和灌木林地。庆城县现状梯田面积325 km^(2),相较于无梯田措施情景,县域土壤侵蚀量减幅达72.87%。[结论]加强退耕还林还草、坡耕地综合整治、旱作梯田建设等水土保持工作,是特大暴雨条件下水土流失灾害防治的有效手段。

野外模拟降雨条件下高寒草甸区植被退化和人工植被恢复坡面的产流产沙过程

[目的]青藏高原是我国重要生态屏障,高寒草甸是其重要组成部分,水土保持功能是高寒草甸重要生态服务功能。开展青藏高原高寒草甸区水土流失过程研究对减少人为扰动水土流失、保障西南地区生态安全具有重要意义。[方法]选取青藏高原高寒草甸未退化、轻度退化、中度退化、裸坡与人工植被恢复5种不同类型坡面,通过野外模拟降雨试验,分析不同雨强条件下,不同植被退化与恢复坡面产流产沙过程,揭示植被退化与人工植被恢复坡面土壤侵蚀机理与水沙关系。[结果](1)高寒草甸未退化坡面与人工植草恢复坡面因其根系较为致密,其水分下渗能力相对较弱,故初始产流时间相对较短;而对于轻度退化坡面,侧流与纵向入渗能力相对较强,初始产流时间相对较长。(2)在常规降雨条件下(30,60 mm/h),轻度退化坡面产流量最小,减流效益最高,达到77.13%;人工恢复坡面产流量与未退化坡面接近,略高于轻度退化坡面;而裸土坡面累计产流量最大,且显著高于其他坡面;极端降雨条件下(90 mm/h)未退化坡面产流量激增,仅低于裸坡并明显高于人工植被恢复坡面。(3)在常规降雨条件下(30,60 mm/h),人工恢复植被坡面减沙效益最高,分别达到81.97%和89.82%,其次是未退化坡面,且随着植被退化程度增大,减沙效益逐渐降低;但在极端降雨条件下,人工恢复植被和未退化坡面减沙效益几乎相同,而中度退化坡面产沙量是未退化坡面的4.59倍;轻度退化坡面虽然具有较好的减流效益,但是减沙效益相对较差。[结论]研究结果可为高寒草甸区植被恢复与生态安全提供重要科学依据。

Using the USLE: Chances, challenges and limitations of soil erosion modelling

To give soils and soil degradation,which are among the most crucial threats to ecosystem stability,social and political visibility,small and large scale modelling and mapping of soil erosion is inevitable.The most widely used approaches during an 80year history of erosion modelling are Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE)-type based algorithms which have been applied in 109 countries.Addressing soil erosion by water (excluding gully erosion and land sliding),we start this review with a statistical evaluation of nearly 2,000 publications).We discuss model developments which use USLE-type equations as basis or side modules,but we also address recent development of the single USLE parameters (R,K,LS,C,P).Importance,aim and limitations of model validation as well as a comparison of USLE-type models with other erosion assessment tools are discussed.Model comparisons demonstrate that the application of process-based physical models (e.g.,WEPP or PESERA) does not necessarily result in lower uncertainties compared to more simple structured empirical models such as USLE-type algorithms.We identified four key areas for future research:(i) overcoming the principally different nature of modelled (gross) versus measured (net) erosion rates,in coupling on-site erosion risk to runoff patterns,and depositional regime,(ii) using the recent increase in spatial resolution of remote sensing data to develop process based models for large scale applications,(iii) strengthen and extend measurement and monitoring programs to build up validation data sets,and (iv) rigorous uncertainty assessment and the application of objective evaluation criteria to soil erosion modelling.

河南省土壤侵蚀时空分异特征及土壤保持经济价值

掌握土壤侵蚀时空变化特征及其经济价值对流域综合治理和土壤保持功能的稳定发挥具有重要意义。现有研究通常采用多时相土壤侵蚀空间分布图的叠加和当量法来探讨土壤侵蚀的时空格局及其经济价值,往往忽视了土壤侵蚀的空间分异性和动态性。以河南省为例,基于RUSLE模型,通过降雨、土壤颗粒组成、土地利用类型、数字高程和遥感影像等数据确定模型中的参数因子定量分析2000-2020年区域内的土壤侵蚀时空分布特征,同时结合探索性空间数据分析ESDA和地理探测器方法探讨土壤侵蚀热点区域及其驱动因素,并采用替代成本法评估土壤保持功能及其经济价值。结果表明:1)河南省中轻度及以上的侵蚀面积整体呈减少趋势,在2015年达到最低;2)土壤侵蚀的空间分布与演化具有明显聚集效应,土壤侵蚀强度在空间上呈正相关分布(全局Moran’s I指数介于0.450-0.705),“高-高”聚集区面积显著减小,聚集趋势表现为总体减弱且小幅扩散,土壤侵蚀热点区主要分布在安阳、鹤壁、济源和三门峡4个市域;3)降雨和坡度是主要影响土壤侵蚀的环境因素(单因素解释力q值:77.7%-79.1%和43.7%-82.2%),3.28×10^(2)-6.43×10^(2)mm的降雨量和大于29.0°的陡坡均是土壤侵蚀的高风险区域,而植被覆盖度对土壤侵蚀过程有较强的抑制效果(单因素解释力q值:16.1%-19.4%;交互作用解释力q值:40.0%-83.9%);4)土壤保持经济价值波动明显,2000-2020年分别为8.36×10^(9)、8.21×10^(9)、9.26×10^(9)、3.52×10^(9)和7.17×10^(9)元。研究结果通过明晰区域土壤侵蚀现状及其驱动因素,可为提高土壤保持功能及其经济价值提供理论参考和决策依据。