The Occurrence and Prevention of Filamentous Algae in Ecological Purification System of Micro-polluted Water

[ Objective ] The aim was to study the influence of filamentous algae on the process of water ecological purification. [ Method ] The occurrence mechanism of filamentous algae and its ecological system were summarized and analyzed. Considering the ecological purification in north- ern Jiangsu, the occurrence and prevention of filamentous algae in water, the method to prevent filamentous algae in polluted water was discussed. [ Result] The results showed that by measures of improving planting density, regular harvesting, and water flow state control before the filamentous algae blooming period, together with improving local pH value, light interference and ecological control during the blooming period, can effectively control the filamentous algae blooming. [ Condusion] The study of the happening mechanism of filamentous algae provided theoretical references and the technical basis in the work of filamentous algae prevention and control.

Integrated Prevention and Control System for Soil Erosion in Typical Black Soil Region of Northeast China

The black soil region of Northeast China is one of the most important food production bases and commodity grain bases in China. However, the continual loss and degradation of precious black soil resources has led to direct threats to national food security and regional sustainable development. Therefore, it is necessary to summarize integrated prevention and control experience of small watersheds in black soil region of Northeast China. Tongshuang small watershed, a typical watershed in rolling hills of typical black soil areas in Northeast China, is selected as the study area. Based on nearly 50 years' experience in prevention and control of soil and water loss, the structures and overall benefits of an integrated prevention and control system for soil and water loss are investigated. Then, the 'three defense lines' tri-dimensional protection system with reasonable allocation of different types of soil and water control measures from the hill top to gully is systematically analyzed. The first line on the top hill can weaken and block uphill runoff and sediment, hold water resources and improve soil property. The second line on the hill can truncate slope length, slow down the runoff velocity and reduce erosion energy. The third line in the gully is mainly composed of waterfall engineering, which can inhibit soil erosion and restore land resources. The 'three defense lines' system is feasible for soil and water loss control of small watersheds in the typical black soil region of Northeast China. Through the application of the in Tongshuang small watershed, There are effective improvements in ecological conditions in Tongshuang small watershed after the application of 'three defense lines' soil and water control system. Moreover, the integrated treatment paradigm for soil and water loss in typical black soil region is compared with that in loess region. The results of this study could offer references and experiences for other small watersheds in typical black soil region of Northeast China.

Research progress and application prospect of functional adhesive materials in the field of oil and gas drilling and production

By summarizing the composition,classification,and performance characterization of functional adhesive materials,the adhesion mechanisms of functional adhesive materials,such as adsorption/surface reaction,diffusion,mechanical interlocking,and electrostatic adsorption,are expounded.The research status of these materials in oil and gas drilling and production engineering field such as lost circulation prevention/control,wellbore stabilization,hydraulic fracturing,and profile control and water plugging,and their application challenges and prospects in oil and gas drilling and production are introduced comprehensively.According to the applications of functional adhesive materials in the field of oil and gas drilling and production at this stage,the key research directions of functional adhesive materials in the area of oil and gas drilling and production are proposed:(1)blending and modifying thermoplastic resins or designing curable thermoplastic resins to improve the bonding performance and pressure bearing capacity of adhesive lost circulation materials;(2)introducing low-cost adhesive groups and positive charge structures into polymers to reduce the cost of wellbore strengthening agents and improve their adhesion performance on the wellbore;(3)introducing thermally reversible covalent bond into thermosetting resin to prevent backflow of proppant and improve the compressive strength of adhesive proppant;(4)introducing thermally reversible covalent bonds into thermoplastic polymers to improve the temperature resistance,salt-resistance and water shutoff performance of adhesive water shutoff agents.

Legislative Countermeasures for Preventing and Controlling Water Pollution in Water-deficient Regions

The shortage of water resources is severe in Beijing. The shortage of eco-environmental water and the sewage discharge over the environmental capacity are main bottlenecks that restrict the improvement of water environment. The reuse of wastewater could not only reduce the discharge of pollutants,but it could also increase the consumption of eco-environmental water. Therefore the reuse of wastewater is an important approach to improve the water environmental quality. Combined with the formulation process of Regulations of Beijing on Prevention and Control of Water Pollution,the current situations of prevention and control of water pollution in Beijing,the discharge of pollutant,water environmental quality,the population and economic development and water resources and so on were analyzed. And the bottlenecks that restricted the improvement of water environmental quality were found. And the necessity of solving the control of water pollution by reusing the wastewater and ensuring the consumption of eco-environmental water was analyzed from the perspective of the control of water pollution. And some legislative countermeasures were put forward,which provided new ideas for solving the problem of the prevention and control of water pollution and improving the water environmental quality. It was of important reference values for local governments（ especially water-deficient regions） to make relative polices or plans of water pollution control and water environmental protection.

Site Selection of Waste Slag Yard and Design of Protective Measures in Water Supply Project of Drawing from the Songhua River in Central Cities of Jilin

Water supply project of drawing from the Songhua River in central cities of Jilin is taken as research object.On the basis of analyzing project characteristics and natural conditions of the project area,site selection of waste slag yard of water diversion project and design of water and soil conservation measures are discussed.Rationality of site selection of waste slag yard and pertinence of prevention and control measures of water and soil loss in waste slag yard are analyzed,and comprehensive utilization of waste slag in large-scale production and construction projects is explored.

Design of a water curtain to reduce accumulations of float coal dust in longwall returns

Accumulation of float coal dust(FCD)in underground mines is an explosion hazard that affects all underground coal mine workers.While this hazard is addressed by the application of rock dust,inadequate rock dusting practices can leave miners exposed to an explosion risk.Researchers at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health(NIOSH)have focused on developing a water curtain that removes FCD from the airstream,thereby reducing the buildup of FCD in mine airways.In this study,the number and spacing of the active sprays in the water curtain were varied to determine the optimal configuration to obtain peak knockdown efficiency(KE)while minimizing water consumption.

WATER POLLUTION IN CHINA:CURRENT STATUS, FUTURE TRENDS AND COUNTERMEASURES

Based on the statistical data related to water pollution in recent years, this paper firstly describes in detail the current status of water pollution and water quality in rivers, lakes, reservoirs, groundwater and coastal waters in China, then makes a comprehensive analysis on future trends of water pollution in China. The authors hold that the economic power, technology level and management level have determinative influences on the current status and future trends of water pollution. At last, this paper discusses briefly the policies and measures for preventing and controlling water pollution in the light of the national conditions.

考虑采动效应的闭坑矿井水硫酸盐污染规律

高硫煤矿闭坑后成为埋藏在地表以下深部的产酸污染场,对相邻含水层和周边环境造成了潜在危害,且因采动效应影响和矿井空间分布复杂导致相邻含水层的污染过程与污染程度评价困难。以某闭坑矿区为研究对象,选取SO_(4)^(2-)作为特征污染物,考虑多煤层采动裂隙对含水层结构的破坏影响,运用数值模拟技术对闭坑矿区酸性矿井水中SO_(4)^(2-)污染迁移特征进行研究,并分析流体扩散系数对含水层污染物运移的影响。结果表明:SO_(4)^(2-)在二叠系童子岩组砂岩含水层中水平迁移面积随时间增大而增大,增大速率逐渐减小,垂向渗透系数扩大10倍,空间变异性增强;闭坑5、10、15a后,最大水平迁移距离分别为215、414、612m,最大垂向迁移距离分别达到50、65、70m;而扩散系数越大,产酸时间越长,SO_(4)^(2-)迁移距离和污染范围将随之增大,相较于水平方向,垂向上SO_(4)^(2-)浓度变化对扩散系数的敏感度更高。基于模拟结果,结合闭坑矿区实际条件,针对性提出了“源头减量-过程阻断-末端治理”的综合防控与治理方案。研究结果将为该闭坑煤矿酸性矿井水污染治理与防控提供理论基础,也为其他同类矿井提供科学借鉴。

水-气耦合下的土质边坡稳定系数场分析

传统边坡稳定性分析方法仅对潜在滑动面进行整体稳定性评估,无法获取各点的安全系数.基于稳定系数场理论,综合考虑水-气耦合作用,对降雨条件下边坡稳定性进行分析.结果表明:1)稳定系数场法能够直观地体现水-气耦合作用下边坡的具体破坏区域,得到各点的安全系数;2)孔隙气压力对边坡降雨入渗有一定阻碍作用,并且随着降雨时间的推移阻渗效果愈明显,相同条件下降雨40 h时,两相流湿润锋深度较单向流减小了28.6%;3)相同条件下,考虑水-气耦合作用将降低边坡稳定性,以降雨40 h为例,两相流边坡失稳面积约为单向流的1.7倍.因此,在实际工程中对边坡稳定性分析时考虑水-气耦合作用,工程偏于安全.

2023年全国疾控机构饮用水常规指标检测能力调查

目的 了解全国疾控机构对生活饮用水常规指标的检测能力现状,发现疾控机构在水质检测工作上的薄弱环节,为全面提升疾控能力提供数据支持。方法 2023年,在我国31个省(自治区、直辖市)及新疆生产建设兵团,采用多阶段分层抽样的方法,抽取了32家省级疾控、78家市级疾控和173家县级疾控机构进行《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2022)中43项常规指标检测能力的网络问卷调查。通过比较不同级别、不同地区疾控机构对常规指标的检测情况,评价全国疾控机构对生活饮用水常规指标的检测能力。结果 283家疾控机构常规指标的检测能力M(P25,P75)为35(30,42)项。省、市、县级疾控机构常规指标的检测能力M(P25,P75)分别为43(43,43)、41(35,43)和32(28,37)项,各级别机构检测能力的差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=99.56,P<0.001),省、市、县级疾控机构检测能力依次递减,经两两比较,差异有统计学意义(校正后的P<0.001)。东、中、西部区疾控机构常规指标检测能力M(P25,P75)分别为41(33,43)、34(29,41)和34(29,40)项,各地区机构检测能力的差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=16.76,P<0.001),经两两比较,东部地区机构的检测能力优于中部和西部地区,差异有统计学意义(校正后的P<0.01)。常规指标分类分析结果显示,放射性指标的检测能力最薄弱,其次是毒理指标,微生物指标的检测能力最佳。单项指标分析结果显示,总α放射性和总β放射性指标的检测能力最薄弱;其次是二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸、臭氧、三卤甲烷、一氯二溴甲烷和二氯一溴甲烷。结论 疾控机构对常规指标的检测能力需进一步提升,尤其是县级和中、西部地区疾控机构的检测能力仍有不足。应重点加强放射性指标和二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸等新增指标的检测能力建设。

盾构井底板混凝土温控参数敏感性分析

以珠江三角洲水资源配置工程的典型盾构井底板为例,采用saptis三维有限元软件,进行浇筑温度和通水冷却温控参数敏感性分析。结果表明,高温季节降低浇筑温度有利于控制混凝土内部最高温度,浇筑温度每增高1℃,内部最高温度增加约0.79℃,建议将浇筑温度降低至23℃;优化通水冷却参数(加密冷却水管,降低通水水温,适当延长通水时长)能达到良好的温控防裂效果。

干部考核标准化线上评议系统的研究和应用

本研究旨在探讨计算机和网络技术在政务部门的标准化应用情景研究,通过设计、研发、应用干部考核标准化线上评议系统,并在疫情特殊环境下得到应用,实现既符合疫情人群不聚集的要求,又加快推进线上考核评议工作标准化的进程,本文对其研究与应用进行了讨论和分析。这些结果对于深入理解政务业务标准化具有重要意义。

2022年省、市、县疾控机构106项水质指标检测能力调查与分析

目的了解2022年省、市、县疾控机构(Center for Disease Control and Prevention,CDC)对《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)中规定的106项指标的检测能力,分析省、市、县各指标检测能力不足的主要原因。方法收集2022年度全国各级CDC水质检测能力数据,对省级、地市级CDC的42项常规指标、64项非常规指标和对县级CDC的42项常规指标不具备检测能力的机构占比及不能检测的原因占比进行分析。结果省级CDC检测能力不足主要体现在总α放射性、总β放射性(4个省级,占比14%)和贾第鞭毛虫、隐孢子虫(6个省级,21%),主要原因均为设备配置不到位(100%),其次是无检测人员(50%~75%)。地市级CDC常规指标检测能力不足主要体现在总α放射性和总β放射性,占比均为47%;其次是消毒剂指标和消毒副产物指标(臭氧、总氯、ClO_(2)、甲醛、溴酸盐、亚氯酸盐和氯酸盐),占比为6%~22%,不具备检测能力的原因包括无设备、无标准品、无试剂和无检测人员;非常规指标中,除了氨氮(1%)外的63项指标不具备检测能力的机构占比均≥19%,其中贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫不具备检测能力的机构占比最高(65%),主要原因为无设备(88%),其次为无检测人员(42%~43%)、无试剂(40%)和无标准品(38%);其余61项指标不能检测的原因为无设备、无标准品、无试剂和无检测人员(占比分别为60%~76%、45%~62%、42%~53%、51%~67%)。县级CDC常规指标中,放射性指标检测能力最弱(总α放射性和总β放射性,占比均为85%),其次是消毒剂指标和消毒副产物指标(臭氧、总氯、ClO_(2)、甲醛、溴酸盐、氯酸盐、亚氯酸盐、四氯化碳和三氯甲烷),不具备检测能力的主要原因以无设备(83%~94%)和无检测人员(53%~76%)为主。结论省、市、县CDC常规指标检测能力不足主要体现在放射性指标(省、市、县CDC),消毒剂指标(臭氧、总氯、ClO_(2))、消毒副产物指标(甲醛、溴酸盐、亚氯酸盐、氯酸盐)(市、县CDC),以及四氯化碳、三氯甲烷(县CDC);非常规指标中氨氮检测能力较好(省、市CDC),检测能力不足主要体现在贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫(省、市CDC),及其他指标(市CDC)。检测能力不足的主要原因是设备配置不到位,今后应该重点从增配设备着手,增强水质检测能力。

河套灌区农业高效节水与面源污染防控技术

针对河套灌区水资源短缺、农业面源污染严重等问题,从不同空间尺度和治理环节入手开展灌区农业高效节水与面源污染源头防控技术研究。研发了针对污染源头的农田水肥盐药调控管理技术模式(包括除草剂残留研究与用量推荐、土壤水氮盐和作物生长对水肥管理的响应、减量膜上秋浇技术及次生盐渍化土壤微生物改良技术)、针对农田排水的富氧生态沟渠截污净化技术模式和区域尺度的面源污染空间解析识别技术,并集成构建了贯穿源头控污—过程削污—区域查污—系统调污的高效节水型农业面源污染防控技术体系。基于现状研究和新发展理念提出了河套灌区水土资源领域研究的几点认识,相关成果为河套灌区高质量发展提供了重要支撑,对同类型灌区具有重要借鉴意义。

以韧性城市理念提升城市排水防涝能力的实践

随着城市化进程的加快,城市内涝问题日益凸显,对城市可持续发展构成挑战。本文基于韧性城市理念,探讨了城市排水防涝能力提升的思路与实践。首先阐释了“人水共生”理念的内涵、基本理论与实现途径,以及其与韧性城市理论的关联;并基于当前我国城市排水防涝体系建设存在理念缺失、规划滞后、建设不足和管理局限等问题,提出了系统观念、洪涝统筹、蓝绿灰融合和科技赋能等城市排水防涝能力提升思路。同时,通过梳理近年来在石家庄市、成都市、三亚市和信阳市开展的提升城市排水防涝能力规划项目的实践经验,提出了未来城市内涝治理的方向,包括转变传统治理理念、采用绿色措施、多维度综合治理、优先考虑自然解决方案和坚持“中西医结合”的方式,以期对未来持续开展城市排水防涝工作提供借鉴,以实现我国城市洪涝韧性的持续提升。

南水北调中线水源区农田面源污染防治现状分析与对策建议

为进一步明晰当前南水北调中线水源区污染来源,精准开展水源地水质保护,采用2017—2023年长系列水质资料,分析丹江口水库及入库河流水质特征,采用资料收集、文献调研及模型计算等方法,估算总氮、总磷污染负荷组成,采用实证分析方法分析了南水北调中线水源区面源污染治理存在的问题并提出对策建议。结果表明:丹江口水库总体水质良好,整体可达到Ⅱ类水质目标(湖库水质标准),但汛期水量较大时因总磷浓度升高会引起超标断面个数明显增加,以2021年和2023年丹江口水库实现170 m正常蓄水位的年份最为典型,而此时汉江、丹江等主要入库河流水质也下降,由以往Ⅱ类下降为Ⅲ类(河流水质标准)。无论是枯水年、丰水年,农田面源污染均已成为影响丹江口水库水质主导因素,总氮贡献率分别达到85.16%和57.73%,总磷贡献率分别达到77.74%和57.17%。当前水源区农田面源污染治理存在农田面源底数不清、农民减施化肥农药积极性不高、生态产品价值实现机制不顺等问题,迫切需要加强南水北调中线水源区农田面源污染防治。提出建立“天空地”一体化面源污染监测预警体系,研究新型高效生物农药、生物肥料,开展沟塘水系面源阻控体系建设,研究生态产品价值实现机制等对策建议。

内蒙古母杜柴登煤矿3^(-1)煤充水条件及矿井涌水量预测

母杜柴登煤矿矿井涌水量大,且属于高矿化度水,面临着大量疏排矿井涌水和矿井水地面处理的压力。在分析矿区地质及水文地质条件的基础上,认为开采3^(-1)煤层时,矿井水来源于3^(-1)煤顶板─直罗组底界砂岩含水层,包括直罗组底部中、粗粒砂岩含水层和3^(-1)煤顶板延安组三段砂岩含水层。运用大井法和达西定律计算的30209工作面涌水量分别为931m^(3)/h、919m^(3)/h,与实际接近。研究可为工作面侧向注浆封堵(含水层改造)、帷幕截流减量的可行性和减量程度提供依据。

底板出水水源判识及快速治理检验技术研究与应用

为了快速治理工作面底板出水,首先通过水化学分析方法判识了主要出水水源为底板砂岩水,底板采动裂隙沟通隐伏断层形成了导水通道。提出了基于地面定向钻的分区域分阶段注浆治理思路,将治理区域划分为回采出水区和物探异常区,针对回采出水区提出分阶段对底板垂向导水通道进行封堵。在停采线前方30 m进行第1阶段注浆,在停采线后方30 m进行第2阶段注浆。在注浆过程中通过分析出水点水质变化以及PQT曲线,对治理效果进行了预评价;治理结束后根据出水量衰减和井下钻探情况验证了治理效果。表明了基于地面定向钻进的分区域分阶段注浆治理技术可以快速有效地封堵底板出水,研究结果为华北型煤田底板砂岩出水治理提供了宝贵经验。

海河流域水土流失空间分布特征及防治对策

基于2020年海河流域水土流失动态监测成果,计算县级行政区土壤侵蚀严重指数,分析流域水土流失面积及分布特征等,提出水土流失综合防治对策。流域水土流失面积占土地总面积的20.84%,占山区土地面积的34.21%;土壤侵蚀严重的县级行政区有5个,较严重的有63个;水土流失分布主要集中在永定河上游黄土丘陵区、太行山土石山区、冀北燕山石质山区和燕山北部坝上风沙区等区域。水土流失发生重点地类以旱地、有林地、其他草地、灌木林地和天然牧草地为主,呈现面积不大但相对集中、危害大的特点;生产活动频繁导致水土流失仍然严重,土壤侵蚀强度不高,但治理难度大。当前,水土流失依然是海河流域主要生态问题之一,水土流失防治应结合区域水土流失特点科学布局,系统配置各类措施,推进流域水土流失治理高质量发展。

机器学习方法在矿井水防治理论体系研究中的应用思考

致灾机理、危险性评价、灾变预测共同构成矿井水防治理论体系基本内容,其在过去20多年里快速发展,目标是理解矿井水行为特征,预测演化趋势,服务矿区水害防治工作。机器学习是大数据时代进行数据分析和挖掘的有力工具。将机器学习应用于矿井水防治理论体系研究,已得到相对广泛的关注。针对理论体系的3项基本内容,重点讨论了机器学习在各内容建设中的具体应用,主要包括:根据不同水害类型分类简述致灾机理研究现状,指出机器学习应用暂为空白的原因为其不具备做出假设的能力。认为未来致灾机理研究方法依然以传统方法(理论分析、数值模拟、相似模拟等)为主,机器学习促进地质数据获取与处理,对机理研究作出贡献;分析方法优势,指出机器学习作用于危险性评价的主要方式为非结构化数据的处理及丰富评价方法;分析基于物理和基于数据的单一预测模式弊端,论述物理模型与数据驱动相结合的必要性,相应给出“模型-数据”双驱动预测模式的3种实现形式,并讨论了基于图像的灾变预测方法可行性。随着生产数据及地质数据的丰富,机器学习方法可推动理论体系研究快速发展,并为矿井水防治学科系统方法论研究作出贡献。