Effects of Social and Economic Development of Regions Surrounding Chao Lake on Water Quality Change of Chao Lake

The research analyzed social and economic development around Chao Lake as well as changes of water quality in Chao Lake and explored the relation- ships of local population and GDP with water chemical oxygen demand （COD）, total phosphorus （TP）, total nitrogen （TN）, chlorophyll and eutrophication index. The re- sults showed that population around Chao Lake and GDP kept growing from 2001 to 2013, and water quality was improving. In addition, correlation analysis indicated that except of water eutrophication, GDP and population showed inverse correlation with other indices, demonstrating that water quality has been effectively controlled in Chao Lake recently.

Development and application of a GIS-based artificial neural network system for water quality prediction: a case study at the Lake Champlain area

Artificial Neural Network(ANN)models have been extensively applied in the prediction of water resource variables,and Geographical Information System(GIS)includes powerful functions to visualize spatial data.In order to provide an efficient tool for environmental assessment and management that combines the advantages of these two modules,a GIS-based ANN water quality prediction system was developed in the present study.The ANN module and ArcGIS Engine module,along with a dynamic database,were imbedded in the system,which integrates water quality prediction via the ANN model and spatial presentation of the model results.The structure of the ANN model could be modified through the graphical user interface to optimize the model performance.The developed system was applied to a real case study for the prediction of the total phosphorus concentration in the Lake Champlain area.The prediction results were verified with the monitoring data,and the performance of the developed model was further evaluated through graphical techniques and quantitative statistical methods.Overall,the developed system provided satisfactory prediction results,and spatial distribution maps of the predicted results were obtained,which coincided with the monitored values.The developed GIS-based ANN water quality prediction system could serve as an efficient tool for engineers and decision makers.

Water Quality Assessment of Dachangshan ArtificialHabitat Development Demonstration Area

[Objective] The paper was to evaluate the water quality environment in Dachangshan artificial habitat development demonstration area.[Method] From 2013 to 2015, an environmental survey was conducted for eight voyages in Dachangshan artificial habitat development demonstration area of Changhai County, Dalian City, and 20 hydrochemical indexes including salinity, pH, and COD were monitored. The water quality of thesea area was analyzed by principal component analysis and single factor index method. [Result] Except for that the control area of the August 2014voyage belonged to IIclass sea water standard, the water quality in other stations of all voyages conformed toIclass sea water standard. Totally 20water quality indicators were synthesized into six principal components using principal component analysis, which explained 79.165% of the results;the principal component score was ranged from -1.536 to 3.706; the score in August 2014 was the highest, and the evaluation results were basicallyconsistent with the results of single factor index analysis. [Conclusion] The overall water quality is good in Dachangshan artificial habitat development demonstration area.

Water Quality Assessment by Measuring and Using Landsat 7 ETM+ Images for the Current and Previous Trend Perspective: Lake Tana Ethiopia

Recently there are signs of water quality impairment in Lake Tana, the largest fresh water in Ethiopia. The lake is the growth corridor of the government and supports millions of livelihood around. In order to sustain the benefit and maintain the ecosystem of the lake, the lake health has to be kept safe. Therefore monitoring and evaluation of the water quality of lake is very vital. This study focuses on current and previous trends water quality of the lake through measurements and Landsat Images near entry of Gumera River. Statistical analysis of the physical (Turbidity and STD and biological (Cha-a,) and chemical (DPC) water quality parameters were done. Linear and non-linear regression models between water quality parameter and reflectance of Landsat 7 ETM+ images were fitted based on band combinations. Pervious trend in turbidity was analyzed based on the regression models. The results showed that reflectance and turbidity satisfactorily result with an R2 ranging from 0.61 - 0.68. Form 1999-2014 the turbidity of the lake has indicated an increasing trend. Delta development near the entry of Gumera River has been enlarged by 48% because of an increase sediment inflow. The sign in the decreasing water quality of the lake was attributed to the non-point source sediment and nutrient inflow to the lake with high erosion rate from the watersheds. Measures to reduce the non-point source sediment and nutrient inflow by targeting the source areas (hot spots) in the agricultural watersheds need to be priority for stakeholders working on the soil and water conservation. Moreover, reducing the recession agriculture around the lake and wetland management could be crucial for improving lake water quality.

The Effect of Human Activities on the Quality of Water at UMhlathuze River （Northern Coast of Kwa-Zulu Natal, RSA）： The Case of Agricultural and Industrial Developments

UMhlathuze River is the main recipient of domestic sewage, industrial as well as agricultural waste from local industrial and agricultural practices. It is the effluent ＂dumping sites＂ for most human activity practices. Contamination of UMhlathuze River by agricultural and industrial developments makes communities around UMhlathuze area susceptible to potential outbreaks of water-borne illnesses as well as the risk of ingesting carcinogenic substances. In establishment of the effect of human developments on the UMhlathuze River, four different sites representing different human activities were used for sampling along the river. Temperature and pH were monitored in siitu and were found to vary between 19-21℃and 6.2-7.8, respectively. Chemical oxygen demand （COD） was found to be higher in areas affected by both industrial and agricultural activities. Spectroquadrant Pharo 300 （Merck） was used for chemical analysis of water. Agricultural waste recipient area had high concentration of phosphate, ammonia and nitrate. Parts of the river receiving effluent from treated wastewater had high sulphide, nitrate and ammonia concentrations. Industrial areas had high concentration of heavy metals （e.g., aluminium）. Microorganisms found in all sites included Escherichia coli and species of Salmonella, Shigella, Citrobacter, Serratia and Enterobacter, although their quantities differed from agricultural to industrial sites. There was a positive correlation between contamination levels and human activities which ascribe river pollution to activities around the area. Agricultural and industrial development activities practiced around UMhlathuze River have a huge contribution to the continued deterioration of the quality of water at UMhlathuze River.

The renewability and quality of shallow groundwater in Sanjiang and Songnen Plain, Northeast China

Groundwater is a key component for water resources in Sanjiang and Songnen Plain, an important agriculture basement in China. The quality and the renewability of irrigation groundwater are essential for the stock raising and agricultural production. Shallow groundwater was sampled and analyzed for various variables. The salinity sodium concentration and bicarbonate hazard, were examined with regard to the United States Department of Agriculture （USDA） irrigation water standards. The concentration of chlorofluorocarbons （CFCs） was determined to analyze the age of groundwater. Most groundwater samples labeled as excellent to good for irrigation with low salinity hazard or medium salinity hazard. Four groundwater samples were good and suspected for irrigation with high salinity hazard. Generally groundwater in Sanjiang Plain was younger than the groundwater in Songnen Plain. Meanwhile, groundwater nearby river is younger than the groundwater further away inside the watershed. The mean age of groundwater in Sanjiang Plain is in average of 44.1,47.9 and 32.8 years by CFC-11 （CCI3F）, CFC-12 （CCI2F2） and CFC-113 （C2CI3F3）, respectively. The mean ages of groundwater in Songnen Plain is in average of 46.1, 53.4, and 40.7 years by CFC-11, CFC-12 and CFC-113, respectively. Thus, groundwater nearby rivers could be directly exploited as irrigation water. Partial groundwater has to be processed to lower the salt concentration rather than directly utilized as irrigation water in Songnen Plain. Both water quality and renewability should be put in mind for sustainable agricultural development and water resources management.

Research on Embryonic Development of Loach

[Objective] Aim to know the whole process of embryonic development of loach. [Method] DOM + LHRH-A2 was used to induce spawning of loach,then after fertilization,the embryos were cultured into freshwater water with temperature from 24 to 26 ℃ and pH from 7.0 to 7.5. The embryonic development of loach was observed and 27 concrete morphological characteristics and development time of loach from fertilized egg to newly hatched larval period were described in detail. [Result] The embryonic development of loach could be divided into cleavage stage,blastocyst stage,gastrula stage,neurula stage and organogenesis stage. The loach embryo from fertilized egg to out membrane period was 30 h 45 min in fresh water from 24 to 26 ℃ and pH from 7.0 to 7.5. [Conclusion] It provided important reference for studying artificial propagation and genetic breeding of loach.

对水利新质生产力的理解及发展思考

水利新质生产力是新质生产力的重要组成部分,也是新质生产力的重要基础,要把水利新质生产力落实到水利工作的全过程、各方面。基于水利新质生产力的内涵、构成要件,及其与新质生产力、水利高质量发展的关系,从不同角度深入认识水利新质生产力,阐述发展水利新质生产力的重要意义。提出发展水利新质生产力的框架,包括根本宗旨、战略指导、工作理念、目标任务以及关键内容,介绍了水利新质生产力的发展思路以及需要把控的关键内容。

黄河流域-黄土高原水土保持与高质量发展:成效、问题与对策

水土保持是新时期山水林田湖草沙系统治理的核心,在保障黄土高原生态安全屏障方面具有重要作用.黄土高原地区自实施一系列生态治理工程以来,水土保持和生态建设等成绩斐然.基于长期监测及生态系统关键过程等研究基础,分析了黄土高原水土保持与生态治理的成效,剖析了水土保持高质量发展中存在的主要问题,主要表现在区域脆弱的生态环境仍未根本改变、生态系统稳定性仍面临巨大挑战、灾害风险依然较为严重、水土保持监管水平薄弱等方面.据此,从该地区水土保持与生态高质量发展角度出发,提出了未来黄土高原水土保持与高质量发展的若干对策建议,以更好地服务黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展的国家战略.

基于系统结构的水利高质量发展内涵与结构解析

准确把握水利高质量发展内涵,是实施新时代水利发展战略的重要前提。通过系统梳理高质量发展和水利发展的研究进展,基于系统观,分析了水利高质量发展的基本概念体系和核心要义;基于系统结构及系统优化视角,构建了由水利高质量发展目标、发展途径、发展条件三要素组成的水利高质量发展系统的关系结构。结果表明:水利高质量发展既是水利系统优化的发展理念,也是实现系统治水的发展措施;将水利高质量发展目标解析为水旱灾害防御安全、水资源供给安全、水生态保护安全和水环境保护安全保障以及高质量水利共享;五大新发展理念内化于水利高质量发展系统的关系结构之中,其中水资源禀赋和绿色发展是前提基础和约束条件,开放是其外在环境条件和内在体现,水利科技创新、水资源优化配置、水资源集约节约利用、水利系统现代化管理、水利基础设施建设和水安全系统功能协调是发展的重要优化途径,高质量水安全保障与满足人民需求的高质量水利共享是发展目标的核心内容。基于系统结构及系统优化问题视角深入剖析水利高质量发展的系统结构及其内在关系,可进一步深化对水利高质量发展的内涵认识,为区域水利高质量发展综合定量评价奠定基础。

大力发展新质生产力助推水利高质量发展——关于水利行业发展新质生产力的认识和思考

发展新质生产力,是当前摆在我们全党全国人民面前的一项伟大而艰巨的政治任务,关系到国运和未来,关系到中国式现代化目标的实现,水利行业责无旁贷。文章从深入学习领会习近平总书记关于发展新质生产力的重要论述入手,深刻理解什么是新质生产力、为什么要发展新质生产力和如何发展新质生产力等一系列核心问题,为水利行业大力发展新质生产力、助推水利高质量发展提供参考和借鉴。

高含水老油田化学驱综合治理新方法及工程实践路径

针对胜利高含水老油田化学驱在科学、技术、管理、工程四个角度面临的开发矛盾,以渤76块为典型单元,在工程实践中进行具体对策分析,构建了“适、专、快、集”的老油田化学驱综合治理新方法。“适”指在老油田科学开发方式转化上,构建不同油藏类型老油田化学驱最佳介入时机模型,提出了在含水率相对较低的阶段,是适合化学驱的有利时机,高效开发方式需“适”介入。“专”指在老油田开发技术应用上,改变传统聚合物先溶解后注入的开发思路,研制可控相转化聚合物,使聚合物先注入后溶解,解决炮眼剪切降解的难题,提高油水流度控制能力,老油田开发矛盾需“专”治理。“快”指在老油田综合管理模式上,改变传统方式,即矿场提问题、研究院设计方案、化工厂生产驱油剂的“串联”管理模式,提出充分发挥矿场、研究院、生产厂三方优势的“并联”管理模式,形成针对单一油藏的产品工业化工艺包以及产业化落地方案,老油田开发技术实现“快”转化。“集”指在老油田工程应用实践上,打破老油田化学驱地面大规模建站的工程工艺模式,采用集约化撬装配注设备,实现老油田化学驱的集约快速配注,老油田工程工艺实现“集”应用。运用上述方法,在胜利油田渤76块综合含水率上升初期,实施由水驱转为可控相转化聚合物驱,实施后一年即见到明显的降水增油效果,单井日产油水平增加8.6t/d,综合含水率降低3.1%,验证了综合治理模式的可行性,为高含水老油田化学驱高效开发提供了有效路径。

“四水四定”最严格水资源管理管控指标研究

“四水四定”最严格水资源管理管控指标是水资源刚性约束制度的重要组成部分,是贯彻落实《节约用水条例》的重要抓手,“四水四定”的研究有助于推动用水方式由粗放向集约节约转变。通过分析“四水四定”的水是什么水、四定是什么的内涵,提出水资源的管控指标、经济社会发展保障及涉水均衡协调指标等;按照“城、地、人、产”用户维度和发展—水流—生态维度,构建了“四水四定”管控指标体系。文章以江苏沛县为例,从管控指标库的构建,以及考虑代表性、独立性、可比性和实用性四个方面的特征,建立了沛县的“四水四定”水资源刚性约束指标及目标,为各地正在开展的建立刚性约束制度和“四水四定”建设方案提供参考。

数字孪生水利赋能水利新质生产力发展框架研究

发展新质生产力是推动高质量发展的内在要求和重要着力点。进入新发展阶段,数字孪生水利因其具有高科技、高效能、高质量特征,成为水利新质生产力的最显著标志和最有力抓手。水利部党组将推进数字孪生水利建设作为推动新阶段水利高质量发展的显著标志和重要路径,其本质就是在发展水利新质生产力。基于新质生产力的科学内涵和重大意义,探讨辨析建设数字孪生水利与发展新质生产力之间的内在联系和逻辑,并从建设行动、关键技术、标准体系、人才培养等方面提出以数字孪生水利驱动引领水利新质生产力发展的实施路径。

基于集对分析的区域水利高质量发展评价方法

基于发展目标、发展途径、发展条件相作用形成的区域水利高质量发展系统结构和相对联系数的指标体系筛选方法,构建了由59个评价指标、11个发展方面、3个发展子系统组成的区域水利高质量发展评价指标体系;利用专家咨询和遗传层次分析法确定各指标权重,采用集对分析计算指标、方面、子系统和样本4个层次与区域水利高质量发展评价标准集对间的联系数,应用减法集对势判断4个层次区域水利高质量发展状态,建立了基于集对分析的区域水利高质量发展评价方法(SPA-HDEM),并将其应用于陕西省2020年10个地市的水利高质量发展评价中。结果表明:西安水利高质量发展状态处于中等偏较高等级,咸阳、汉中、渭南、安康、宝鸡、榆林均处于中等等级,延安、商洛、铜川均处于较低偏中等等级;非陕南的7个地市的发展条件均不佳,10个地市的发展途径均相对较低;各地市处于反势的指标中,西安有“人均水资源量”等11个、铜川有“防洪堤防达标率”等32个、宝鸡有“水利投资占GDP比重”等16个、咸阳有“人均生活用水量”等14个、渭南有“水资源开发利用率”等19个、延安有“供水模数”等21个、榆林有“供水模数”等22个、汉中有“防洪堤防达标率”等15个、安康有“防洪堤防达标率”等21个、商洛有“人均工资”等25个,重点调控这些反势指标是全省水利高质量发展工作中的重要任务。SPA-HDEM适用性强,在已知评价等级标准的实际区域水利高质量发展评价问题中具有应用前景。

新时代黄河流域水土保持标准体系建设框架研究

为了贯彻落实《黄河保护法》,推动黄河流域水土保持各项工作规范化、标准化,满足黄河流域水土保持事业高质量发展的现实需要,根据《黄河保护法》有关规定,结合新时代黄河流域水土保持工作目标和特点,在全面分析水土保持标准体系建立的背景、意义及必要性的基础上,全面梳理现行的水土保持国家标准体系,广泛征集有关省(区)业务人员和专家的意见、建议,组织专家开展专题研究,提出了包括基础类、规划设计类、治理类、淤地坝类、监测类、监管类、信息化类、试验示范类等8类73项标准(其中沿用原有标准48项、建议新增标准25项)的黄河流域水土保持标准体系建设框架。

基于相对联系数的区域水利高质量发展评价指标体系筛选方法

为综合判断在区域水利高质量发展目标、发展途径、发展条件相互作用下区域水资源-经济社会-生态环境复合系统不断协同优化的系统高质量发展水平状态,构建了由发展目标、发展途径和发展条件3个子系统组成的区域水利高质量发展初步评价指标体系。为定量分析初步评价指标体系的专家咨询信息,根据专家指标排序合理性模糊关系的取值区间特点提出了相对联系数,用相对联系数的平均集对势估计各专家指标排序合理性的权重,进而可得各指标重要性的专家综合排序值,据此筛选初步评价指标体系,构建了基于相对联系数的区域水利高质量发展评价指标体系筛选方法(SM-RCN)。SM-RCN在陕西省的应用结果表明:筛选后的指标体系汇聚了各专家对区域水利高质量发展主要影响指标的综合评判;SM-RCN可克服评价指标体系构建过程缺乏定量分析依据的不足,可识别不同专家、同一专家对不同评价方面的指标排序合理性的程度。该筛选方法在区域水利现代化、水资源空间均衡、水资源承载力等评价指标体系构建过程中具有应用前景。

以发展新质生产力提升水安全保障能力的逻辑机理与关键路径

在实现水利高质量发展过程中,“高科技、高效能、高质量”的新质生产力特征已逐渐显现。发展新质生产力、提升水安全保障能力在发展理念、目标指向、实施动力等关键要素上具有内在的逻辑契合性。提升水安全保障能力,需精准对接新质生产力需求,加快实现水利高水平科技自立自强,培养卓越水利科技创新人才,形成与新质生产力相适应的新型生产关系。

建立水资源刚性约束制度的几点思考

建立水资源刚性约束制度,是贯彻落实习近平总书记“节水优先、空间均衡、系统治理、两手发力”治水思路和关于治水重要讲话指示批示精神的重要实践。文章聚焦新阶段影响国家水安全的新老水问题,分析了建立水资源刚性约束制度的重大战略意义,辨析了水资源管理刚性约束的内涵要义,并就加快建立水资源刚性约束制度提出了相关建议。

贯彻落实国家“江河战略”的思考

国家“江河战略”是习近平总书记亲自擘画、提出的新理念新思想新战略,开启了新时代江河保护治理崭新篇章,为推动新阶段水利高质量发展提供了重要遵循。贯彻落实国家“江河战略”,要深刻领会国家“江河战略”确立的战略考量,准确把握国家“江河战略”的丰富内涵和核心要义,结合水利行业实际,以提升水安全保障能力为目标,加强顶层设计,推动新阶段水利高质量发展。