Validation of the Relationship between Precipitable Water and Surface Vapor Pressure by Means of Reanalysis Data

By means of ERA-40, JRA-25, NCEP/NCAR and NCEP/DOE reanalysis data, empirical relations between precipitable water and surface vapor pressure in spatial and temporal scale were calculated. The reliabilities of precipitable water from reanalysis data were validated based on comparing different W-e empirical relations of various reanalysis data, in order to provide basis and reference for reasonable application. The results showed that W-e empirical relation of ERA-40 was closest to that of sounding data in China, and precipitable water from ERA-40 was the most credible. The worldwide comparison among W-e empirical relations of four reanalysis data showed that there was little difference in annual mean W-e empirical relations in the middle latitudes and great differences in low and high latitudes. Seasonal mean W-e empirical relations in the middle latitudes of the northern Hemisphere had little difference in spring, autumn and winter, but great difference in summer. Therefore, the reliabilities of precipitable water from reanalysis data in spring, autumn and winter in the middle latitudes of the northern hemisphere were higher than other areas and seasons. W-e empirical relations of NCEP/NCAR and NCEP/DOE had good stability in different years, while there was poor stability in ERA-40 and JRA-25.

黄河流域生态环境质量对气候变化的响应及其与水沙变化的关系

研究生态环境质量对气候变化的响应及其与水沙变化的关系,可为黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展提供科学依据。本文以2000—2022年MODIS数据产品、气温、降水、径流量和输沙量数据为基础,结合多元指标的遥感生态指数(RSEI),利用线性回归和相关分析方法,分析了黄河流域RSEI时空变化特征及其对气温、降水的响应,以及与径流量、输沙量的关系。结果表明:①2000—2022年黄河流域总体和上、中游地区RSEI呈上升趋势,下游地区呈下降趋势,其中中游地区增速最快,显著增加面积占比最大;②黄河流域RSEI与年平均气温、年降水量呈显著正相关的面积比例分别为17.29%、27.97%,集中在中部黄土高原区域;③黄河流域上游和中游地区年径流、年输沙量与RSEI均呈显著正相关,流域总体和下游地区RSEI与年径流量呈正相关,与输沙量呈负相关。气候变化背景下黄河流域生态环境质量总体呈改善趋势,生态环境质量变化与径流量、输沙量变化的内在关系仍需进一步研究。

永丰水文站水位流量关系曲线率定分析

本文对永丰断面渠道水位—流量关系曲线率定进行分析,为水旱灾害防治、中小河流治理和生态环境保护等工作提供水文信息和监测数据,并为经济社会发展和生态保护提供科学支撑。该工作有利于解决上下游、左右岸、各用水主体之间的用水矛盾,很大程度上降低水资源的管理难度,从而对构建和谐用水秩序、构建和谐社会发挥重要作用,对缓解石羊河流域尖锐的水资源供需矛盾以及对流域内建设节水型社会等都具有重要意义。

Change of Annual Extreme Water Levels and Correlation with River Discharges in the Middle-lower Yangtze River: Characteristics and Possible Affecting Factors

As one of the fastest developing regions in China, the middle-lower Yangtze River （MLYR） is vulnerable to floods and droughts. With obtained time series of annual highest water level （HWL）, annual lowest water level （LWL） and the corresponding fiver discharges from three gauging stations in MLYR that covering the period 1987-2011, the current study evaluated the change character- istics of annual extreme water levels and the correlation with fiver discharges by using the methods of Vend test, Mann-Whitney-Pettitt （MWP） test and double mass analysis. Major result indicated a decreasing/increasing trend for annual HWL/LWL of all stations in MLYR during the study period. A change point in 1999 was identified for annual HWL at the Hankou and Datong stations. The year 2006 was found to be the critical year that the relationship between annual extreme water levels and fiver discharges changed in the MLYR. With contrast to annual LWL in MLYR, further investigation revealed that the change characteristics of annual HWL were highly consistent with regional precipitation in the Yangtze River Basin, while the linkage with Three Gorges Dam （TGD） operation is not strong. Our observation also pointed out that the effect of serious down cutting of the riverbed and the enlargement of the cross-section area during the initial period of TGD operation caused the downward trend of the relationship between annual LWL and river discharge. Whereas, the relatively raised river water level before the flood season due to TGD regulation since 2006 explained for the changing upward trend of the relationship between annual HWL and river discharge.

Morphological Characteristics of Cambodia Mekong Delta and Tonle Sap Lake and Its Response to River-Lake Water Exchange Pattern

Tonle Sap Lake is the largest river-connected lake, buffer area and ecological zone of Mekong River, which plays a huge role in dispelling flood peak and compensating water, and the conservation of biological diversity. The river-lake relationship between Mekong River and Tonle Sap Lake is unique and has always been a major focus in the international community. The land terrain and under-water topography were used to analyze the morphological characteristics of Cambodia Mekong Delta and Tonle Sap Lake. Long series of hydrological data of river-lake controlling stations were used to analyze the water level variation characteristics and water volume exchange pattern between Mekong River and Tonle Sap Lake, and the response relationship to river-lake morphological characteristics were also researched. The results show that: Cambodia Mekong Delta and Tonle Sap Lake Area is low-lying and flat with gentle channel gradient and water surface gradient, making the relationship between water level and area (or volume) smooth. The channel storage capacity of Mekong River and Tonle Sap River is not enough compared to the inflow, so vast flooding plain is extremely prone to be inundated, making the flood relationships between the left and right banks become very complicated. Tonle Sap Lake is a seasonal freshwater lake with water flowing in and flowing out, and the timing and intensity of water exchange with Mekong River are closely related to the water flow resistance at the exit section of Tonle Sap Lake and the cross-sectional area of Tonle Sap River, which can be reflected by the river-lake water level difference and the water level of Tonle Sap River. Affected by the river-lake morphological characteristics, the water exchange intensity between Mekong River and Tonle Sap Lake is great. Tonle Sap Lake not only stores 14.4% of flood volume (39.7 billion m3) from the Mekong River every year, but also supplies 29.7% of dry water (69.4 billion m3) to the Mekong River. Influenced by the adjustment of the floodplain, the water level fluctuation of Mekong River and Tonle Sap Lake is slow, and the rising and droop rates of water level are positively correlated with the floodplain storage area. The research results will help to understand the relationship mechanism between Mekong River and Tonle Sap Lake and provide a scientific basis for the comprehensive governance of Cambodia Mekong Delta and Tonle Sap Lake Area.

区域水平衡及失衡程度度量方法

区域水平衡量化及诊断是水网工程建设优化和水资源均衡调控的基础,对提升水安全保障能力、支撑经济社会稳定发展、实现人水和谐具有重要意义。本文从空间、时间、结构、过程、总量五个维度解构了区域人水系统的四大平衡,即反映水收入项和支出项定量关系的水收支平衡、体现经济社会供水量与需水量匹配关系的经济社会供需水平衡、结合经济社会-生态系统发展与用水定量关系的经济社会与生态用水平衡、表征人水系统发展状态的人水关系和谐平衡,并提出相应的水平衡度量方法。多角度解析了区域水平衡的失衡状态,提出四大平衡的失衡程度度量方法及区域水平衡的失衡程度综合度量方法。以沁河流域为实例应用和检验了上述方法,结果表明:提出的度量方法具有科学性和适用性,能够应用于区域水平衡研究实践;2019年沁河流域水平衡的失衡度为0.327,处于蓄水量减少、水资源短缺、生态端亏水、水系统受损的中度失衡状态,后续应注重人类涉水行为的管控。研究成果可为区域水平衡评估与调控提供理论支撑,服务国家或区域水平衡策略制定和水网工程规划。

面向新质生产力发展需求的国家水网建设关键内容及研究展望

为推动国家水网建设稳步迈入新质生产力发展的新征程,在理解水利新质生产力内涵及发展需求的基础上,从高科技、高效能、高质量、绿色4个维度出发,系统梳理国家水网建设需要把握的关键内容,分析有代表性的研究实例,并在此基础上进一步对国家水网未来研究进行展望,包括研发国家水网模拟器大科学装置、物理水网和虚拟水网协同建设、支撑人与自然和谐共生的现代化建设、科学处理人水关系4个方面,以期为面向新质生产力发展的国家水网建设提供参考。

水土保持生态建设下的黄土高原典型流域水沙响应

为探讨黄土高原多沙粗沙区流域水沙关系演变特征及其对水土流失治理的响应,以黄河中游无定河流域为研究对象,综合采用水沙关系曲线、数理统计等多种方法,系统分析1956—2019年间无定河流域水沙关系多时间尺度演变特征及其与水土流失治理的协同响应。研究结果表明:1)研究时段内,无定河流域年径流及年输沙量呈锐减趋势(P<0.05),且均在1970年左右发生减少突变;2)流域水沙关系在年际和场次洪水尺度上均发生深刻变化。2010年以后,暴雨频发导致流域内侵蚀物源头供应明显增加,流域河道泥沙输送能力小幅提高;3)水土保持措施实施对流域水沙锐减影响较大。2000年前后在相似降雨条件下,单位降雨量径流量和单位降雨量输沙量较20世纪70年代减少47%和62%。水土保持措施面积增加与流域径流输沙减少呈现较好的一致性,流域水土流失治理在提高黄河多沙粗沙区流域下垫面抗侵蚀能力等方面发挥重要作用。研究结果可为科学认知区域水土流失治理成效及入黄泥沙锐减成因提供参考。

Water-cut rising mechanism and optimized water injection technology for deepwater turbidite sandstone oilfield: A case study of AKPO Oilfield in Niger Delta Basin, West Africa

Through the analysis of the reservoir connection relationship and the water-cut rising rules after water breakthrough in the highly volatile oil AKPO oilfield, a new model of water-cut rising was established, and the timing and strategy of water injection were put forward. The water-cut rising shapes of producers after water breakthrough can be divided into three types, and their water-cut rising mechanism is mainly controlled by reservoir connectivity. For the producers which directly connect with injectors in the single-phase sand body of the single-phase channel or lobe with good reservoir connectivity, the water-cut rising curve is "sub-convex". For the producers which connect with injectors through sand bodies developed in multi-phases with good inner sand connectivity but poorer physical property and connectivity at the overlapping parts of sands, the response to water injection is slow and the water-cut rising curve is "sub-concave". For the producers which connect with injectors through multi-phase sand bodies with reservoir physical properties, connectivity in between the former two and characteristics of both direct connection and overlapping connection, the response to water injection is slightly slower and the water-cut rising curve is "sub-S". Based on ratio relationship of oil and water relative permeability, a new model of water cut rising was established. Through the fitting analysis of actual production data, the optimal timing and corresponding technology for water injection after water breakthrough were put forward. Composite channel and lobe reservoirs can adopt water injection strategies concentrating on improving the vertical sweep efficiency and areal sweep efficiency respectively. This technology has worked well in the AKPO oilfield and can guide the development of similar oilfields.

Soil water resources use limit in the loess plateau of China

Soil water is a key factor limiting plant growth in water-limited regions. Without limit of soil water used by plants, soil degradation in the form of soil desiccation is easy to take place in the perennial forestland and grassland with too higher density or productivity. Soil water resources use limit (SWRUL) is the lowest control limit of soil water resources which is used by plants in those regions. It can be defined as soil water storage within the maximum infiltration depth in which all of soil layers belong to dried soil layers. In this paper, after detailed discussion of characteristics of water resources and the relationship between soil water and plant growth in the Loess Plateau, the definition, quantitative method, and practical applications of SWRUL are introduced. Henceforth, we should strengthen the study of SWRUL and have a better understanding of soil water resources. All those are of great importance for designing effective restoration project and sustainable management of soil water resources in water- limited regions in the future.

经济社会与生态用水平衡计算规则与方法

从平衡的概念出发,针对经济社会与生态用水竞争问题,提出了经济社会与生态用水平衡的概念,并论述了其内涵及特性;构建了经济社会与生态用水平衡计算规则框架,包括遵循四大规律、基于六大理论、考虑六大因素、符合三大准则;提出了经济社会与生态用水平衡的计算思路,包括资料处理、量化计算、结果检验3个步骤,并给出了其计算方法和计算结果表征方式。以2019年沁河流域为例,量化了流域经济社会与生态用水平衡;在求解一次平衡点以及经济社会用水刚性约束、生态用水刚性约束、综合效益刚性约束条件下平衡结果的基础上,综合考虑六大因素以及总需水量与水资源总量关系,确定了沁河流域经济社会与生态用水平衡点,即经济社会用水与生态用水的比例为0.71∶0.29。

QSRR Study on the Relationship between the Chromatographic Capacity Factor and Lipophilicity and Structure Parameters of Halogenated Thiophenols

The capacity factors （k＇） of fourteen types ofhalogenated thiophenols in different phases of methanol-water eluent were determined by reversed phased high-performance liquid chromatography （RP-HPLC） and the relationships between the logarithm of capacity factor lgK＇ and methanol ratio ψ were analyzed. A fair linear relationship is found between lgK＇ and ψ, and the correlation coefficients R2 of the constructed linear equations are all greater than 0.990. Relationship between the chromatographic data lgKw＇ when extrapolated to pure water and n-octanol/water partition coefficient lgKow obtained by the group contribution method has shown a good linear correlation with R2= 0.956. The structure parameters of fourteen halogenated thiophenols were calculated by using DFT, and the correlation equation of lgKw＇ and structure parameters was obtained by using SPSS, lgKw＇ = -0.409 ＋ 0.039a and R2 = 0.981, meaning that lgKw＇ is mainly determined by the polarizability α.

水资源刚性约束制度研究框架与展望

实行水资源刚性约束制度是当前水资源管理制度领域的重大改革措施,也是推动相关国家战略实施、实现人水和谐共生的必然举措。梳理了水资源刚性约束制度的提出背景与历程,分析了水资源刚性约束制度的概念内涵,从指导思想、理论基础、技术支撑、战略目标、研究内容和关键问题等6个方面构建了水资源刚性约束制度研究框架,从理论研究、技术研究、实践研究等3个方面对未来研究进行了展望,以期为水资源刚性约束制度相关研究提供理论和实践参考。

Cash gifts,perception of social sphere and distribution of water resources for rural farmers in a typical oasis area in Northwest China

Face-to-face interviews(n=860) were conducted to determine cash-gift behavior, cognition and complexity of social relations, and family water consumption for agricultural production in a typical oasis area in Northwest China. The survey results revealed cash gifts to be the second-largest expenditure(1,330 Yuan) for rural households, far beyond the average spending on health(854.1 Yuan) or education(890.8 Yuan). The amount of cash-gift expenditures indirectly reflects a family's social relations level, and our developed Social Relations Extent Coefficient—based on cash-gift and food expenditures—can directly reflect the extent or level of these relationships. Different types of farmers or farming families have different coefficients. The coefficient also shows how social station affects a family's water resource utilization, and how water is distributed among different types of farmers. Despite the current inequities, however, promotion of better agricultural techniques and large-scale cultivation in this area could help distribute water resources more equitably and effectively.

Impact of land use change on water quality in the Dianchi Lake watershed, Yunnan, China, 1988-2008

Land use changes occurring in China during the time period of rapid economic development are linked to the degradation of water quality in streams and lakes. This paper examines these linkages in the Dianchi Lake watershed in Yunnan in southwest China based on a twenty-year data set from 1988 to 2008. Pearson correlation analysis and simple linear regression analysis are employed to explore the relationships between land use change and water quality of two sub-basins, the Caohai Lake basin and the Waihai Lake basin, within the Dianchi Lake watershed. Land use categories more strongly correlate to water quality in the Caohai Lake basin than that in the Waihai Lake basin. The different structure of land use categories, spatial distribution of land cover, and scales of buffer zones could be the factors resulting in the dissimilarities between these two lakes. The research can provide valuable insights for policymakers into land use management in order to curb further water degradation in Dianchi Lake.

Study on copper complexing ligand concentrations in several China's coastal waters

Copper complexing ligand concentrations in the Daya Bay, Qingdao coast, Jiaozhou Bay, South China Sea and Huanghe Estuary waters were determined by the anodic stripping voltammetry technique. The distribution regularity and the relationship with other parameters were discussed. The results were as follows： Copper complexing ligand concentrations of the South China Sea were a little higher than those of other sea areas, and they were apparently higher than those of the ocean. Compared with the subsurface layer （SSL） in the sea surface microlayer copper complexing ligand concentrations showed an enrichment phenomenon, of which the mechanism is similar to dissolved organic matter. The metal complexing ligand concentration profiles of the South China Sea showed that the value in the sea surface was the highest, then it decreased with depth accruing, and a higher value appeared at the bottom. Copper complex- ing ligand concentrations were higher than those of cadmium and lead. Ligands in each sea area exhibited a complicated property. In short, the distribution regularity of copper complexing ligand concentrations in China＇s coastal waters was consistent with that of other regions in the world. Meanwhile, the positive relationship between the copper complexing ligand concentrations and biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, dissolved organic carbon, and viscosity were found clearly.

Structural Characterization and Octanol/water Partition Coefficients(LogP) Prediction for Oxygen-containing Organic Compounds

New descriptors were constructed and structures of some oxygen-containing organic compounds were parameterized. The multiple linear regression（MLR） and partial least squares regression（PLS） methods were employed to build two relationship models between the structures and octanol/water partition coefficients（LogP） of the compounds. The modeling correlation coefficients（R） were 0.976 and 0.922, and the ＂leave one out＂ cross validation correlation coefficients（R（CV）） were 0.973 and 0.909, respectively. The results showed that the structural descriptors could well characterize the molecular structures of the compounds; the stability and predictive power of the models were good.

考虑水土互馈关系的区域水土资源联合优化配置

针对水土资源空间不匹配、水资源总量不足及土地资源利用程度不高等问题,以二元水循环理论为基础,构建考虑水土互馈关系的区域水土资源联合优化配置模型。该模型包括产水模块、水土联合配置模块和土地模拟模块,以GDP最大和基于生态绿当量的区域植被覆盖率(EGE-RVC)最高为目标函数,并提出了一种耦合约束法、逐次逼近法和非线性规划的三层嵌套算法进行求解。以河南省洛阳市为例对模型和方法进行验证,结果表明,洛阳市可利用水量增加了4463万m^(3),GDP提高了12.5%,EGE-RVC增加了2.6%,各用地类型缺水率不同程度下降。研究成果能够为区域水土资源优化配置研究提供新的思路和技术参考。

水资源集对系统中的对立关系分析

水资源集对系统中同一项和对立项构成的对立关系是水资源集对分析辩证思维的集中体现,是构建集对系统联系数的基石。通过五种常见对立关系类型的概念解析与其应用之间对应关系的分析,以及面向五类对立关系的水资源集对系统差异项不确定性分析,在对立关系复杂、深刻的涵义方面取得了一些新的认识:在水资源集对系统中常见的反比型、互斥型、正负型、互补型和虚实型对立关系可分别由模糊、随机、涨落、分配和存在型不确定性对应产生并进行分析计算;在集对系统中最基本的对立关系是反比型、互斥型对立关系,对应的模糊性、随机性是事件发生的内容性质、事件发生的结果数量方面的不确定性;差异项不确定性的变化是导致联系数中同异反三类关系变化的原因,是“一分为三”辩证思维的一种典型展开,反映了量变到质变的转化规律;在差异项表征的五类不确定性中最常见的是模糊不确定性,模糊不确定性变量的运算可通过随机模拟技术转化为随机不确定性变量的运算。模糊和随机的不确定性分析分别注重物理内涵解析和数学定量计算,这反映了水资源集对分析学科属于计算思维领域,对进一步推动模糊水文学、随机水文学、水资源集对分析、结构水资源学等学科发展无疑具有明显的启发作用和指导意义。

人水关系学的基本方程及模型构建

人水关系是人类与自然界关系中最重要的关系之一,人水关系学是研究人水关系的一门新交叉学科,构建其基本方程和模型是深入研究人水关系的核心内容之一。基于前期研究工作和不同学科成果梳理,提出了人水系统“四大过程”(水循环过程、物质循环过程、生物过程、人文过程),总结给出了“四大过程”的基本方程及其耦合与计算方法,提出了考虑“四大过程”的分布式人水关系模型构建框架与人水关系模拟器的构建设想,并介绍了沁河流域分布式人水关系模型应用研究实例。人水系统“四大过程”是表征人水关系的重要基础,其基本方程是研究人水关系学的基础方程,由基本方程耦合构建的模型是模拟人水关系问题的重要工具,可为进一步完善人水关系学奠定基础,为深入研究人水关系模型提供思路。