A review of water resources utilization and protection in Southwest China

Yunnan and Guizhou are two provinces in Southwest China where in recent years drought disasters have occurred due to natural and human factors. This paper reviewed literature and summarized the related achievements of water resources utilization and protection in Yunnan and Guizhou provinces. rivers, and karst ground water in the two provinces, and also This included characters and utilization of precipitation, the various explanations of drought （climate and human factors） and strategies for coping with droughts. Our concluding remarks highlight three lines of future studies： inequalities and equitable use of water distribution, better evaluation systems, and raising awareness through conservation practices.

Groundwater resources in karst area in Southern China and sustainable utilization pattern

Occurrence conditions of groundwater in southern karst area are complicated. The water-bearing media in the karst have multiplicity, and the groundwater is hosted in holes, gaps, seams, pipes and caves. The karst water shows heterogeneity where fast and slow flow coexist, and the Darcy and non-Darcy flow coexist, and the liquid flow, the gas flow and solid flow coexist. The evaluation and investigation indicates that the mineable resource of karst groundwater is about 53.44 billion m^3/y, and the current exploitation quantity is merely 6.565 billion m^3/year. The exploitation and utilization potential is gigantic. In the region there are altogether 2 763 karst subterranean rivers with a total length of 12 687 km. The dry season runoff volume equals to 47 billion m^3/year. At present the exploitation is only 10%. Four effective utilization models of karst groundwater resources have been put forward.(1) The karst hills-depression zone formed the surface-underground united reservoir. By digging tunnels, water diversion irrigation and generating electricity, the ecological economy is developed.(2) In the deep-cut peak cluster depression area, by using the high-part Epikarst spring and constructing the regulation and storage water tank, the stereo ecological agriculture is developed.(3) In the karst peak forest plain and hilly-gully area, the pump-type underground regulating reservoir is constructed and the water-saving ecological agriculture is strengthened.(4) In the fault basin region with the surrounding groundwater runoff belting beam backwater, the water resources are jointly controlled to develop a fruit crop base within the basin.

Water resources utilization and eco-environmental safety in Northwest China

Northwest China includes Xinjiang Ugyur Autonomous Region, Qinghai Province, Gansu Province, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and Shaanxi Province, covering 308×10^4km^2. It is located in the warm-temperate zone and the climate is arid or semi-arid. Precipitation is very scarce but evaporation is extremely high. The climate is dry, the water resources are deficient, the ecoenvironment is fragile, and the distribution of water resources is uneven. In this region, precipitation is the only input, and evaporation is the only output in the inland rivers, and precipitation, surface water and groundwater change with each other for many times, which benefits the storage and utilization of water resources. The average precipitation in this region is 232 mm, the total precipitation amount is 7003×108m^3/a, the surface water resources are 1891×10^8m^3/a, the total natural groundwater resources are 1150×10^8m^3/a, the total available water resources are 438×10^8 m^3/a, and the total water resources are 1996×10^8m^3/a and per capita water resources are 2278 m^3/a. The water resources of the whole area are 5.94×10^4m^3/（a.km^2）, being only one-fifth of the mean value in China. Now, the available water resources are 876×10^8m^3/a, among which groundwater is proximate 130×10^8m^3/a.

Revision of Water Function Division and Countermeasures for Water Resources Protection in Jiangjin District of Chongqing City in China

According to the current situation and development planning of water resources in Jiangjin District of Three Gorge Reservoir Area at the upper reaches of Yangtze River,by combining with social needs,through the survey on pollution source and analysis of water quality,based on the Report of Water Function Division of Jiangjin District(2005) ,the adjustment and revision have been conducted on water function divisions,and corresponding protection targets and countermeasures for water resources have been proposed,so that the water function division can comply with the development situation of Jiangjin District,providing a reliable reference for the protection and reasonable utilization of water resources,enhancing the unified and effective supervision of water resources,promoting the sustainable use of water resources in Jiangjin District,and ensuring the sustainable development of regional society and environment.

Analysis of the Status and Rational Allocation of Water Resources in China in View of the New Era

This paper examines the current status of water resource management and conservation in China,along with strategies to address the water resource crisis.Given the current situation,the paper highlights issues such as incomplete legal mechanisms,limited environmental awareness among enterprises,and insufficient government investment.To ad-dress these challenges,the paper proposes a series of strategies,including improving the ecological environment,enhanc-ing production techniques,strengthening management systems,rationalizing water resource allocation,and implementing water-saving measures in both industrial and agricultural production.These strategies serve to achieve sustainable water resource management,reduce water pollution,and effectively tackle the pressing water resource issues faced in China currently.

Modeling and analyzing supply-demand relationships of water resources in Xinjiang from a perspective of ecosystem services

Water shortage is one bottleneck that limits economic and social developments in arid and semi-arid areas.As the impacts of climate change and human disturbance intensify across time,uncertainties in both water resource supplies and demands increase in arid and semi-arid areas.Taking a typical arid region in China,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,as an example,water yield depth(WYD)and water utilization depth(WUD)from 2002 to 2018 were simulated using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs(InVEST)model and socioeconomic data.The supply-demand relationships of water resources were analyzed using the ecosystem service indices including water supply-demand difference(WSDD)and water supply rate(WSR).The internal factors in changes of WYD and WUD were explored using the controlled variable method.The results show that the supplydemand relationships of water resources in Xinjiang were in a slight deficit,but the deficit was alleviated due to increased precipitation and decreased WUD of irrigation.WYD generally experienced an increasing trend,and significant increase mainly occurred in the oasis areas surrounding both the Junggar Basin and Tarim Basin.WUD had a downward trend with a decline of 20.70%,especially in oasis areas.Water resources in most areas of Xinjiang were fully utilized and the utilization efficiency of water resources increased.The water yield module in the InVEST model was calibrated and validated using gauging station data in Xinjiang,and the result shows that the use of satellite-based water storage data helped to decrease the bias error of the InVEST model by 0.69×10^(8)m^(3).This study analyzed water resource supplies and demands from a perspective of ecosystem services,which expanded the scope of the application of ecosystem services and increased the research perspective of water resource evaluation.The results could provide guidance for water resource management such as spatial allocation and structural optimization of water resources in arid and semi-arid areas.

Effects of Different Rainwater Diversion Patterns on Rainwater Collection Efficiency and Water Utilization Efficiency in Cornfield

Four rainwater diversion patterns including undisturbed soil ditch （T1）, slope compaction （T2）, asbestos sheet covering after compac- tion （T3） and plastic film covering after compaction （T4） were set in cornfield in arid areas of Yunnan Province, and effects of various patterns on rainwater collection efficiency, water utilization efficiency and corn yield were studied. The results shows that rainwater collection efficiency, water utilization efficiency and corn yield of the four diversion patterns presented the same trend, namely T4 〉T3 〉T2 〉T1. Overall, rainwater collection efficiencies of the four diversion patterns ranged from 41.7% to 58.7% ; compared with T1, water utilization efficiencies of T2 ,T3 and T4 increased by 34.9%, 53.5% and 92.5%, and maize yields of them improved by 1 767.0, 1 981.5 and 2 385.0 kg/hm2.

Protection Planning for Rural Centralized Drinking Water Source Areas in Chongqing

Protection planning is made for rural centralized drinking water source areas according to current situations of rural drinking water and existing problems of centralized drinking water source areas in Chongqing,and in combination with survey,analysis and evaluation of urban-rural drinking water source areas in whole city.There are engineering measures and non-engineering measures,to guarantee drinking water security of rural residents,improve rural ecological environment,realize sustainable use of water resource,and promote sustainable development of society.Engineering measures include conservation and protection of water resource,ecological restoration,isolation,and comprehensive control of pointsource and area-source pollution.Non-engineering measures include construction of monitoring system for drinking water source area,construction of security information system for rural centralized drinking water source area,and construction of emergency mechanism for water pollution accidents in rural water source areas.

Water resource formation and conversion and water security in arid region of Northwest China

Climate change and water resource issues are global problems of common concern to the international community, and they are major bottlenecks affecting the eco-environment and sustainable socio-economic development in the arid region of Northwest China. On the basis of results from previous studies, this paper points out that the unique landscape of Northwest China increases the complexity and uncertainty of the climate system. This paper analyzes the key constraints on socio-economic development and ecological security in the region, discusses the impact of climate change on water resources in Northwest China, identifies common themes and the main problems present in research on climate change and water resources in the arid northwest region, and finally, based on the importance and urgency of conducting research on the region＇s water resources, proposes scientific problems that need to be addressed： first, the impact of climate change on the formation, conversion and future trends of water resources in the region; second, bidirectional coupling of high-resolution regional climate models and water cycle models of arid region land surface patterns; third, the impact of climate change and human activities on water resources of the arid northwest region. Through consideration and discussion of the above, this paper seeks to further clarify specific areas of research on pressing issues related to climate change and water resources in Northwest China, so as to establish a solid scientific basis for significantly enhancing our ability to respond to climate change and water shortages.

水资源保护利用“四水四定”的创新管理模式

系统识别了我国水资源保护利用“四水四定”管理中存在的问题,提出了以精准严格的管控指标、权威统一的监测系统、明确有力的管理体制、科学规范的管理制度以及协同高效的管理机制为五大核心体系,以水资源保护利用“四水四定”智慧水务管控平台为一个平台的水资源保护利用“四水四定”创新管理“5+1”模式;指出未来水资源保护利用“四水四定”管理的发展趋势包括统筹协调现有的水管理系统并实现升级,水量与水权结合面向“四水四定”激活交易市场,规范化建立“四水四定”的执行标准体系以及开展基于微观决策行为的水资源保护利用“四水四定”特定制度设计等方面。

粤港澳大湾区广东省域城市水资源禀赋及开发利用分析

水资源是基础性的战略资源,开展粤港澳大湾区城市水资源研究对于促进大湾区稳定发展具有重要意义。从水资源开发利用角度,分析大湾区城市水资源自然禀赋、利用状况,分析水资源开发潜力,在此基础上进一步分析水资源开发利用中存在的问题,并提出相关对策与建议。结果表明:从水资源禀赋来看,肇庆、惠州、江门等城市地表水、地下水和水资源总量相对较高,中山、珠海、深圳和东莞相对较低;肇庆、惠州、江门人均水资源量较高,深圳最低;在水资源利用方面,广州用水量最多,珠海最低,人均用水量地区差异明显。用水结构中,大湾区已进入后工业化阶段,服务业比重有较大提升;水资源开发潜力分析发现,深圳、东莞水资源开发潜力较低,惠州、江门和肇庆水资源开发潜力较大;从香港地区、澳门地区和北京等城市经验得出,要实现社会经济可持续发展,要积极采用行业先进的技术,改善用水效率,提高居民的节水意识和养成节水习惯,建设节水型社会,有条件的地方可考虑把外流域调水作为保障供水安全的手段之一。

南水北调中线受水区水资源利用效率及影响因素

为提升南水北调中线工程受水区水资源利用效率,以工程沿线北京、天津2个直辖市和河南、河北18个省辖市共计20个地域单元为研究区域,基于2015—2021年面板数据,采用Super-SBM模型、GML模型及sys-GMM估计法对受水区水资源利用效率进行测度,对影响因素进行识别。结果表明:全区水资源静态利用效率总体偏低但呈波动上升态势,区域差异较大,呈京津板块>河南板块>河北板块格局,空间上呈现以京津冀、郑州2个都市圈为核心向外围逐渐递减的“核心-外围”结构;全区水资源动态利用效率整体呈波动上升趋势,主要源于技术进步,而技术效率作用有限;经济发展水平、水资源禀赋、科技水平、城镇化进程、人口密度与水资源利用效率显著正相关,水污染程度、产业结构、环境规制与水资源利用效率显著负相关。

气田水资源含量分布特征及提取前景--以川东地区气田水锶和溴资源为例

气田水主要来源于在油气生产作业中所产出的地层伴生水,具有类型众多、矿化度高、污染成分复杂的特点。通过对川东地区气田水进行取样检测分析,发现石炭系层位中蕴含丰富的矿物资源,如锶(最高达814 mg/L)、溴(最高达717 mg/L)等资源远高于柴达木盆地盐湖卤水、海水等水体中锶和溴资源含量。且目前中国锶矿、溴素都存在着进口需求高、供不应求的局面。通过阐明锶、溴回收技术并评估潜在开采的初步经济可行性,发现其具有较大的开发利用前景。该研究旨在为川东地区气田水中锶、溴资源的提取提供科学依据和指导,为更好地实现油气田可持续发展和资源化利用奠定基础。

水厕防冻技术在寒冷地区新农村建设中的应用研究

主要研究水厕防冻技术在寒冷地区新农村建设中的应用。介绍了水厕防冻技术的概念、原理、分类及应用现状,分析了寒冷地区新农村建设的特点、挑战和对水资源利用和管理的需求,探讨了水厕防冻技术在农村供水系统、灌溉系统、渔业和养殖业中的应用,对推广水厕防冻技术的必要性和可行性进行了分析,提出了推广策略和路径选择。

不同灌溉方式对西北干旱区紫花苜蓿生产性能的影响

为了明确紫花苜蓿品质形成差异的水分生理特征,探索因地制宜、节水高效的灌溉模式,以河西地区为例,以不灌水(CK)为对照,对比分析了常规畦灌(M)、交替灌溉(T)和隔沟灌溉(G)等3种不同灌溉方式分别在灌底墒水、越冬水、返青水和现蕾水不同灌溉量下对“三得利”紫花苜蓿产量和品质的影响。结果表明:(1)不同灌水方式下株高与灌水次数呈正相关,分支数与灌水量呈负相关;交替灌溉在灌底墒水、越冬水、返青水和现蕾水条件下株高三茬平均值最高为91.92 cm。(2)各灌水模式下,紫花苜蓿净光合速率、蒸腾速率随灌水量的增大表现出增高的趋势,其中交替灌溉的净光合速率随灌水量的增大提高了15.64%,且均高于常规畦灌和隔沟灌溉在同等灌水量下净光合速率。(3)不同处理紫花苜蓿的产量随灌水量的增加而增加,漫灌处理紫花苜蓿的三茬总产量显著高于交替灌溉与隔沟灌溉在相同灌水量下苜蓿产量,在灌底墒水、越冬水、返青水和现蕾水条件下三茬总产最高达49447.6 kg/hm^(2)。(4)不同灌水方式紫花苜蓿粗蛋白含量和中性洗涤纤维含量显著高于无灌水(CK)处理,且随着灌水量的增加有不同程度的提高。河西地区地处干旱和半干旱区,以节水灌溉的角度出发,可以选择交替灌溉灌底墒水、越冬水、返青水和现蕾水的灌溉模式能够在保证高产的同时,达到节水的目的。

9种介电类水分传感器对风沙土含水率的测定精度及校准模型比较

【目的】比较不同水分传感器对风沙土含水率的测定精度,并建立校准模型,为旱区农业水土资源的高效利用提供理论依据。【方法】以METER、Acclima和Truebners三大制造商生产的9种介电类水分传感器为对象,以典型风沙土为供试土壤,通过室内校准试验比较各种传感器对土壤含水率的测定精度,评估其在风沙土上的适用范围、准确度、精密度及其影响因素,并构建不同传感器测定风沙土含水率的校准模型,比较不同校准模型的精度。【结果】(1)默认模型下,与其他传感器相比,MAS-1和EC-5的测定精度较高,其均方根误差(RMSE)分别为0.020和0.027,平均偏差误差(MBE)分别为0.016和0.024,斜率(k值)分别为0.9433和0.9403,决定系数(R^(2))分别为0.926和0.938。(2)土壤含水率范围影响传感器的测定精度。各传感器在低含水率下的RMSE平均值比中、高含水率分别减小了40.9%和42.6%,MBE平均值减小了61.8%和59.9%,而R2平均值提高了0.7%和11.3%。其中,低含水率时EC-5和TDR-315H的精度较高,而中、高含水率下MAS-1的精度均较高。对于含水率相同的土壤,各传感器的测定结果差异较大,且含水率越高差异越大。(3)与默认模型相比,校准模型的RMSE和MBE平均减小了48.8%和72.6%,纳什系数(NSE)和R2提高了70.7%和4.5%。经模型校准后,5TE和TEROS-12测定精度的增幅最大,而TDR-315H的测定精度相对最高。此外,传感器测定的风沙土含水率默认值与校准值具有较高的拟合精度,通过模型转换可实现对默认值的二次校准。【结论】综合评估测定精度、使用寿命和售价,MAS-1、EC-5和TDR-315H可作为风沙土含水率监测的优先传感器备选,且利用风沙土的校准模型对传感器进行标定十分重要。

城东湖岸线资源保护利用

河湖岸线作为自然生态空间的重要组成,不仅具有防洪、生态功能,还承载着社会和经济的多重使命。随着河长制工作的深入推进,河湖水域岸线的管理与保护尤为重要。以安徽省霍邱县城东湖为研究对象,系统梳理河湖岸线资源在保护和开发利用中面临的主要问题,并基于区域经济社会发展需求,对其岸线资源的未来利用潜力和方向进行深入探讨。进一步提出科学的岸线功能区划和针对性的管控措施,旨在实现生态安全与经济社会发展的和谐共赢。本研究不仅为霍邱县城东湖的岸线管理提供指导,也可为其他地区的河湖岸线资源科学保护和高效利用提供有益借鉴。

《中华人民共和国黄河保护法》实施背景下流域碳汇价值实现的法治困境与对策

在采取多元空间视角研究黄河流域碳汇特殊性的基础上,研究了黄河流域碳汇价值实现的法治困境与对策。研究表明,《中华人民共和国黄河保护法》实施之前的立法存在事权配置模糊、重复和空白的现象;在碳汇权利的确认、交易和保护方面也缺乏足够的法律供给,导致流域碳汇资产无法进行有效配置。指出黄河流域的碳汇价值实现应当完善顶层设计,明确事权配置,建立统一的碳汇交易规则和标准;完善以《中华人民共和国黄河保护法》为核心的碳汇用水保障体系,确保生态用水的充足供给;同时明晰碳汇权利的归属,通过环境保护地役权来平衡多方利益的分配,并充分发挥流域统筹协调机制的作用,为流域碳汇价值的实现提供有效的管理。

城市生活污水资源化利用与环保技术研究

城市生活污水资源化利用与环保技术研究是当前环境保护领域的热点问题。本文旨在探讨如何有效利用城市生活污水资源,减少环境污染,同时实现资源的高效利用。通过对城市生活污水资源的收集、处理和再利用,可以将其转化为有价值的资源,如用于农业、工业和城市绿化等领域。此外,环保技术的应用可以进一步减少污水对环境的影响,提高水资源的可持续利用率。本文介绍了城市生活污水资源化利用和环保技术的研究现状和方法,并探讨了未来的研究方向并提出了建议。