Development and Utilization of Water Resources and Countermeasures:A Case Study of Yuan'an County of Yichang City in Hubei Province

[Objective] To study current development and utilization of water resources in Yuan'an County and countermeasures. [Method] On the basis of analyzing basic characteristics of water resources in Yuan'an County as well as its current development and utilization, problems in the development and utilization of water resources in the study area were pointed out, and feasible countermeasures were proposed correspondingly. [Result] The county is endowed with rich water resources, but the overall use efficiency is low. There are many problems in the development and utilization of local water resources, such as pollution of water source, water and soil loss and so on. [Conclusion] In view of the problems, feasible suggestions were given to provide scientific support for the reasonable development and utilization of water resources in Yuan'an County.

THE UTILIZATION OF WATER RESOURCE AND THE OASIS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN ARID LAND—A CASE STUDY OF TURPAN BASIN

Turpan Basin is a unique geographic region in China. The topography of the Basin is closed and the climate is extremely dry. The shortage of water resource has been restricting the existence and development of the oasis in Turpan Basin. This paper briefly analyzes the characteristics of the basin's water resources, and expounds the processes of their utilization and regional development. It points out that the exploration of water resource is close to the limit and the utilization of water resource is unreasonable. So it is nonrealistic to follow the traditional exploration pattern. According to the transforming pattern between runoff and groundwater in the basin, an overall planning of the utilization of the water resource is advanced. Based on the relation between the maintenance of Aydingkol Lake and the existence of the oasis, the amount of water resource used must be controlled in order to guarantee the existence of the lake. The orientation of the utilization of water resource is to improve the management level of water resource, and to apply advanced water saving technology. Building up an economic system which can effectively use water resource is the orientation of the oasis sustainable economic development.

Priority-sequence of mineral resources' development and utilization based on grey relational analysis method

Generally, the sequence decision of the development and utilization of Chinese mineral resources is based on national and provincial overall plan of the mineral resources. Such plan usually cannot reflect the relative size of the suitability of the development and utilization of mineral resources. To solve the problem, the paper has selected the gift condition, the market condition, the technological condition,socio-economic condition and environmental condition as the starting-points to analyze the influential factors of the priority-sequence of mineral resources' development and utilization. The above 5 conditions are further specified into 9 evaluative indicators to establish an evaluation indicator system. At last,we propose a decision model of the priority sequence based on grey relational analysis method, and figure out the observation objects by the suitability index of development. Finally, the mineral resources of a certain province in China were analyzed as an example. The calculation results indicate that silver(2.0057), coal(1.9955), zinc(1.9442), cement limestone(1.9077), solvent limestone(1.5624) and other minerals in the province are suitable for development and utilization.

Development and Utilization of the World＇s and China＇s Bulk Mineral Resources and their Supply and Demand Situation in the Next Twenty Years

Bulk mineral resources of iron ores, copper ores, bauxite, lead ores, zinc ores and potassium salt play a pivotal role on the world＇s and China＇s economic development. This study analyzed and predicted their resources base and potential, development and utilization and their world＇s and China＇s supply and demand situation in the future 20 years. The supply and demand of these six bulk mineral products are generally balanced, with a slight surplus, which will guarantee the stability of the international mineral commodity market supply. The six mineral resources （especially iron ores and copper ores） are abundant and have a great potential, and their development and utilization scale will gradually increase. Till the end of 2014, the reserve- production ratio of iron, copper, bauxite, lead, zinc ores and potassium salt was 95 years, 42 years, 100 years, 17 years, 37 years and 170 years, respectively. Except lead ores, the other five types all have reserve-production ratio exceeding 20 years, indicative of a high resources guarantee degree. If the utilization of recycled metals is counted in, the supply of the world＇s six mineral products will exceed the demand in the future twenty years. In 2015-2035, the supply of iron ores, refined copper, primary aluminum, refined lead, zinc and potassium salt will exceed their demand by 0.4-0.7 billion tons （Gt）, 5.0-6.0 million tons （Mt）, 1.1-8.9 Mt, 1.0-2.0 Mt, 1.2-2.0 Mt and 4.8-5.6 Mt, respectively. It is predicted that there is no problem with the supply side of bulk mineral products such as iron ores, but local or structural shortage may occur because of geopolitics, monopoly control, resources nationalism and trade friction. Affected by China＇s compressed industrialized development model, the demand of iron ores （crude steel）, potassium salt, refined lead, refined copper, bauxite （primary aluminum） and zinc will gradually reach their peak in advance. The demand peak of iron ores （crude steel） will reach around 2015, 2016 for potassium salt, 2020 for refined lead, 2021 for bauxite （primary aluminum）, 2022 for refined copper and 2023 for zinc. China＇s demand for iron ores （crude steel）, bauxite （primary aluminum） and zinc in the future 20 years will decline among the world＇s demand, while that for refined copper, refined lead and potassium salt will slightly increase. The demand for bulk mineral products still remains high. In 2015-2035, China＇s accumulative demand for iron ores （crude steel） will be 20.313 Gt （13.429 Gt）, 0.304 Gt for refined copper, 2.466 Gt （0.616 Gt） of bauxite （primary aluminum）, 0.102 Gt of refined lead, 0.138 Gt of zinc and 0.157 Gt of potassium salt, and they account for the world＇s YOY （YOY） accumulative demand of 35.17%, 51.09%, 48.47%, 46.62%, 43.95% and 21.84%, respectively. This proportion is 49.40%, 102.52%, 87.44%, 105.65%, 93.62% and 106.49% of that in 2014, respectively. From the supply side of China＇s bulk mineral resources, it is forecasted that the accumulative supply of primary （mine） mineral products in 2015-2035 is 4.046 Gt of iron ores, 0.591 Gt of copper, 1.129 Gt of bauxite, 63.661 Mt of （mine） lead, 0.109 Gt of （mine） zinc and 0.128 Gt of potassium salt, which accounts for 8.82%, 13.92%, 26.67%, 47.09%, 33.04% and 15.56% of the world＇s predicted YOY production, respectively. With the rapid increase in the smelting capacity of iron and steel and alumina, the rate of capacity utilization for crude steel, refined copper, alumina, primary aluminum and refined lead in 2014 was 72.13%, 83.63%, 74.45%, 70.76% and 72.22%, respectively. During 2000-2014, the rate of capacity utilization for China＇s crude steel and refined copper showed a generally fluctuating decrease, which leads to an insufficient supply of primary mineral products. It is forecasted that the supply insufficiency of iron ores in 2015-2035 is 17.44 Gt, 0.245 Gt of copper in copper concentrates, 1.337 Gt of bauxite, 38.44 Mt of lead in lead concentrates and 29.19 Mt of zinc in zinc concentrates. China has gradually raised the utilization of recycled metals, which has mitigated the insufficient supply of primary metal products to some extent. It is forecasted that in 2015-2035 the accumulative utilization amount of steel scrap （iron ores） is 3.27 Gt （5.08 Gt）, 70.312 Mt of recycled copper, 0.2 Gt of recycled aluminum, 48 Mt of recycled lead and 7.7 Mt of recycled zinc. The analysis on the supply and demand situation of China＇s bulk mineral resources in 2015-2035 suggests that the supply-demand contradiction for these six types of mineral products will decrease, indicative of a generally declining external dependency. If the use of recycled metal amount is counted in, the external dependency of China＇s iron, copper, bauxite, lead, zinc and potassium salt will be 79%, 65%, 26%, 8%, 16% and 18% in 2014, respectively. It is predicted that this external dependency will decrease to 62%, 64%, 20%, -0.93%, 16% and 14% in 2020, respectively, showing an overall decreasing trend. We propose the following suggestions correspondingly. （1） The demand peak of China＇s crude steel and potassium salt will reach during 2015-2023 in succession. Mining transformation should be planned and deployed in advance to deal with the arrival of this demand peak. （2） The supply-demand contradiction of China＇s bulk mineral resources will mitigate in the future 20 years, and the external dependency will decrease accordingly. It is suggested to adjust the mineral resources management policies according to different minerals and regions, and regulate the exploration and development activities. （3） China should further establish and improve the forced mechanism of resolving the smelting overcapacity of steel, refined copper, primary aluminum, lead and zinc to really achieve the goal of ＂reducing excess production capacity＂. （4） In accordance with the national strategic deployment of ＂One Belt One Road＂, China should encourage the excess capacity of steel, copper, alumina and primary aluminum enterprises to transfer to those countries or areas with abundant resources, high energy matching degree and relatively excellent infrastructure. Based on the national conditions, mining condition and geopolitics of the resources countries, we will gradually build steel, copper, aluminum and lead-zinc smelting bases, and potash processing and production bases, which will promote the excess capacity to transfer to the overseas orderly. （5） It is proposed to strengthen the planning and management of renewable resources recycling and to construct industrial base of renewable metal recycling. （6） China should promote the comprehensive development and utilization of paragenetic and associated mineral species to further improve the comprehensive utilization of bulk mineral resources.

STAGES AND POTENTIALITY OF WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT INARID NORTHWESTERN CHINA

The processes of water resources exploitation and utilization can be divided into three stages by water resources transformation, and the history, present situation and future trend of water resources development in piedmont areas around high mountains of arid northwestern China. The three stages are: the stage of surface water development (the first stage), the stage of comprehensive development of surface and ground water (the second stage) and the stage of economical development of water rare (the third stage). The three stages link each other and show the law and processes of water resources exploitation and utilization associated with social and technological progess. The economical water policy should run through the three stages. On this point, however, the third stage differs from the others, particularly, refering to irrigated agriculture. The third stage has more progressive significance because it breaks the traditional ideas on water resources development. According to our investigation and calculation, under present conditions of water resources development, the net used water is about 160 × 108 m3, accounting for 18% of the total water resources of northwestern China. The water resources have not ben fully develop. If the first stage is finished, the exploitable water can be increased by 91 %. After the second stage, furthermore, it can be increased by 216%.

Assessing Development Pathway Trends in Developing Countries over the 1995-2010 Period Using Multivariate Analysis

Country development is a complex issue that can be meant from a strict economic view to a more integrated vision. This study analyses the sustainable development in terms of access to basics services, water resources management and external support from Donors. 103 countries are analysed according to 22 variables that include the access to basic services, urbanisation process, uses of water resource, freshwater availability, governance and Official Development Assistance. The measure of Human Development has progressed for all countries except one, during 1995-2010 period. Countries are clustered in 5 reference profiles, where profiles 4 and 5 are considered the poorest and mostly include African countries. The mid-term changes concern 16% of the countries, where most of them are related to governance and Development Assistance aspects. 5% shifts are temporary changes due to the country specificity. Changes from or to the profiles 4 and 5 are deeper analysed providing potential explanations.

京津冀平原非常规水资源利用前景分析及其生态环境效应

[研究目的]京津冀平原水资源严重短缺,供需矛盾十分突出,加大非常规水资源利用力度,形成多元供水格局,可有效缓解水资源供需矛盾,对支撑京津冀协同发展区社会经济协调发展和推动生态文明建设具有重要意义。[研究方法]文章系统开展非常规水资源供水方向、开发利用模式和供水规模分类数据统计,依据各省(直辖市)非常规水资源供水规划及配置目标,分析其开发利用前景及其生态环境效应。[研究结果]该区非常规水资源主要包括微咸水、再生水、淡化海水、雨洪水,其中微咸水主要分布于中东部平原的天津、沧州、衡水等地,供水前景为5.43×10^(8)m^(3);再生水利用以北京、天津等大中型及工业城市为主,供水前景为34.22×10^(8)m^(3);淡化海水利用以天津等滨海城市为主,供水前景为4.19×10^(8)m^(3);雨洪水利用较分散。[结论](1)微咸水用于农业灌溉存在土壤盐渍化风险,需加强水盐调控。(2)再生水用于河流生态补水,沿线地表水富营养化,地下水体未受到明显污染;地下水浅埋区开展再生水灌溉,会增加硝酸盐污染风险;建议将高风险的新兴污染物纳入再生水利用监控体系。(3)海水淡化尾液浓盐水、冷却热水可能改变天然海洋生态系统的分布、构成与多样性,应予以关注。(4)雨洪水利用可降低污水入河的水质风险,但过度利用可能影响区域生态系统的稳定性,建议城市区适度扩大利用。

广东省城市水资源禀赋及开发利用时空特征分析

水资源是基础性的战略资源,开展城市水资源禀赋及开发利用时空特征分析对于促进社会经济稳定发展具有重要意义。文章选取广东省21个城市的水资源禀赋与开发利用时空特征进行研究分析,结果表明:用水结构中,广东省大部分城市主要以农业用水为主,人均用水量地区差异明显。①从水资源禀赋来看,地表水、地下水和水资源总量均呈现“北部丰富,中部、东南部匮乏”的格局,人均水资源则呈现“东西两头和中部匮乏”的格局。②在水资源利用方面,呈现“中部多、东西部少”的格局,其中广州用水量最多。③在用水效率趋势方面,广东省人均综合用水量、万元地区生产总值用水量和万元工业增加值用水量都呈现了明显的减少趋势,用水效率不断提高。④水资源开发潜力方面,广东“北部高,东西部次之,中部低”,深圳和东莞水资源开发潜力较低,韶关、河源、梅州、阳江和清远水资源开发潜力较高。

粤港澳大湾区广东省域城市水资源禀赋及开发利用分析

水资源是基础性的战略资源,开展粤港澳大湾区城市水资源研究对于促进大湾区稳定发展具有重要意义。从水资源开发利用角度,分析大湾区城市水资源自然禀赋、利用状况,分析水资源开发潜力,在此基础上进一步分析水资源开发利用中存在的问题,并提出相关对策与建议。结果表明:从水资源禀赋来看,肇庆、惠州、江门等城市地表水、地下水和水资源总量相对较高,中山、珠海、深圳和东莞相对较低;肇庆、惠州、江门人均水资源量较高,深圳最低;在水资源利用方面,广州用水量最多,珠海最低,人均用水量地区差异明显。用水结构中,大湾区已进入后工业化阶段,服务业比重有较大提升;水资源开发潜力分析发现,深圳、东莞水资源开发潜力较低,惠州、江门和肇庆水资源开发潜力较大;从香港地区、澳门地区和北京等城市经验得出,要实现社会经济可持续发展,要积极采用行业先进的技术,改善用水效率,提高居民的节水意识和养成节水习惯,建设节水型社会,有条件的地方可考虑把外流域调水作为保障供水安全的手段之一。

基于试卷分析探讨线上线下混合式教学效果——以“中药资源综合利用与产品开发”课程为例

定量分析了信阳农林学院中药资源与开发专业2019级2个班级的“中药资源综合利用与产品开发”课程期末考试的结果,评估了基于“三个阶段+三个目标+两性一度+认知提升”模式下的线上线下混合式教学改革的质量,为改进教学方法和提高考试试卷质量提供依据。结果显示,整套试卷难度系数为0.78,区分度为0.51,信度系数为0.94。以中药资源为原料的食品开发这一知识单元的得分率最高,达92.25%。可见,该试卷难度适中、区分度较好、可信有效,线上线下混合式教学改革质量可靠,有助于提高人才培养质量。

黄河流域城市群水资源利用与经济发展脱钩关系研究

黄河流域最大的矛盾是水资源短缺,如何科学揭示大尺度缺水型流域城市群水资源利用与经济发展之间的脱钩关系,是黄河生态保护和高质量发展的重大战略管理需求,也是水科学与经济学交叉学科的研究难点.本文发展了基于三维水资源生态足迹和Tapio弹性指数的耦合脱钩模型方法,辨识黄河流域城市群2010-2020年水资源生态足迹时空变化格局及其水资源可持续利用水平,从广度和深度多个维度定量揭示了黄河流域城市群水资源利用与经济发展的脱钩状态.结果表明:(1)2010-2020年黄河流域兰西城市群具有最大的水资源生态足迹广度和最小的水资源生态足迹深度,平均值分别为570.73×10^(4)hm^(2)和1.25;宁夏沿黄城市群则具有最小的水资源生态足迹广度和最大的水资源生态足迹深度,平均值分别为2.01×10^(4)hm^(2)和567.05.(2)黄河流域水资源可持续利用水平最强的是山东半岛城市群,相对较低的是宁夏沿黄城市群.(3)水资源生态足迹广度与GDP发生强脱钩和扩张性负脱钩的比例分别为49.68%和36.13%,水资源生态足迹深度与GDP发生强脱钩和扩张性负脱钩的比例分别为41.29%和34.03%,二者均未达到最佳脱钩状态.研究显示,为提升黄河流域水资源可持续利用水平,水资源生态足迹广度与GDP弱脱钩、水资源生态足迹深度与GDP强脱钩是最佳状态.

Formation and utilization of water resources of Tarim River

The Tarim River is a typical inland river in arid area without runoff yield of itself, and water resources are all supplied by its headstreams. The method of time series analysis is applied to annual runoff series of three headstreams, namely the Aksu River, Yarkant River and Hotan River to analyze their dynamic variations. A model is established to estimate water consumption in the headstream areas. Quantitative results indicate that both total annual runoff of headstreams and water consumption in the headstream areas have an increasing trend. The dynamic trends of annual runoff of hydrologic stations along the mainstream of the Tarim River are also presented to estimate the intermittence drying-up time at each station. Water consumption model of the mainstream area is used to analyze the characteristics of water consumption in the upper and middle reaches. It is shown that water consumption in each river reach of the mainstream decreases with the decrement of inflow and increases with human activities.

南水北调中线工程水源区环境规制对经济高质量发展的影响

为研究南水北调中线工程水源区环境规制通过水资源利用对区域发展质效的影响,基于2005—2022年南水北调中线工程水源区12个城市的面板数据,构建基准回归模型、中介效应模型和门槛效应模型,实证分析了环境规制、水资源利用效率和经济高质量发展之间的关系。结果表明:环境规制对经济高质量发展具有正向促进效应,该促进效应在不同区域间存在异质性,环境规制的促进作用在用水量小的地区更加显著,而在用水量大的地区,丰富的水资源限制了环境规制对经济高质量发展的促进作用;在环境规制影响区域,水资源利用效率在经济高质量发展过程中发挥出显著的中介作用,水资源利用效率中介效应占环境规制总促进效应的比例为13.5%;水资源利用效率在环境规制对经济高质量发展影响中具有门槛效应,当水资源利用效率超过4.3后,环境规制对经济高质量发展的促进效应显著增强。

黄河流域九省(区)水资源利用与经济发展脱钩效应分析

为缓解黄河流域九省(区)水资源利用与经济发展之间的矛盾,明晰水资源利用与经济发展脱钩驱动因子,基于Tapio脱钩指数模型和Kaya-LMDI因素分解模型,分析了2001—2020年黄河流域九省(区)水资源利用与经济发展脱钩状态及其驱动因素。结果表明:1)黄河流域九省(区)总水足迹呈波动上升趋势,其中农业生产用水是水足迹的主体。2)九省(区)水资源利用与经济发展整体呈弱脱钩态势,脱钩状态较为良好;下游两省脱钩状态最好,其次为上游五省(区),中游两省脱钩状态最差。3)产业结构和技术水平为脱钩正向驱动因素,经济发展和人口规模则为脱钩负向驱动因素,各省(区)脱钩驱动因子存在明显的空间差异。

中医医疗资源供需协调发展现状及提升路径——基于模糊集定性比较分析

目的:分析我国中医医疗资源供需协调发展现状及其影响因素。方法:以各省中医医疗资源配置与服务利用的耦合协调度为结果变量,选择7个条件变量,开展模糊集定性比较分析(fsQCA)研究。结果:我国中医医疗资源供需耦合协调度的地区间和地区内差异较大;中医医院床位数、卫生技术人员数两个条件变量是构成影响结果变量耦合协调度的必要条件,5种条件组态可以促进中医医疗资源配置与服务利用的协调发展。结论:我国中医医疗资源供需耦合协调有较大提升空间,中医医疗资源配置驱动路径、中医医疗资源配置与服务利用融合型驱动路径、中医医疗服务利用主导型驱动路径,可以推动中医医疗资源供需协调发展。

团队反思与团队资源开发、利用及团队结果的关系:一项元分析

基于95篇文献的96个独立研究(总样本量N=9052),对团队反思与团队资源开发、团队资源利用及团队结果(团队任务绩效、团队创造力、团队创新绩效)的关系进行了元分析,检验了国家文化(权力距离、集体主义、阳刚主义、长期取向)的调节作用,探究了团队资源开发、团队资源利用在团队反思与团队结果间的中介效应。结果表明:(1)团队反思与团队资源开发、团队资源利用、团队任务绩效、团队创造力、团队创新绩效存在中等程度以上的正相关关系。(2)权力距离正向调节团队反思与团队资源利用、团队任务绩效的关系,集体主义正向调节团队反思与团队资源利用、团队任务绩效、团队创新绩效的关系,阳刚主义正向调节团队反思与团队资源利用的关系,长期取向正向调节团队反思与团队任务绩效的关系。(3)团队资源开发和团队资源利用中介了团队反思与团队结果的关系。相较团队资源开发,团队资源利用在团队反思与团队任务绩效间的中介作用更强;相较团队资源利用,团队资源开发在团队反思与团队创造力之间的中介作用更强;团队资源开发、团队资源利用在团队反思与团队创新绩效之间的中介作用不存在显著差异。研究结果有助于理解团队反思与团队资源开发、利用和团队结果的关系及跨文化差异,并为实践中的团队反思提供参考。

中国水资源利用效率及影响因素研究

本文研究中国省际用水效率及影响因素,为节水型社会建设提供参考。采用改进的数据包络分析模型测算2015—2020年各地区用水效率;对比普通最小二乘回归结果,进一步利用分位数回归探究影响因素对不同等级用水效率的影响。结果显示:全国平均用水效率在0.45左右波动,呈现倒“U”型趋势。区域用水效率由高至低依次为东部、中部和西部。自然因素、经济发展水平、可持续利用水平、科技进步、人文素养和企业成本对用水效率具有显著影响。其中,水资源禀赋对低用水效率地区的影响显著,而对中、高用水效率地区的影响并不显著,这与“资源诅咒”假说不同。因此,中国用水效率还有较大提升空间,特别是低用水效率地区的改善空间和可选方法最为丰富。

流域水资源开发利用程度评价的若干问题探讨——以海河流域为例

针对1980年以来海河流域水资源及其开发利用状况,对水资源量系列进行代表性分析,评价海河流域水资源开发利用程度,结果显示海河流域1980—2016年系列水资源开发利用程度已高达105.7%,未来应遏制水资源过度开发的局面,统筹考虑当地水、外调水和非常规水源,调配供水体系,优化供水格局,以保障流域的供水安全。通过海河流域水资源开发利用率的分析过程,总结了水资源开发利用率计算过程中应注意的关键点,如时空范围的选取、区域水资源调入调出关系、山区地表水与地下水的转换关系、非常规用水的考量等,实际工作中应对这些关键点予以着重分析。