CONSTRAINING FACTORS TO SUSTAINABLE UTILIZATION OF WATER RESOURCES AND THEIR COUNTERMEASURES IN CHINA

This paper discusses the constraining factors to sustainable utilization ofwater resources in China, and the countermeasures to realize sustainable water utilization. Theresult of comprehensive analysis shows that constraining factors to sustainable utilization of waterresources in China are complicated, including physical geographical factors and socio-economicfactors, such as uneven distribution of water resources at temporal and spatial scales,inappropriate institutional arrangement and non-water-saving and non-wter-conservation productionand life mode. The countermeasures against constraining factors to water resources sustainabledevelopment are put forward as follows: 1) using wetlands and forests, and through spatialconversion to realize temporally sustainable supply of water resources; 2) transferring waterbetween basins and areas and developing various water resources in water shortage area; 3)establishing water-saving society; 4) strengthening water pollution control and water resourcesprotection; and 5) establishing unified water resources management mechanism.

PROBLEMS AND COUNTERMEASURES OF WATER RESOURCES FOR SUSTAINABLE UTILIZATION IN CHINA

According to the theory of sustainable development,the current situation and existent problems of the expl oita-tion of water resources were analyze d in this paper.The results show that the contradiction between supply an d demand of water resources is continually aggravating,water pollution is incre asingly serious,water environment is worse,the over-extraction area of the underground water is expanding and water crisis stands out gradually,so it is imp erative under the situation to actualize the susta inable exploitation strategies of water resources.It is necessary for s ustainable utilizing water resources to introduce the mod el of sustainable utilization of water resources-the model of wealth transferring be-tween the generations of water resou rces,establish water-saving socie ty system and water market,form tech nology sys-tems,management systems and evaluation systems for many sorts of water r esources,improve the utilization r atio of water resources,transform waste water in to resources and maintain and restore the water space of water environmen t.

SUSTAINABLE EXPLOITATION AND UTILIZATION OF WATER RESOURCES IN THE INLAND RIVERBASIN OF ARID NORTHWEST CHINA

Calculated in terms of surface runoff plus irrepeated groundwater, there is about 8. 67 ×1010m3 of total available water resources in the inland river basins of arid Northwest China. Water resources is the decisive factor for survival of oases and human being. But there have arisen several aspects of Serious eco-environment problems resulted from irrational exploitation and utilization. From now on, the development and utilization of water not only requires to promote regional economy, but also needs to protect and improve the environment based on their potential. Sustainable utilization needs to broaden new sources and saving water at first. Then three measures are recommended.

Surface runoff processes and sustainable utilization of water resources in Manas River Basin, Xinjiang, China

Water is the important resource to guarantee the existence and development of oases in arid areas. To improve the utilization efficiency of water resources in Manas River Basin, this paper investigated the trends and periods of runoff based on the runoff and climate data for the past 50 years. Subsequently, with the socioeconomic and water resources data, we studied a comprehensive evaluation on the water security in this area. The results indicated that the stream flows in the three hydrological stations of Hongshanzui, Kensiwat and Bajiahu have sig- nificantly increased and undergone abrupt changes, with periods of 18 and 20 years. According to assessment, water security in the Manas River Basin was at an unsafe level in 2008. In criterion layer, the ecological security index and the index of supply-demand situation are both at the relatively secure level; the quantity index and so- cioeconomic index of water resources are at the unsafe level and basic security level, respectively. Therefore, in order to achieve sustainable economic and social development within the Manas River Basin, it is vital to take a series of effective measures to improve the status of water security.

AHP Comprehensive Evaluation on Sustainable Utilization of Water Resources in Hengshui City, China

In order to investigate the sustainable utilization of water resources in Hengshui City, quantitative analysis and comprehensive evaluation on 15 indexes of Hengshui City, such as the perspectives of social and economic development condition, water resource condition, environment condition, development and utilization of water resources,were conducted by using the analytic hierarchy process(AHP) method from 2004 to 2008. Although the sustainable utilization has been growing from 2004 to 2008, the situation and environment of water resources were not optimistic because of the severe water shortage in Hengshui. In the future, improving the supply capacity is the key target for promoting sustainable utilization of water resources.

Groundwater resources in karst area in Southern China and sustainable utilization pattern

Occurrence conditions of groundwater in southern karst area are complicated. The water-bearing media in the karst have multiplicity, and the groundwater is hosted in holes, gaps, seams, pipes and caves. The karst water shows heterogeneity where fast and slow flow coexist, and the Darcy and non-Darcy flow coexist, and the liquid flow, the gas flow and solid flow coexist. The evaluation and investigation indicates that the mineable resource of karst groundwater is about 53.44 billion m^3/y, and the current exploitation quantity is merely 6.565 billion m^3/year. The exploitation and utilization potential is gigantic. In the region there are altogether 2 763 karst subterranean rivers with a total length of 12 687 km. The dry season runoff volume equals to 47 billion m^3/year. At present the exploitation is only 10%. Four effective utilization models of karst groundwater resources have been put forward.(1) The karst hills-depression zone formed the surface-underground united reservoir. By digging tunnels, water diversion irrigation and generating electricity, the ecological economy is developed.(2) In the deep-cut peak cluster depression area, by using the high-part Epikarst spring and constructing the regulation and storage water tank, the stereo ecological agriculture is developed.(3) In the karst peak forest plain and hilly-gully area, the pump-type underground regulating reservoir is constructed and the water-saving ecological agriculture is strengthened.(4) In the fault basin region with the surrounding groundwater runoff belting beam backwater, the water resources are jointly controlled to develop a fruit crop base within the basin.

Research on the Sustainable Utilization of Water Resources of Jinan City

The study on the sustainable utilization of water resources of Jinan city is a research hotspot in the urban sustainable development field.How to use a scientific and rational evaluation index system to analyze the sustainable utilization of water resources of Jinan city and then guide the development and utilization of water resources becomes particularly important.Based on the theory of sustainable development this study introduces the method,basic steps and evaluation indexes of the assessment of the development and utilization of water resources.By systemic analyzing the exploitation and utilization standards of water resources and economy and society in Jinan city,the evaluation and index system of sustainable utilization of water resources in Jinan city can be constructed and index weight can be confirmed,and then,the standard of sustainable utilization of water resources in different years can be analyzed comparably.Thus,the deficiency of lack of reflection of coordination extent in water resources development standard,society and economy in traditional evaluation method is settled efficiently.The paper takes the sustainable utilization of water resources of Qingdao City in 2008 as the standard to compare and assess the water resources utilization in Jinan City.The paper also collects data of water resources in Jinan City from 2001 to 2007.The result indicates that evaluation method is of feasibility and it is effective to the implementation of sustainable utilization strategy water resources in Jinan City.

TOPSIS Based Assessment of Sustainable Water Resources Utilization

Based on water resources conditions,social development,social economy and ecological conditions,the Indicators system for sustainability assessment of water resources use( ISSAWRU) was established for Yinchuan City. Using the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution( TOPSIS),the sustainable development and utilization plan of water resources was assessed for Yinchuan City during 2010-2014. In 2010-2014,there were no significant changes in the natural conditions of water resources in Yinchuan City; however,with the promulgation of national water resources related policies,Yinchuan City realized gradual increase in the water resources utilization rate,gradual improvement in the ecological environment,and gradual optimization of water resources sustainable utilization situation at the same time of ensuring rapid economic growth.

Development and Utilization of Water Resources and Countermeasures:A Case Study of Yuan'an County of Yichang City in Hubei Province

[Objective] To study current development and utilization of water resources in Yuan'an County and countermeasures. [Method] On the basis of analyzing basic characteristics of water resources in Yuan'an County as well as its current development and utilization, problems in the development and utilization of water resources in the study area were pointed out, and feasible countermeasures were proposed correspondingly. [Result] The county is endowed with rich water resources, but the overall use efficiency is low. There are many problems in the development and utilization of local water resources, such as pollution of water source, water and soil loss and so on. [Conclusion] In view of the problems, feasible suggestions were given to provide scientific support for the reasonable development and utilization of water resources in Yuan'an County.

Research on Sustainable Utilization of Water Resource in Binzhou City by Ecological Footprint

Sustainable utilization state of water resource in Binzhou City was studied by ecological footprint. Results showed that the per capita eco- logical footprints of living water, producing water and ecological water were respectively 0.071, 1. 105 and 0.032 hm^2/person. The total per capita ecological footprint was 1.208 hm^2/person, and the total per capita ecological carrying capacity was 1.357 hm^2/person. The per capita ecological surplus of water resource was 0.149 8 hm^2/person. It illustrated that the development and utilization of water resource in Binzhou City were overall sustainable.

Problems for water resources development in typical small karst drainage basins and countermeasures

In karst area water deficit is one of the main factors constraining sustainable economic development. In 1979 the comprehensive karstic observational field station was set up in Houzhai drainage basin located,\ in Puding county of Guizhou Province, which can represent most of the small karst drainage basins on the dividing line of the Guizhou Plateau. Geomorphology, water resources and water chemistry were investigated and observed. Based on comparisons of water supply with water demand and analysis of the main problems in water exploitation and utilization. it is found out that the water deficiency was not directly caused by the scarcity of natural water resources. The true reason is the insufficient capacity of water supply caused by the dismatch of the water and soil water resources which can be dealt with by building more irrigation works. Some solutions such as to build scientific basis for water exploitation and utilization and sustainable economic development in karst drainage basins on dividing line of the Guizhou Plateau.

Challenge and Perspective of Yangtze River Basin Water Resources Protection

The major faced problems at present in Yangtze river basin are: ① uneffective control in river water pollution threatens seriously the safety of drinking water; ② shrinkage of lake area and serious eutrophication; ③ soil-water losses degraded the ecological environment of the basin; ④ the impact of TGP and S-N water transfer project on water environment of the basin. In the light of above-mentioned problems, water resources utilization strategy must be adjusted and the sustainable social and economic development should be supported by sustainable water resources utilization, and it is necessary to take the following countermeasures: ① establishing overall flood control and disaster relief system; ② developing high water use efficiency agriculture; ③ taking "giving priority to water saving on the basis of pollution control" as urban water resources utilization strategy; ④ implementing comprehensive pollution control strategy with sources control as main point; ⑤ guaranteing water demand of the ecological environment; ⑥implementing the strategy of maintaining water resources supply and demand balance on the basis of water demand management; ⑦ studying countermeasures for the ecological and environmental impacts of trans-basin water transfer and western China devolopment. The key of realization of sustainable water resources utilization is to reform management and investment mechanism of water resources and water price policy. It is the only way to solve the water resources problems in Yangtze river basin as well as the whole China.

Cloud model-based analysis of regional sustainable water resource utilization schemes

Given the adverse effects of current water shortages,low utilization and imbalance between the supply and demand,and other status quo problems relating to social economic development,the construction industry and agriculture,a cloud model was applied to a water resource system using five sustainable water resource utilization schemes for Kiamusze,Heilongjiang Province,as an example.This research changes the qualitative description of the concept language into a quantitative analysis of an evaluation indicator.A cloud model-based analytical method for regional sustainable water resource utilization schemes was proposed,and the sustainable grades of the water resources were calculated.The research results showed that,in addition to the natural continuation of such schemes,the development trends of four new schemes achieved the sustainable utilization of water resources,and thus,the sustainable water resource utilization was optimized.However,when the open-source,throttle,comprehensive and coordination schemes were subjected to the optimum applicability analysis,based on the limiting factors in different periods,resource availability and long-term development,decision-making regarding the best solution in different periods better ensures sustainable development in Kiamusze.The research results provide a significant theoretical basis for the formulation of scientific and reasonable sustainable water resource utilization strategies in Kiamusze.

基于水资源生态足迹的沿海11个省级行政区水资源可持续利用分析

基于水资源生态足迹模型,对中国沿海11个省级行政区2005—2020年水资源生态足迹、水资源生态承载力及水资源可持续利用进行分析。结果表明:①水资源生态足迹与水环境生态足迹变化趋势相似,总体呈“W”型变化轨迹,水环境生态足迹占比为3类水资源生态足迹账户中最高,表明水环境生态足迹是水资源生态足迹的主要产源;②4类淡水生态足迹中,农业用水生态足迹占总淡水生态足迹的比重最高,农业用水生态足迹远高于工业、生活和生态用水生态足迹(除上海外),表明农业用水生态足迹是淡水生态足迹的主要贡献类型;③受自然因素和社会因素的影响,水资源生态承载力波动明显,呈南高北低的分布格局;④水资源整体上处于生态赤字状态,仅广西在研究期内一直为水资源生态盈余,水资源负载指数呈增长趋势且整体在II级以上,表明水资源利用程度高,潜力小,开发利用较困难,万元GDP水资源生态足迹呈下降趋势,水资源利用效率不断提升,水资源可持续利用具有一定潜力。

贵州省水资源生态足迹时空演变与可持续利用研究

基于水资源生态足迹和生态承载力的理论模型,对贵州省2010—2021年水资源生态足迹、生态承载力和生态盈余的时空变化进行测度,并运用泰尔指数对水资源生态足迹的空间差异进行分析,最后基于压力—状态—响应(PSR)模型构建水资源可持续利用综合评价指标体系。结果表明:1)贵州省人均水资源生态足迹、生态承载力均呈波动上升趋势;水资源生态承载力大于生态足迹,使贵州省水资源始终保持生态盈余,且总体呈上升趋势;水资源生态足迹耗水主要来源于生产和生活用水,特别是生产用水。2)贵州省水资源生态足迹泰尔指数在上升,人均生态足迹泰尔指数在下降,水资源生态承载力泰尔指数、人均生态承载力泰尔指数、水资源生态盈余泰尔指数和人均生态盈余泰尔指数都处于振荡上升趋势。贵州省水资源生态足迹地区差异明显,黔中地区差异最大,黔西地区次之,黔东地区差异较小,需要特别关注黔中和黔西地区的水资源使用。3)水资源可持续利用综合评价指标体系中压力指数、状态指数、响应指数分别呈下降、上升和上升趋势,说明水资源状态不断改善,措施应对得力,压力不断减轻,因此水资源可持续利用综合评价指数不断提高。研究结果表明:贵州省水资源可持续利用状况近年来有所改善,但是时空差异明显,地区分布不均,仍需重点提高生产和生活用水账户的用水效率,不断优化产业结构,提高水资源可持续利用水平。

新疆柯坪县现状水资源开发利用存在的问题分析及对策研究

为实现柯坪县水资源合理开发利用及高质量发展的水安全保障,通过收集整理近年来柯坪县供用水情况,分析县域水资源开发利用存在的问题,并研究相应对策。结果表明:柯坪县水资源开发利用存在用水结构不合理,农业用水占比大,生态用水被挤占等问题,导致水资源与经济社会及生态环境之间存在极度不匹配性;建议未来应在加强农业高效发展的同时,重点围绕立足于水资源的产业结构调整及城镇化建设与生态环境治理;同时应充分利用土地资源丰富这一优点,加大灌区改造及土壤盐渍化治理,协调发挥水土资源综合效益。

基于生态足迹和SD模型的山东省水资源可持续利用评价

水资源生态足迹与生态承载力对于区域水资源供需平衡问题具有关键的指示意义,在生态文明建设和可持续水资源利用中愈发重要,但现有研究缺少针对山东省水资源生态足迹的核算与评价。根据水资源生态足迹模型和山东省水资源供需系统动力学模型,对2001—2022年山东省水资源生态足迹和生态承载力进行核算与评价。结果表明:①2001—2022年山东省水资源生态足迹呈波动下降的趋势,人均水资源生态足迹平均值和人均水资源生态承载力平均值分别为0.379、0.106 hm^(2)/人,两者呈缓慢下降的趋势,由此导致人均水资源生态盈亏均为负值(均值为-0.2731 hm^(2)/人),即所有年份均存在水资源生态亏损,山东省水资源始终处于不可持续利用的状态,承受较大的水资源生态亏损压力;②2001—2022年山东省水资源生态压力指数均大于1且呈上升的趋势,平均值为3.581,水资源生态经济协调指数波动不大,平均值为1.232,水资源生态足迹强度呈显著下降的趋势,平均值为0.143 hm^(2)/万元,下降幅度高达90.9%,山东省在2001—2022年会承受较大水资源生态压力,水资源处于不安全利用的状态,水资源的生态经济协调性较好,但离1.414的最佳生态经济协调度还有不少距离,需进一步加强山东省水资源生态经济协调性,同时水资源利用效率得到了较大的提高;③山东省需要在节水设施的推广、节水栽培技术的采用、用水效率的提升等方面投入大量的力量,在生活用水方面,随着人口的不断增长,需要在民众节水意识的培养、对保护现有水资源的大力宣传及节水措施在全社会的普及等方面加大力度,让节约用水的意识和行为深入人心,才能更好更有效地促进区域水资源的可持续利用。

基于生态足迹法的昆明市2010—2021年水资源可持续利用分析

为更好地了解昆明市水资源生态安全状况,本文选取2010—2021年昆明市水资源的相关数据,运用水资源生态足迹模型,对昆明市水资源的可持续利用状况进行分析评价。研究结果表明:昆明市水资源处于生态赤字状态,人均水资源生态足迹变幅较小,人均水资源承载力的起伏变化较为明显,且随降水量变化而变化,万元GDP水资源生态足迹明显降低,水资源生态压力大,呈不可持续状态,开发潜力很小。研究结果可以为昆明市水资源可持续性研究提供一定的依据和参考。

智能喷灌系统在干旱地区农业生产中的应用

智能喷灌系统在干旱地区的农业生产中显著提升了水资源利用效率和作物产量。通过集成传感器技术、数据采集与处理及自动化控制技术,系统能精准调节灌溉量,满足作物需水需求,减少水资源浪费。同时,智能喷灌系统提高了作物产量,降低了人工成本,促进了农业生产的可持续发展。在阐述智能喷灌系统在干旱地区农业生产中应用的基础上,分析其在提升水资源利用效率、增加作物产量和质量方面的效果,为现代农业发展提供参考。

基于SD模型的张掖盆地水资源生态足迹核算与预测

根据水资源生态足迹模型,通过构建张掖盆地水资源利用SD模型,设计5类不同情景来核算和预测现状(2000—2020年)和未来(2021—2050年)张掖盆地水资源生态足迹和生态承载力。结果表明:对于现状,人均水资源生态足迹、生态承载力和生态盈亏均值分别为3.517、0.272和-3.245 hm^(2)/人,水资源生态压力指数和生态足迹强度均值分别为12.969和2.822 hm^(2)/104元;农业用水在张掖盆地水资源生态足迹核算中占绝对优势但占比在下降,农业领域是节水的重点且潜能较大;水资源生态足迹强度明显下降(降幅90.21%),证明了张掖盆地用水效率的上升;张掖盆地的水资源利用压力较大。平均而言,预测期内张掖盆地不同情景中人均水资源生态足迹均大于人均水资源生态承载力,由此导致人均水资源生态亏损的出现;各情景下水资源生态压力指数和生态足迹强度均值分别为12.932、13.483、10.055、12.698和9.846及0.281、0.206、0.201、0.281和0.196 hm^(2)/104元,未来时间里张掖盆地的水资源利用仍然处于不安全的状态。2021—2050年张掖盆地无法有效缓解水资源利用紧张的状况,需采用经济发展与水资源保护兼顾的发展方案,推荐政府部门采用情景ZS 5。因此,张掖盆地未来水资源利用需要全社会、各部门的通力合作,不断提高水资源利用效率,大力推进节约用水措施和技术的普及与应用,才能确保水资源的可持续利用。