A Triple Nexus Water-Energy-Housing (WEH) Framework Modelling towards Improved Decision-Making in Humanitarian Operations

Given the challenges facing most humanitarian operations worldwide, a change of approach is needed to ensure greater sustainability of humanitarian settlements right from the planning stage. Some studies attribute unsustainability to inadequate provision of basic resources and highlight the apparent bottlenecks that prevent access to the meaningful data needed to plan and remedy problems. Most operations have relied on an “ad hoc ism” approach, employing parallel and disconnected data processing methods, resulting in a wide range of data being collected without subsequent prioritization to optimize interconnections that could enhance performance. There have been little efforts to study the trade-offs potentially at stake. This work proposes a new framework enabling all subsystems to operate in a single system and focusing on data processing perspective. To achieve this, this paper proposes a Triple Nexus Framework as an attempt to integrate water, energy, and housing sector data derived from a specific sub-system within the overall system in the application of Model-Based Systems Engineering. Understanding the synergies between water, energy, and housing, Systems Engineering characterizes the triple nexus framework and identifies opportunities for improved decision-making in processing operational data from these sectors. Two scenarios illustrate how an integrated platform could be a gateway to access meaningful operational data in the system and a starting point for modeling integrated human settlement systems. Upon execution, the model is tested for nexus megadata processing, and the optimization simulation yielded 67% satisfactory results, demonstrating that an integrated system could improve sustainability, and that capacity building in service delivery is more than beneficial.

A Quantitative Assessment Framework for Water, Energy and Food Nexus

This paper presents a quantitative assessment framework of the Water, Energy and Food (W-E-F) nexus. The proposed approach allows integrated quantitative assessments by considering all the W-E-F intersectoral linkages and the competing demand for W-E-F resources to evaluate future development scenarios. Firstly, the conceptual model adopted for the proposed framework is presented. Secondly, a detailed methodological framework is introduced to serve as W-E-F nexus evaluation and planning platform. At the practical level, the model is applied to evaluate the W-E-F nexus in Lebanon. Finally, the conclusions and further developments are presented.

Water-Energy-Food Nexus: A Coupled Simulation and Optimization Framework

Water, Energy and Food (WEF) nexus systems are developed to model and analyze interactions across and between WEF sectors. WEF nexus simulation models permit evaluating the direct and indirect WEF quantitative interaction effects in response to change of technology and/or demand. Optimization models can help to find the optimal combinations of WEF nexus system policy options and parameters that lead to the best performance of the system. This paper describes a framework for integrating quantitative WEF nexus simulation model (the Q-Nexus Model) with an optimization tool, which will give policy makers the ability to compromise best policy options based on WEF nexus simulator. The developed method is then applied to the numerical experiment and the results are discussed. Lastly, the conclusions and further developments are presented.

Evaluation of Technology Change Effects on Quantitative Assessment of Water, Energy and Food Nexus

The quantitative assessment framework of the water, energy and food (WEF) nexus proposed by [1] permits the analysis of the WEF as an interconnected system of resources that directly and indirectly affect one another. The model performs simulation of policy options and scenarios that respond to quantitative variations of the use of WEF resources. One of the key outcomes of the mathematical formulation of the model is the WEF nexus intersectoral technology matrix. In order to take advantages and analyzing policy options of adopting high efficient intersectoral use technologies, WEF intersectoral use intensities and intersectoral allocation coefficients are introduced to the technology matrix of the nexus model proposed in [1]. The developed method is then applied to evaluate the WEF nexus case study of Lebanon. Lastly, the conclusions and further developments are presented.

国内外“水-能源-粮食”纽带关系研究的发展现状与热点分析

当今,为了缓解水、能源、粮食3种资源供需矛盾对国际社会造成的沉重压力,从而促使对“水-能源-粮食”纽带关系的探究成为了国际学术界一项热门的研究课题。为了把握国内外“水-能源-粮食”纽带关系研究的发展脉络,以便能够为未来的“水-能源-粮食”纽带关系研究提供科学的理论依据和研究建议,本文决定将Web of Science核心合集数据库与中国知网(CNKI)数据库作为数据来源,利用VOSviewer和CiteSpace计量软件对以往的“水-能源-粮食”纽带关系研究进行梳理,通过对该研究领域所涉及的文献数量、作者合作情况、国家合作情况等信息的可视化呈现,以突发关键词为重点,从时间维度角度来探究“水-能源-粮食”纽带关系研究的发展概况与变化趋势。研究结果表明:1)2010—2022年对“水-能源-粮食”纽带关系的研究已受到国内外学术界的一致重视,论文发文数量呈现出持续增长的趋势,并且各研究国之间均存在着较为密切的合作关系。2)可持续发展、气候变化、治理、研究模型是以往研究文献中出现次数较多的关键词,不但反映出对“水-能源-粮食”纽带关系研究要基于可持续发展的前提之下,而且还拓宽了该纽带关系的研究范围、研究视角、研究方法。3)2010—2022年对“水-能源-粮食”纽带关系的研究已经从纽带关系的内部机制拓展至纽带关系的外部环境,研究方法也由较多的定性分析转向了定量化的模拟预测分析。4)经关键词时间线演进趋势和突现强度分析表明,当前学术界对于“水-能源-粮食”纽带关系的研究已呈现出由初步探索向着纵深解析的转变,并且新的研究方法已被学术界广泛应用于对“水-能源-粮食”纽带关系的探索之中。

海水淡化厂与区域水-能耦合系统的协同调度

海水淡化厂具有能量密集、运行灵活的特点,是理想的电力需求响应资源。然而,现有关于淡化厂与电网协同运行的研究大多关注电网和淡化厂的一体化调度、无法适应双方自主决策的工程场景,对淡化厂运行约束的刻画也比较粗糙。该文研究反渗透淡化厂与区域水-能耦合系统(waterenergy nexus,WEN)的协同运行方法。首先,考虑淡化厂的生产流程、调节特性和运行约束,分别建立传统及新能源淡化厂的水-能管理模型;其次,在保障两类淡化厂和区域WEN自主决策和信息隐私的条件下,提出以双方调度计划互动为载体的“激励型”和“价格型”两种协同运行机制及调度模型,并提出基于二阶锥松弛和McCormick包络的求解方法。用算例验证所提协同运行机制、调度模型及求解方法的有效性。

Assessing the Water-Energy-Food-Ecosystems Nexus in Smart Irrigation: A Potato Farming Case Study in Lebanon

This study examines the Water-Energy-Food-Ecosystems (WEFE) nexus in Lebanese agriculture, with a focus on the shift from conventional surface irrigation techniques to advanced smart irrigation systems in the Bekaa region, specifically targeting potato cultivation. The study quantitatively analyzes the interaction among water, energy, and agricultural outputs at the farm scale using the WEFE Nexus framework for scenario analysis. It evaluates variations in water productivity, environmental effects, and economic outcomes, offering a detailed view of existing practices and their sustainable improvement potential. The WEFE Nexus assessment demonstrates that smart irrigation integration significantly decreased resource usage: water consumption was reduced by 58%, diesel fuel use for irrigation dropped by 57%, and the demand for labor and fertilizers decreased by 47% and 49%, respectively. This change led to enhanced crop yields and increased resource efficiency, demonstrating the potential of smart irrigation as a transformative strategy for sustainable agriculture in Lebanon and other arid areas. Economic analysis showed that farmers could recover the costs of installing the smart irrigation system within 3 months. The findings highlight the need for further research on integrating smart irrigation with renewable energy, showing potential for sustainable agricultural development. .

基于水—能源—粮食纽带关系的能源绿色效率及区域差异研究

基于水—能源—粮食纽带关系建立多维投入—产出指标体系研究能源绿色效率,包括从静态方面构建MetaSBM-DDF模型测算能源绿色全要素生产率,从动态方面构建Luenberger模型测算能源绿色全要素生产率指数(GLTFP),并分解其要素贡献和地区差异性。结果表明:产出要素的无效率是整体无效率的主要推动力,且期望产出要素的相对贡献呈下降趋势,非期望产出要素的相对贡献呈上升趋势。能源绿色全要素生产率的区域差异明显,东部沿海能源绿色全要素生产率代表最佳技术前沿,而东北地区、长江中游和西南地区是三大低值区。GLTFP年均增长率为4.5%,其中技术进步是GLTFP增长的核心动力且贡献度达121.06%,而技术效率对GLTFP增长有制约作用且贡献度年均下降0.9%,产出要素生产率变动是推动GLTFP增长的核心要素,且非期望产出要素、投入要素、期望产出要素对GLTFP增长的贡献率依次递减。

黄河流域水、能源、食物政策整合程度、模式与结构

实现黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展,需着力构建水-能源-食物纽带关系,政策整合则是其中重要的治理工具。该研究以2010—2023年沿黄9省份,以及山东半岛城市群、中原城市群、关中平原城市群、“几”字弯都市圈和兰西城市群的水资源、能源和食物政策为样本,运用社会网络分析和指数随机图模型对黄河流域水、能源、食物政策整合程度、模式及结构进行研究。结果显示:(1)样本期内,黄河流域水、能源、食物政策目标整合总体水平不高,水资源政策是当前整合程度最高的政策类型,关中平原城市群政策整合范围广,“几”字弯都市圈政策整合程度深,是当前整合度较高的地区。(2)从流域视角看黄河水、能源、食物政策目标整合模式,全流域存在核心、待扩散和创新整合3种关系,需要采用不同手段促进自上而下和自下而上政策整合。(3)当前黄河流域多关注水资源和食物政策整合,且能力建设工具是政策整合中使用最多、效果最好的政策工具。然而,黄河流域水资源政策、能源政策和食物政策整合中也存在许多问题,包括能源政策分别与食物、水资源政策整合不足,整合过程中欠缺使用学习型政策工具,且全流域政策整合进度失调等。这意味着,促进黄河流域生态环境保护和高质量发展,须将水-能源-食物纽带关系提升至战略地位,并通过推动组织变革,扩大部门协作,提高水、能源、食物3个子系统政策整合的程度,特别是水资源与能源、能源与食物政策整合。此外,在政策整合过程中,还要丰富政策工具的使用类型,尤其是激励型工具和学习型工具。最后,着眼全流域协同推进政策整合,需拓展省市之间、城市之间的交流平台,优先在全流域推广待扩散型与创新型政策整合关系。

Hybrid Physics and Data-driven Contingency Filtering for Security Operation of Micro Energy-water Nexus

This paper investigates a novel engineering problem,i.e.,security-constrained multi-period operation of micro energywater nexuses.This problem is computationally challenging because of its high nonlinearity,nonconvexity,and large dimension.We propose a two-stage iterative algorithm employing a hybrid physics and data-driven contingency filtering(CF)method and convexification to solve it.The convexified master problem is solved in the first stage by considering the base case operation and binding contingencies set(BCS).The second stage updates BCS using physics-based data-driven methods,which include dynamic and filtered data sets.This method is faster than existing CF methods because it relies on offline optimization problems and contains a limited number of online optimization problems.We validate effectiveness of the proposed method using two different case studies:the IEEE 13-bus power system with the EPANET 8-node water system and the IEEE 33-bus power system with the Otsfeld 13-node water system.

The Great Lapse: Climate Change, Water Resources and Economic Risks in the Great Lakes

The striking vastness of the world’s largest surface freshwater resource, the Laurentian Great Lakes, has generated the fallacy that they are not highly vulnerable to climate change. This fallacy has created a great lapse in our research and understanding of the effects of climate change on the Great Lakes, which are approaching critical environmental thresholds and jeopardizing ecosystem services. This article takes the novel approach of correcting the disconnect between the perception of vastness and the reality of vulnerability to climate change in the Great Lakes, and takes an additional novel step to link the water risks with the economic risks. The primary purpose is to demonstrate the interdependence of the freshwater ecosystem services affected by climate change with the economies that are highly dependent on those freshwater services in the Great Lakes region. Although many believe that environmental science or ethical arguments should be sufficient to warrant action on climate change, evidence shows that policy-makers are not compelled to generate advances unless there are strong economic components. This article highlights the leading edge of climate science for the Great Lakes, having conducted 32 in depth interviews with experts in microbiology, ecology, and limnology, among others, but it also adds substantively to previous work by providing economic evidence of water risks in the agricultural sector and energy sector, which constitute over $6 trillion in value and jobs that are specifically dependent on lakes waters. The article concludes by articulating three specific conclusions: the economic viability of the agricultural sector and the energy sector are jeopardized by loss of federal funding for climate change adaptation in the water sector;the existing policies such as between sectors such as the Farm Bill and Energy Future Bill are mal-aligned and should be aligned with the water sector;and negative environmental externalities including factors that exacerbate climate change should be incorporated into the true cost of water so we can more accurately conduct ecosystem valuation and, thus, address the true economic and environmental cost of climate change on the Great Lakes and our greatest water resources. This paper has not previously been published.

社会水循环系统水-能-碳纽带关系及低碳调控策略研究

水是社会经济系统中最活跃、最关键的因素,伴随水的取用和处理,温室气体排放规模不断增加,因而研究社会水循环系统中的能源消耗和碳排放规律对推动实现“双碳”目标具有重要意义。本文从水–能–碳纽带关系角度着手,梳理了社会水循环过程中的能源消耗和碳排放现状,基于变化趋势及影响因素分析结果并把握面临的机遇和挑战,提出了“双碳”目标下社会水循环系统高效低碳发展的应对策略。我国社会水循环系统正朝着能源密集型方向发展,其中供水、排水环节的碳排放强度增幅最大,2009—2021年分别增加了23.3%、78.6%;说明随着非常规水、跨流域调水规模的增加,未来水系统耗能及碳排放量将持续增加,实现碳中和目标任务艰巨。研究建议:加强基础科学研究,构建社会水循环全过程碳核算体系;推动系统配置和低碳技术研发,整体提升减污降碳综合能力;激励全社会加强节水,实现水资源与能源的双重节约;完善水系统碳排放管理,实现社会水循环低碳发展。

Energy Consumption in the Municipal Water Supply Sector in the Kingdom of Bahrain

Water-energy nexus is an emerging issue that receives considerable attention in the world in general and in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries in particular. The GCC countries depend mainly on energy generated from fossil fuels to produce drinking water. Yet, the amount of water-related energy use in Bahrain remains unexplored. This study aims to quantify the amount of energy used in the water supply cycle for the first time in Bahrain using quantitative methods. A bottom-up approach for data collection was adopted where data for the three main stages of the water supply in Bahrain: water production, water transmission, and water distribution were collected. Results show that the water production stage consumes about 97% of the total energy consumption in the water supply sector, followed by water transmission (2.9%) and water distribution (0.1%). Comparisons conducted with best practices in the world show that water desalination plants in Bahrain consume relatively high amounts of energy to produce water based on the desalination technology used. This study calls for focusing on the production stage in achieving energy efficiency since it is the largest consumer and where losses are occurring based on the benchmarking. This study also recommends investigating the share of electricity and thermal energy consumed in the water supply cycle in Bahrain in addition to the wastewater treatment sector. This is imperative to provide a holistic overview of the water-related energy use in Bahrain.

Model predictive control for water management and energy security in arid/semiarid regions

This paper aims to develop a realistic operational optimal management of a water supply system in an arid/semiarid region under climate change conditions.The developed model considers the dynamic variation of water demand,rainfall,weather,and seasonal change in electricity price.It is mathematically developed as a multi-constraint non-linear programming model based on model predictive control principles.The model optimises the quantities of water supplied by each source every month and improves the energy efficiency in a water supply system with multiple types of sources.The effectiveness of the developed MPC model is verified by applying it to a case study and comparing the results with those obtained with an open loop model.Results showed that using the MPC model leads to a 4.16%increase in the water supply cost compared to the open loop model.However,when considering uncertainties in predicting water demands,aquifer recharges,rainfall,and evaporation rate,the MPC model was better than the open loop model.Indeed,the MPC model could meet the water demand at any period due to its predictability of variations,which was not the case with the open loop model.Moreover,a sensitivity analysis is conducted to verify the capacity of the developed model to deal with some phenomena due to climatic changes,such as in rainfall.

中国城市“水-能源-粮食”纽带系统耦合协调度及其影响因素研究

本文利用2010~2021年中国281个地级市数据,对中国城市“水-能源-粮食”纽带系统耦合协调度进行评价,探究其时空特征以及影响因素。研究发现:中国城市WEF系统安全呈现出上升趋势,子系统中粮食安全滞留在较低水平。全国城市WEF系统耦合协调度有所提升,但多数城市处于初级协调状态,并呈现出较为明显的空间集聚和极化特征,高值集聚主要分布在长江中游综合经济区,低值集聚主要位于大西北和黄河中游综合经济区。在“新四化”变量中,信息化和产业结构高级化对本地和邻近城市WEF系统耦合协调度有显著促进作用,产业结构合理化的影响呈现出非线性特点,城镇化可能产生负面影响但并不显著。

Water-Energy Prototype Model for the NEMS Modeling Platform: Thermoelectric Water Demand and Its Implications on Regional Electricity Market

A simplified energy-water prototype model has been developed at the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) as a part of a larger effort to comprehensively model energy-water interactions. The NETL Water-Energy Model (NWEM) prototype passively couples a variety of data on water supply, water availability, and power plant water use with the National Energy Modeling System (NEMS) power generation forecasts. NWEM operates at a watershed level and its efficacy in resolving local water supply and water-use trade-offs was demonstrated using data from Sandia National Laboratory along with a water supply scenario projected by the World Resources Institute (WRI). The prototype model only passively utilized a forecast of power generation from an existing forecast;the model’s choices were limited to purchases or retrofitting to meet future water supply constraints. NETL is continuing to integrate the water sub-module into the NEMS framework, which will allow active interaction between the water market and power markets, extending the industry’s ability to re-dispatch its generating units with the price of water as one of the variable costs.

长江经济带水-能源-粮食产业关联与波及效应

基于2002—2017年长江经济带各省(直辖市)水、能源、粮食相关数据,将3种资源与产业相关联,通过投入产出法描述3种产业部门在研究期内生产中原材料投入来源和产出品使用方向,构建长江经济带水-能源-粮食(Water-Energy-Food,WEF)产业投入产出模型,并结合结构分析法,对产业间关联效应及对地区经济的波及影响进行研究。结果表明:水生产与供应业对WEF产业前、后向关联度均波动下降,对地区经济的影响力系数降低至1以下,感应度系数增长0.5,增幅高达44.2%,拉动作用趋于弱化而感应水平显著提升,其需求结构向中间产品型基础产业转变。能源产业对WEF产业有较强的推动和制约作用,容易受经济波动影响,作为具有低附加值、高带动性特征的中间产品型产业,2007年后其影响力系数稳定在1.2,感应度系数减少10%,缺乏持续发展后劲。粮食产业与自身关联紧密,与其他产业的直接联系较弱,2017年其中间需求率和投入率仅有0.5544和0.3862,对地区经济的推动和拉动作用均不突出,属于带有迟钝关联特性的中间产品型基础产业,总体发展状态相对稳定。从经济角度对不同发展阶段WEF产业的结构特征和关联、波及效应的演变情况进行分析,为支撑和保障长江经济带高质量发展以及WEF产业可持续发展提供决策参考。