Emergency Plan for Water Supply in Consecutive Droughts and Sustainable Water Resources Management in Beijing

Beijing, the capital city of China, has suffered from acute water shortage, with only 300 m3/a of water resources available per capita. In addition, Beijing has experienced a prolonged period of consecutive droughts from 1999 to 2010. Water crisis has constrained the socio-economic development of Beijing. Meanwhile, the national "South-to-North Water Transfer"（STNWT） project, which is expected to provide some relief to the water crisis in Beijing, is still under development. In order to ensure the security of water supply in Beijing before the completion of the STNWT project, several measures have been implemented to cope with droughts, including pumping groundwater from emergency well fields,water saving, recycling of water, rain and flood water harvesting, and the diversion of water from neighboring rivers and groundwater basins. Groundwater from four emergency well fields contributes the most to the public and domestic water supplies in Beijing, supplying a total volume of 1.8×10;m;.The water crisis is supposed to be mitigated by the completion of the STNWT project. After the completion of this project, more sustainable management of water resources will be implemented,including the use of aquifers as groundwater reservoirs and conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater resources.

The Mixed Mechanism in the Management of Water Resources in China

It is a challenge for China to address its serious water resource problems, and inefficient water use. Improving water use efficiency is the key solution to dealing with this issue. There are two basic mechanisms practiced in the world aiming to pursue water conservation, i.e. administrative and market-based management pattern. Water as an irreplaceable resource with many attributes, either public or market-based management mechanism has its disadvantages. In order to avoid the inherent "administrative failure" or "market failure", this paper emphasizes the importance of changing traditional water resource management mechanism to establish a mixed mechanism of public and market water management based on China’s conditions and experiences from developed countries. Three key aspects of this combined mechanism are identified in this paper, i.e. recognizing and managing water rights to promote efficiency, strengthening effectiveness of government management to lower transaction cost and encouraging water user participation to increase flexibility. Detailed information on implementing of this combined mechanism in China is given in the end.

Management of Water Resources in a Hyper-Arid Area: Strategy and Issues (Case of Oued-Souf Valley-South Eastern of Algeria)

Rising Groundwater in Oued-Souf valley is result to errors committed by human in their interventions on the ecosystems and the mismanagement of this resource, witch principally marked in overexploitation of depth groundwater and the used sewerage system, leading the region to a truly dramatic and almost desperate, palms were turned into sort of marshes, where reeds take the place of dead palm trees. This situation lead us to search a model of water resources management, according to sustainability criteria taking into account the socio-economic (social, agricultural, industrial, tourism ) and ecosystem aspects (environmental and territorial). This by adapting and implementing the Integrated Management of Water Resources (IMWR) in this unit of water resources, so as to guide and mobilize progressively human, informational, financial and material resources, as well as the various sectors private and public to research concrete and measurable results, for water and ecosystems those are associated and that people wanted to see protected and restored.

Urban Water Supply Industry Marketization of China in View of Public Water Service and Water Resource Management

Started with the discussions on the value orientation of urban water supply industry marketization,the article points out that the current urban water supply industry marketization reform is inconsistent with the goal of public water service equalization to some extent.The article also analyzes the problems emerged in urban water supply industry marketization reform and various rea-sons in view of efficiency and fairness.An efficiency and fairness oriented management model is built in this article to illustrate how the government should conciliate interests of various communities involved in the process of marketization reform of the urban water supply industry so as to actualize the coordination of efficiency and fairness.At the end,an assumption on urban water price is put forward to help achieve the public water service equalization.

Groundwater characteristics and climate and ecological evolution in the Badain Jaran Desert in the southwest Mongolian Plateau

The Badain Jaran Desert is the third largest desert in China,covering an area of 50000 km2.It lies in Northwest China,where the arid and rainless natural environment has a great impact on the climate,environment,and human living conditions.Based on the results of 1∶250000 regional hydrogeological surveys and previous researches,this study systematically investigates the circulation characteristics and resource properties of the groundwater as well as the evolution of the climate and ecological environment since the Quaternary in the Badain Jaran Desert by means of geophysical exploration,hydrogeological drilling,hydrogeochemistry,and isotopic tracing.The results are as follows.(1)The groundwater in the Badain Jaran Desert is mainly recharged through the infiltration of local precipitation and has poor renewability.The groundwater recharge in the desert was calculated to be 1.8684×10^(8)m^(3)/a using the water balance method.(2)The Badain Jaran Desert has experienced four humid stages since the Quaternary,namely MIS 13-15,MIS 5,MIS 3,and the Early‒Middle Holocene,but the climate in the desert has shown a trend towards aridity overall.The average annual temperature in the Badain Jaran Desert has significantly increased in the past 50 years.In detail,it has increased by about 2.5℃,with a higher rate in the south than in the north.Meanwhile,the precipitation amount has shown high spatial variability and the climate has shown a warming-drying trend in the past 50 years.(3)The lakes in the hinterland of the Badain Jaran Desert continuously shrank during 1973‒2015.However,the vegetation communities maintained a highly natural distribution during 2000‒2016,with the vegetation cover has increased overall.Accordingly,the Badain Jaran Desert did not show any notable expansion in that period.This study deepens the understanding of groundwater circulation and the climate and ecological evolution in the Badain Jaran Desert.It will provide a scientific basis for the rational exploitation of the groundwater resources and the ecological protection and restoration in the Badain Jaran Desert.

Coping with water scarcity in Kashafroud G-WADI Basin, Iran: climate change or growing demands?

This paper assesses the various factors contributing to climate change in the region of the Kashaffoud G-WADI Basin in Iron; quanti- fies the local impacts of climate change, especially local water scarcity; and simulates and discusses several proposed methods to combat these impacts. Hydrologic and climatic data are statistically analyzed and VENSIM modeling is used for various simulations of water resources in the basin. Results show that the natural climate changes affecting Kashafroud Basin include increased tempera- ture, less rainfall, more frequent droughts, and changes in rainfall patterns, all of which are local symptoms of climate change in recent years. However, the most important challenge in the basin is the overexploitation of surface and groundwater resources to meet the growing water demands, especially domestic needs. Changes in land use, reallocation of water uses, groundwater depletion, and deg- radation of the quality of surface waters have all contributed to significant changes in the environmental features of this basin, and are the main reason why water demands now exceed the renewal capacity of the basin. Proposed response measures include reallocation of resources among different uses, inter-basin water ~ansfers, drawing water from six small dams on the Kashafroud River, reducing groundwater extraction, and replacing groundwater extraction for agriculture by reuse of urban wastewater. This study concludes that although changes in global climatic pararneters have altered environmental features in the basin, local factors, such as water utilization beyond the renewable capacity of the basin, are more significant in worsening the impacts of climate change.

Recharge to Blue Lake and Strategies for Water Security Planning, Mount Gambier, South Australia

Blue Lake, a volcanic crater provides municipal water supply to the city of Mount Gambier, population of 26,000. Current average annual pumping from the lake is 3.6 × 106 m3. The lake is fed by karstic unconfined Gambier Limestone aquifer. Storm water of the city discharges to the aquifer via about 400 drainage wells and three large sinkholes. Average annual storm water discharge is estimated at approximately 6.6 × 106 m3 through drainage wells and sinkholes within 16.8 km2 of the central part of the city. Chemical mass balance for calcium was used to estimate groundwater inflow to the lake at 6.3 × 106 m3, almost equal to the volume of storm water discharge and slightly higher than the previous estimates using environmental isotopes (4.8 - 6.0 × 106 m3). Considering the lake outflow volume of 2.7 × 106 m3, the net inflow to the lake equates to the current annual pumping and therefore it is considered that the current pumping rate is at the upper limit. For meeting the short-term future demand, confined aquifer water may be used and in the longerterm, an additional well field is required outside the Blue Lake capture zone, preferably to the north-east of the city. For water supply security, inflow to the lake along with water quality has to be maintained within the city. Current annual private abstraction within the capture zone is about 4.4 × 106 m3 and in order to maintain aquifer water levels, no additional allocation should be allowed.

GIS Data Integration to Manage Waterlogging Problem on the Eastern Nile Delta of Egypt

Three sets of satellite data were utilized to outline and monitor the waterlogging problems along the Wadi El Tumilate basin. These data include Thematic Mapper image for year 1984, Enhanced Landsat Thematic Mapper image for year 2000 and SPOT-4 image for year 2008. Supervised classification using the maximum likelihood approach has been performed. A number of 6 classes were observed at the study sites including, Niledeposits and cultivated areas, surface water and water logged areas, salt crust, Quaternary playa deposits, fluviatile and lacustrine deposits and Miocene (gypsum and carbonate) deposits. Water logged areas expanded from9.1 km2 inyear 1984 to18.8 km2 inyear 2000 to25.3 km2 inyear 2008, with a rate of0.7 km2/year. At the same time, vegetation cover shows an increase from453 km2 inyear 1984 to719 km2 inyear 2008. The integrated data used by Geographic Information Systems specified factors controlling waterlogging problems, which are: topography, drainage pattern and water flow direction, excess of irrigation water, deficiency of drainage system, presence of impermeable clay lenses and lineaments direction. Groundwater modeling including GMS and MODFLOW programs were processed to manage waterlogging problem. Using of underground tile drain along the eastern portion of Wadi El Tumilate basin and dewatering wells along the western side was recommended to obtain the highest monetary return from the drainage investment.

黄河流域首单跨省域水权交易案例的战略意义与改革启示

宁夏回族自治区与四川省跨省域水权交易开创了黄河流域跨省域交易的先河,对全国省际层面运用市场机制解决水资源供需矛盾具有示范意义和参考价值。文章在阐述本案例交易背景的基础上,详细剖析交易主体、交易类型、交易标的、交易方式等关键要素,从缓解省际水资源供需矛盾、市场化矫正黄河流域分水方案、推动流域统一的用水权市场建设等方面论证其战略意义,总结本案例对推动省级层面区域水权交易市场发展的若干启示。

陕西省河湖生态环境复苏工作实践与思考

梳理总结了陕西省河湖生态复苏工作现状及成效,以石川河为例介绍母亲河复苏行动开展的工作及近期、远期目标。在剖析陕西省河湖生态保护存在问题和面临形势的基础上,提出下一步工作建议,为推动陕西水利高质量发展提供参考借鉴。

隧道施工扰动下排水水质及环境影响初探

从环境科学的角度对中国安能集团第三工程局有限公司成都分公司在进行类似西气东输工程的隧道施工排水过程中水质变化及其环境影响进行了初步探讨。研究指出,隧道施工排水活动显著改变了排水区域的水质参数,包括但不限于pH值的变化、悬浮物的增加以及重金属的潜在释放。此外,排水对地下水流动模式造成的改变可能对周边生态系统和地下水资源产生长远影响。针对上述问题,提出了一系列施工排水管理措施,包括水质处理、水量控制、生态保护和监测预警系统的建立,以及预防和应急响应机制的制定,旨在减少环境影响并促进施工活动与环境保护的协调发展。通过综合性的管理措施,可有效缓解施工排水对环境的不良影响,保护水资源和生态环境,同时确保工程建设的顺利进行。

关于强化水资源刚性约束制度的对策建议

水资源刚性约束制度是党中央对实行资源总量管理和全面节约制度,健全资源节约集约循环利用政策体系在水资源领域的具体化,也是对实行最严格水资源管理制度的深化要求。文章基于近年来国家水资源考核和督查情况,总结了现阶段落实水资源刚性约束制度取得的主要成效,分析论述了现阶段水资源管理存在的主要问题,并针对性的提出制定政策性指导文件、强化考核与责任、修订水法律法规、健全取用水管理制度、构建水资源监测体系、完善水市场机制以及建立符合水资源刚性约束制度要求的产业政策等7条措施建议,以期为强化落实水资源刚性约束制度提供参考。

河流资源三维立体调查登记应用研究——以山西省为例

为解决河流资源产权不清、权责不明、权利交叉、边界重叠等问题,建立归属清晰、权责明确、监管有效的水资源资产产权制度,山西省选择7条典型性、代表性河流,利用多源数据管理,二、三维数据一体化,高性能全空间三维GIS等空间数据表达和可视化技术,确立河流资源调查登记(三维立体)总体技术路线,形成山西省省级主要河流确权登记数据库。目前已完成滹沱河(山西段)自然资源确权登记数据库,项目可视化、立体化明确了该河流资源的分布空间区域、自然资源类型及面积,并将确权登记数据与水利、生态环境、地理国情、国土调查等部门数据进行整合,通过比对和分析不同数据间的差异,为河流管理和保护提供了全面的数据支持和有力的决策依据。整体项目完成后将保障水资源的合理开发利用、促进水资源管理的科学化和规范化、实现产业结构优化和转型升级、促进生态环境保护和改善,为人口、乡村、城市协调发展提供科学参考。

我国水权交易监管机制现实困境的疏解路径

近年来我国水权交易蓬勃发展,水权交易市场方兴未艾。水权交易的健康发展离不开有效的监管和强有力的制度保障,而目前我国水权交易的监管机制存在着监管规范体系不健全、监管模式不完善、监管主体角色不明晰、交易全过程监管不到位等问题。针对以上问题,宏观层面应当构建系统的水权交易监管规范体系,创新行政监管模式;具体层面应明确行政机关的角色定位,健全水权交易的全过程监管。

推进中国式现代化水资源管理的担当和作为

习近平总书记指出:“推进中国式现代化,要把水资源问题考虑进去。”对照中国式现代化的特征和要求,根据当前水资源面临的形势,提出水资源管理工作要承担起保障供水安全和维系良好生态的使命。结合实际,从强化水资源刚性约束作用、从严从细管好水资源、复苏河湖生态环境三个方面,探讨在推进中国式现代化进程中水资源管理的担当和作为。

基于经济租值耗散理论的水权制度市场化改革及其绩效评价

尽管以往研究运用制度经济学中的“产权管制结构—体制选择行为—经济制度绩效”范式解释了我国农业经济转轨的本质及其制度绩效提升的机制,但这一范式尚未运用于我国水资源产权制度改革研究。鉴于此,本研究基于对我国水权制度市场化改革现象和政策的梳理,得出以下理论假说:(1)我国水权制度改革的本质是从计划体制向市场体制的转轨,如果从产权管制的角度考虑,其本质是政府对水权管制的放松。(2)政府对水权管制的放松使得水资源经济租值耗散减少、水权市场制度绩效提高。为了进一步论证上述假说,在可交易水权制度和农业剩余水权向工业部门转移的市场交易背景下,定义了水资源经济租值,并通过经济模型推导了水资源经济租值的市场逻辑。在此基础上,分析了不同政府水权管制结构下的水权市场交易主体的行为逻辑及水资源经济租值耗散结果。本研究有助于进一步完善水资源产权制度改革的理论研究,为水资源产权制度改革提供理论依据。

国外地下水交易实践与启示

近几十年,水权交易和水市场在许多国家得到开展,成为破解水资源短缺瓶颈和地下水超采的有效途径和措施,为水资源优化配置和可持续利用提供了有力支撑。通过分析美国和澳大利亚地下水交易实践,为我国水权水市场健康发展和地下水资源可持续利用提供启示和借鉴。

山东省广饶县深度节水控水实践

山东省广饶县地处黄河三角洲,属于严重缺水地区,随着经济社会发展,水资源成为制约县域高质量发展的突出瓶颈。梳理了广饶县深度节水控水工作中“源头控水、深度节水、蓄水补水”的主要做法,在分析现有问题基础上,提出关停禁采区地下水取水井、加强地下水取水井规范管理、持续做好水源转换工作、推进深度节水控水行动、建立健全监管体制机制等措施建议,以期为黄河下游相似地区水资源保护与节约集约利用提供借鉴参考。

俄罗斯水权制度特点及经验借鉴

俄罗斯水资源相关法律法规的制定、完整和健全,水资源管理系统的建立与改革,水权交易与登记制度的完善都经历了较长的过程。俄罗斯联邦国家水资源管理基于发展的可持续性,促进经济发展和环境改善之间的平衡,将合理用水与保护流域和资源相结合,注重保护水资源和用水协调稳定相结合。政府在完善国家水资源管理系统职能过程中,针对水体和资源进行国家监测维护水地籍,对地下水和地表水进行国家核算、控制水体和资源的使用与保护。系统分析了俄罗斯水资源以及水权相关法规法典,研究水资源管理系统与机构在管理中的经验与不足,有利于推进我国在相关水法律与管理体系的改进与完善。

江苏省昆山市取水许可管理现状及对策研究

文章针对目前江苏省昆山市取水许可管理中存在的水资源刚性约束形成倒逼压力、实际取水量占许可量的比率总体不高、取水许可水量核减等问题,基于昆山市取水许可管理现状和实际取用水情况,结合自上而下的用水总量和强度双控目标,提出相应的改进措施和建议,旨在完善和优化取水许可管理机制、促进水资源优化配置和高效利用、助推昆山市经济社会高质量发展。