Water as a Standard Substance of a Logarithmic Poison Scale

The lethal dose LD50 represents the most important experimental value for acute toxicity. The simple logarithmic calculation of -log10 LD50 = value leads to the possible poison power pLD. As with the pH or pK value, respectively, for acid or the scale of earthquake intensities the logarithm helps making large differences of orders of magnitude easier to understand since they are more comparable. The higher the pLD value, the higher is the power of poison. An increase of the pLD value by 1 stands for a tenfold increase in toxicity. The lethal acute dose for water, one of the most important and at the same time non-toxic substances of all, is about one tenth of the body weight. This leads to a possible pLD value for water of 1, an ideal starting value for a logarithmic poison scale.

Study on Water and Soil Conservation Effects of Grassland Based on Live Vegetation Volume at Various Time Scales

Based on the observation data of rainfall,vegetation,runoff and sediment yield in the experimental plots located in Hetian Town,Changting County of Fujian Province during 2007-2010,the changing characteristics and interrelation of live vegetation volume of grass,rainfall parameters,and water(soil)conservation effect RE(SE)were analyzed at four time scales of rainfall event,month,season,and year.The results showed that with the increase of time scales,the rainfall and vegetation indicators increased or decreased more or less,and the variation range of RE was small,while SEslowly decreased.The mean REchanged by 10%-20% at different time scales,and the observed water conservation effect of the grassland was the best at season scale while the worst at year scale.The soil conservation effect of the grassland was the best at month scale and the worst at season scale.The water conservation effect of the grass was mainly controlled by rainfall factors,including rainfall duration and precipitation at rainfall event scale,and the maximum intensity of precipitation within 30 min at longer time scales.However,the soil conservation effect of the grass was mainly controlled by vegetation factors,including the contribution of the litter on soil surface at rainfall event scale,the interaction of rainfall and vegetation at month and season scales,and the live vegetation volume of the grass at year scale.Consequently,at different time scales,the factors influencing water and soil conservation changed and interacted,and the observed water and soil conservation effects were also different,indicating that the influence of time scales deserves attention in both research and management practices.

Three-Dimensional Imaging of Pore-Scale Water Flooding Phenomena in Water-Wet and Oil-Wet Porous Media

The penetration of water during water flooding has been observed over many years using several methods. A microfocused X-ray computed tomography scanner can be used to directly observe 3D water flooding in a nondestructive manner. To eliminate the possibility of false images being produced because of X-ray broadening effects, we developed a visualization method by arranging the brightness distribution of all phases involved. Water flooding experiments were conducted using oil-wet and water-wet porous media. The water phase was injected upward into packed glass beads containing an oil phase, and the process was scanned every minute until steady state was reached. Using this scheme, real-time, the water invasion pattern and oil trapping process in clusters of pores and individual pores can be observed clearly. By eliminating false images, the boundary of each phase could be identified with high precision, even in a single pore. Porelevel phenomena, including snap off (which has never before been captured in a real 3D porous medium), piston-like displacement, and the curvature of the interface, were also observed. Direct measurement of the pore throat radius and the contact angle between the wetting and nonwetting phases gave an approximation of the capillary pressure during the piston-like displacement and snap-off processes.

Characterization of Scale Formed in Drinking Water and Hot Water Pipes in the Taliouine Downtown—Morocco

This paper presents the results of a comprehensive study of water scale found in water distribution system of Taliouine city in the south of Morocco. Physico-chemical properties of drinking water supplied to the city were evaluated. The data showed a high level of soluble salt in water. Concentrations were calcium 108 - 143 mg/1, magnesium 80 - 96 mg/1, bicarbonate 660 - 750 mg/l and hardness degree 660 - 690 mg CaCO3/l. The water samples contain high amounts of minerals in the form of ions, especially the metals calcium and bicarbonate, which precipitated out and caused problems in water conducting or storing vessels like pipes. Scales were removed from the inside of two old pipes which transported drinking and hot water in the downtown of Taliouine city. Scale samples were investigated by XRF, XRD, SEM, DTA, TGA and SEM’s analytical techniques. This study was able to identify scales formed in pipes of water distribution systems. It was found that water scale in this city contains 53% of calcium oxide and 43% of organic matter. The XRD and SEM results revealed that calcite was the main crystalline structure in drinking water scale. Nevertheless, scale deposited in hot water pipe is well crystalline with peaks corresponding mostly to aragonite (88%) along with calcite (12%). The thermal behavior of scale samples confirms that calcium carbonate was the main compound in the scale samples. Further studies are needed to find an efficient antiscale in drinking water of this city.

Evaluation of Rainwater Harvesting Methods and Structures Using Analytical Hierarchy Process for a Large Scale Industrial Area

In India, with ever increasing population and stress on natural resources, especially water, rejuvenation of rainwater harvesting (RWH) technique which was forgotten over the days is becoming very essential. Large number of RWH methods that are available in the literature are demand specific and site specific, since RWH system depends on the topography, land use, land cover, rainfall and demand pattern. Thus for each and every case, a detailed evaluation of RWH structures is required for implementation, including the analy-sis of hydrology, topography and other aspects like site availability and economics, however a common methodology could be evolved. The present study was aimed at evaluation of various RWH techniques in order to identify the most appropriate technique suitable for a large scale industrial area to meet its daily wa-ter demand. An attempt is made to determine the volume of water to be stored using mass balance method, Ripple diagram method, analytical method, and sequent peak algorithm method. Based on various satisfying criteria, analytical hierarchy process (AHP) is employed to determine the most appropriate type of RWH method and required number of RWH structures in the study area. If economy alone is considered along with hydrological and site specific parameters, recharging the aquifer has resulted as a better choice. However other criteria namely risk, satisfaction in obtaining required volume of water for immediate utilization etc. has resulted in opting for concrete storage structures method. From the results it is found that AHP, if used with all possible criteria can result in a better tool for evaluation of RWH methods and structures. This RWH structures not only meets the demand but saves transportation cost of water and reduces the dependability of the industry on irrigation reservoir. Besides monetary benefits it is hoped that the micro environment inside the industry will improve due to the cooling effect of the stored water.

The Influence of Time Scale on the Quantitative Study of Soil and Water Conservation Effect of Grassland

Quantitative analysis of time scale effects is conducive to further understanding of vegetation water and soil conservation mechanism.Based on the observation data of the grass covered and bare soil( control) experimental plots located in Hetian Town,Changting County of Fujian Province from 2007 to 2010,the characteristics of 4 parameters( precipitation,vegetation,RE and SE) were analyzed at precipitation event,month,season,and annual scales,and then the linear regression models were established to describe the relationships between RE( SE)and its influencing factors of precipitation and vegetation. RE( SE) means the ratio of runoff depth( soil loss) of grass covered plot to that of the control plot. Results show that these 4 parameters presented different magnitude and variation on different time scales. RE and SE were relatively stable either within or among different time scales due to their ratios reducing the influence of other factors. The coupling of precipitation and vegetation led to better water conservation effect at lower RE( < 0. 3) at precipitation event scale as well as at season scale,while the water conservation effect was dominated by precipitation at slightly higher( 0. 3- 0. 4) and higher( > 0. 7) REs at precipitation event scale as well as at annual scale( R2> 0. 78). For the soil conservation effect,precipitation or / and vegetation was / were the dominated influence factor( s) at precipitation event and annual scales,and the grass LAI could basically describe the positive conservation effect( SE <1,R2> 0. 55),while the maximum 30 min intensity( I30) could describe the negative conservation effect more accurately( SE >1,R2> 0. 79). More uncertainties( R2≈0. 4) exist in the models of both RE and SE at two moderate time scales( month and season). Consequently,factors influencing water and soil conservation effect of grass present different variation and coupling characteristics on different time scales,indicating the importance of time scale at the study on water and soil conservation.

Variational Assimilation of GPS Precipitable Water Vapor and Hourly Rainfall Observations for a Meso-βScale Heavy Precipitation Event During the 2002 Mei-Yu Season

Recent advances in Global Positioning System （GPS） remote sensing technology allow for a direct estimation of the precipitable water vapor （PWV） from delayed signals transmitted by GPS satellites, which can be assimilated into numerical models with four-dimensional variational （4DVAR） data assimilation. A mesoscale model and its 4DVAR system are used to access the impacts of assimilating GPS-PWV and hourly rainfall observations on the short-range prediction of a heavy rainfall event on 20 June 2002. The heavy precipitation was induced by a sequence of meso-β-scale convective systems （MCS） along the mei-yu front in China. The experiments with GPS-PWV assimilation cluster and also eliminated the erroneous rainfall successfully simulated the evolution of the observed MCS systems found in the experiment without 4DVAR assimilation. Experiments with hourly rainfall assimilation performed similarly both on the prediction of MCS initiation and the elimination of erroneous systems, however the MCS dissipated much sooner than it did in observations. It is found that the assimilation-induced moisture perturbation and mesoscale low-level jet are helpful for the MCS generation and development. It is also discovered that spurious gravity waves may post serious limitations for the current 4DVAR algorithm, which would degrade the assimilation efficiency, especially for rainfall data. Sensitivity experiments with different observations, assimilation windows and observation weightings suggest that assimilating GPS-PWV can be quite effective, even with the assimilation window as short as 1 h. On the other hand, assimilating rainfall observations requires extreme cautions on the selection of observation weightings and the control of spurious gravity waves.

Seasonal constraint of dynamic water temperature on riverine dissolved inorganic nitrogen transport in land surface modeling

水体温度变化对河流可溶性无机氮(DIN)输送有着强烈控制作用.然而,在全球尺度上河流DIN输送量对水温度变化的响应尚不清楚.因此,本文基于陆面过程模式,耦合河流水温估算和DIN传输方案,设定有,无动态水温情景,对比研究陆面模拟中水温变化对河流DIN通量变化的影响.结果表明:在考虑水温动态变化后,在30°N和30°S之间, DIN通量年振幅减小5%–25%.在中国东部地区,水温动态变化使河流DIN通量在夏季减少1%–3%,在冬季增加1%–5%,对DIN通量具有明显的季节性约束作用,表明动态水温的表达在河流DIN输送模拟中的重要性.

超声强化EDTA二钠对硫酸钙垢的溶解效果及其机理

为掌握超声预处理EDTA二钠对硫酸钙垢溶解效果的影响规律,开展了超声预处理EDTA二钠溶液溶解硫酸钙垢试验。采用XRD、FTIR等手段分别对垢体和EDTA二钠溶液进行了分析,结果表明:在超声功率为168 W时,硫酸钙垢溶解率最高,达57.40%,溶液电导率为20.10 mS/cm,较未处理时的硫酸钙垢溶解率提高了10.40百分点;超声预处理可使EDTA二钠溶液中亲水性的缔合水羟基及乙二胺四乙酸根的羟基含量升高,促进垢体表面的活性点钙离子的水合作用,吸附水进入垢体内部,使其体积膨胀;溶液中的乙二胺四乙酸根离子可与垢体表面钙离子生成钙盐络合物,促进垢体表面的钙离子向溶液中迁移及垢体溶解。

不同直径毛管中水密度变化特性及其对土壤水密度变化的启示

土壤水的密度存在较大的变化范围,但目前还没有一个完整的理论来全面描述这种变化规律。本文利用微米直径的石英管模拟多孔介质的孔隙系统,采用质量-体积法测量了直径在50~530μm之间的8个不同直径石英管中水的密度。结果表明:当石英管直径小于75μm时,水的密度大于体相水的密度,最高密度为1.19 g/cm^(3);而直径为100~250μm时,水的密度略小于体相水,最低为0.98 g/cm^(3)。水密度随石英管径而变化的规律可以用类似纳兰-琼斯势的经验公式来表达。研究表明:能使水密度增大或减小的水化作用、水-固界面作用、毛细作用或空化机制均不能解释石英管中出现的水密度变化。分析认为,毛管中的复杂的水动力学和流变学,特别是管嘴的剪切增稠及其逆过程可能是不同直径石英管中水密度变化的物理机制。该机制不同于解释土壤水密度变化的传统理论,为土壤水密度变化研究提供了一个崭新的视角。如果把石英管中水密度变化规律与基于多孔介质毛管束概念的土壤含水率模型结合,可以预测不同含水率土壤中水的密度。进一步的研究应该从流变学基本理论出发,建立剪切速率与黏度和黏度与密度之间的定量关系,从理论上构建毛管水和土壤水密度变化模型。

西南地区河成湖与火山湖土地利用对水质的多时空尺度影响差异

为探究不同时空尺度下不同湖泊类型土地利用对水质的影响差异,以四川省自贡市富顺西湖(河成湖)和云南省腾冲市青海湖(火山湖)为研究对象,提取6个空间尺度(50、60、70、80、90、100 m湖岸带缓冲区)的景观格局指数,结合雨季(2022年7月)和旱季(2023年4月)湖泊水质参数,采用冗余分析法定量探究不同时空尺度下土地利用对两类湖泊水质影响的差异性。结果表明:(1)富顺西湖与腾冲青海湖水质参数季节性差异显著,雨季水质优于旱季,两个湖泊水环境质量存在显著差异,腾冲青海湖水环境质量优于富顺西湖,腾冲青海湖符合地表水环境Ⅱ类、Ⅲ类水质标准,富顺西湖达到Ⅳ类、Ⅴ类水质标准。(2)富顺西湖在旱季和50~60 m湖岸带缓冲区尺度下土地利用参数对水质变量的解释率最大,腾冲青海湖在雨季和60 m湖岸带缓冲区尺度下土地利用参数对水质变量的解释率最大。(3)土地利用指数对两类湖泊水质的影响各不相同。富顺西湖流域内斑块密度、景观形状指数和聚合度指数与多数水质指标呈正相关,“源”景观聚集程度和破碎化程度高会加剧对水质的威胁。腾冲青海湖流域内林地面积占比和聚合度指数对水质具有正效应,能够改善水环境质量;斑块指数和景观形状指数值的增加会加剧斑块破碎化,导致水质恶化。本研究基于不同时空尺度对土地利用与两类湖泊水质关系的差异性进行深入探讨,指导不同类型湖泊的区域规划与管理,为湖泊环境质量评价及保护和制定针对性的湖泊缓冲带设置、生态修复等策略提供科学依据,进而促进湖泊水质安全和水资源可持续利用。

流速、pH值、硫酸根和碱度耦合变化对管网铁释放的影响

当饮用水水质和水力条件发生变化时,给水管网中管垢和水相之间的固液平衡会被破坏,引起铁释放,造成饮用水的二次污染.本文通过建立动态模拟系统,重点分析了流速(v)、pH值、硫酸根(SO_(4)^(2-))和碱度(Alk)耦合变化影响下的给水管网铁释放过程,并运用主成分回归法构建了铁释放预测模型.结果表明,在v=0.12m/s、pH=6.5、24 C_(SO_(4)^(2-))=250mg/L、Alk=100mg/L CaCO_(3)的条件下,钢管和铸铁管总铁浓度达到最大,分别为1.423mg/L和0.184mg/L;2种管道腐蚀产物中均存在大量片状和散射球状结构,主要成分均为α-FeOOH,且实验后钢管和铸铁管管垢中α-FeOOH、γ-FeOOH和Fe_(2)O_(3)含量增加,Fe_(3)O_(4 )含量减少;预测模型表明,总铁浓度与pH值和Alk呈负相关关系,与SO_(4)^(2-)和v呈正相关关系,四种因素的影响程度排序为v>pH>Alk>SO_(4)^(2-).

Scale Chem结垢预测软件在油田水配伍性研究中的应用

在油田注水开发过程中,由于注入水质不配伍性导致的结垢现象,将会影响注水开发的正常进行,最终导致产量下降甚至停产。为了能够快速、准确对注入水质结垢危害做出准确预测,对Scale Chem软件进行了系统研究。室内实验结果表明,该软件能够准确预测出井筒结垢位置、结垢种类、结垢趋势以及结垢量,对注水过程中注水系统可能出现的结垢问题均能进行预测,可为油田增产、稳产措施的选择提供可靠的依据。目前,该软件已在新疆油田注水配伍性评价工作中得到广泛应用,是对行业标准的有效补充。

流域生态多尺度水环境质量评价模型及应用

为了全面评估流域生态多尺度水环境质量并探讨其应用,本文介绍了研究区的概况,构建了包括多个生态指标的流域生态多尺度水环境质量评价体系。通过评价指标的差异化检验、层次聚类分组以及水质标识指数计算与水质质量等级划分,本文构建了一个综合评价模型。通过对比研究区生态修复前后的水质数据,本文分析了修复措施对水环境质量的改善效果。研究结果表明,该评价模型能够准确反映流域水环境质量的整体状况。

关于废水换热器的优化改造技术

目前干煤粉加压气化工艺的气化炉普遍存在运行水质差,换热器运行周期短,需要频繁交出高压清洗,造成装置检修工作量大、风险管控难度大、装置无法实现长周期稳定运行;针对此情况提出改造方法,利用超声波的活化、空化效应,作用于换热器时会使换热器内壁垢片松动自动脱落实现在线除垢;并且当声波作用于流体时,还会有效抑制流体内部垢片离子的聚合,延缓装置内壁结垢的现象,以此来达到防垢的目的,进而延长换热器单次使用周期;本文对换热器加入超声波阻垢器,并对改造前后换热器运行效果进行比对,充分肯定了超声波阻垢器对延长换热器使用周期的有利影响,从根本上解决除垢、防垢的难题,节省人力物力的投入、降低企业生产成本、提高装置经济效益;同时降低装置停车检修频次,间接提高企业安全工作稳定性。

博斯腾湖不同时空尺度下土地利用景观格局对水质的影响

定量分析不同尺度半径范围内博斯腾湖景观格局对水环境的影响,为有效保护流域水质与生态管理提供科学依据。基于2020—2021年博斯腾湖平、丰、枯水期23个采样点的实测水质数据和Google Earth遥感数据,结合冗余分析(RDA)和Spearman相关分析,揭示不同时空尺度下土地利用景观格局对水质的影响。结果表明:(1)博斯腾湖水体中COD_(Mn)、TN浓度异常偏高,分别有21.7%、55.1%的采样点超过地表水Ⅲ类水标准,表明TN和COD_(Mn)是其主要污染物;(2)5种不同缓冲区半径内土地利用与水质呈现显著相关性,丰、平、枯水期的1000、3000、500 m半径缓冲区对水质解释率最佳,分别为40.0%、35.6%和31.1%;(3)景观异质性特征与土地破碎化程度随空间尺度增大而增强;(4)土地利用类型中,耕地是水质恶化的主要污染输出源,其次为草地,尽管草地对净化水质起到积极作用,但其不恰当的管理方式使污染物进入水中,导致水质恶化;(5)景观格局指数中,LSI(景观形状)与NH3-N、TN呈现正相关性,SHDI(香农多样性指数)与NH3-N呈显著正相关性,表示随着景观破碎化程度增大,水质恶化程度加剧,LSI与水质的关联存在着很大的不确定性,仍需进一步探讨。

富水砂层地质大型拉森锁扣钢管桩围堰施工关键技术

中交第二公路工程局有限公司依托安罗高速原阳至郑州段黄河特大桥,深入研究富水全砂层等复杂条件下深大基坑支护的施工技术。安罗黄河特大桥位于黄河河道内,河道宽浅,水流散乱,冲淤变化迅速,地质条件基本为全砂层,摩擦系数大且地下水丰富。经过项目前期调研对比分析,并根据现场施工需要及结合工程特点,将钢管桩围堰及钢板桩围堰的各类特点有机结合,并配合围堰外侧降水及卸土,形成一项新的施工技术,即富水砂层地质大型拉森锁扣钢管桩围堰施工技术,该技术已实际成功应用于安罗黄河特大桥主墩承台施工时基坑开挖支护。

Measurement and assessment of water resources carrying capacity in Henan Province, China

As demands on limited water resources intensify, concerns are being raised about water resources carrying capacity（WRCC）, which is defined as the maximum sustainable socioeconomic scale that can be supported by available water resources and while maintaining defined environmental conditions. This paper proposes a distributed quantitative model for WRCC, based on the principles of optimization, and considering hydro-economic interaction, water supply, water quality, and socioeconomic development constraints. With the model, the WRCCs of 60 subregions in Henan Province were determined for different development periods. The results showed that the water resources carrying level of Henan Province was suitably loaded in 2010, but that the province would be mildly overloaded in 2030 with respect to the socioeconomic development planning goals. The restricting factors for WRCC included the available water resources, the increasing rate of GDP, the urbanization ratio, the irrigation water utilization coefficient, the industrial water recycling rate, and the wastewater reuse rate, of which the available water resources was the most crucial factor. Because these factors varied temporally and spatially, the trends in predicted WRCC were inconsistent across different subregions and periods.

Contribution to the Study of Hot Water Scaling Phenomenon in the South of Touristic Area in Agadir City

This work aims to study the phenomenon of scaling observed in the hot water pipelines in the southern seaside touristic installations of Agadir city. This phenomenon has led to the formation of solid deposits and adherents to the internal walls of the facilities of the hot water. This deposit is at the origin of several technical, economic and environmental problems. It causes a decrease in the lifetime of boilers and a reduction of thermal exchanges and consequently a decrease in the energy efficiency of heating systems. In the present study, the samples of scale have been carried out at different points of hot water pipelines. The characterization of different scale samples recovered was conducted by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), elemental analysis (CHNS-O), infrared spectrometry (IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Analytical results showed that scale samples collected on different sites in touristic hot water system are mostly formed by calcium carbonate. Thermodynamic conditions in the site were favourable to the aragonite variety formation.

Water Cooperation Priorities in the Lancang-Mekong River Basin Based on Cooperative Events Since the Mekong River Commission Establishment

The Lancang-Mekong River has attracted much attention from researchers, but the cooperation on water issues in this river basin has been limited, even after the establishment of the Mekong River Commission(MRC). Cooperation on water resources has been determined as one of the key priority areas in the Lancang-Mekong Cooperation Mechanism, but there are no details of targets. In order to establish the priorities of water cooperation under the mechanism, we adopted nine categories to classify the objectives of 87 water cooperation events based on the ‘Lancang-Mekong Water Cooperative Events Database' from 1995 to 2015. Based on the occurrence of cooperative events, cooperative objectives, cooperative scales, and approaches to cooperation, we conducted statistical, correlation, and text analyses. Our analyses indicated the following results: under the impact of economic conditions inside and outside the river basin, full cooperation appeared more difficult than bilateral and multilateral cooperation. Each of the partners adopted different preferences for cooperation targets. Cooperation with more definite objectives was easier to establish than cooperation with broader and more complex objectives. The potential objectives for water cooperation were navigation, hydropower, joint management, data sharing, flood control and water use. Because hydropower development is controversial, and because water cooperation is avoided by most existing regional cooperation mechanisms due to its complexity, we suggest the following priority areas for water cooperation in the Lancang-Mekong River Basin. 1) Navigation and flood control/drought relief are attractive objectives for all the riparian countries across the whole watershed. 2) Data sharing should be a priority for cooperation in the watershed due to its laying the foundation for the equitable and reasonable utilization of transboundary waters. 3) Hydropower is an objective best implemented mainly through bilateral cooperation, and on tributaries.